q4 General Biology 2

BIOLOGY 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOURTH QUARTER
Pocket Lesson 1 Introduction to Reproduction 1
Pocket Lesson 2 Human Reproduction and Development 5
Pocket Lesson 3 Nutrition 9
Pocket Lesson 4 Digestive System 13
Pocket Lesson 5 Gas Exchange 17
Pocket Lesson 6 Cardiovascular System 21
Worksheet 1 Excretory System 25
Worksheet 2 Body Defenses 27
Worksheet 3 Nervous System 29
Worksheet 4 Endocrine System 31
Worksheet 5 Feedback Mechanism 32
Answer Key
SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE DEPARTMENT © 2020
BIOLOGY 2
INTRODUCTION TO REPRODUCTION
MALE What do you

think is the role
of male and
female seahorse
during
FEMALE reproduction?
INSTANT TASK
Study the disorganized letters. Try to organize or rearrange the letters to form
REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL the exact word based on the supported picture.
HERMAPHRODITE
SEXUAL
GAMETES
OEPITDORRNCU
SUELAXA
IADHTOPEMRRHE
USLAXE
MEGSEAT
SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE DEPARTMENT © 2020 1
DIRECT TALK
REPRODUCTION is the biological process by which new “offspring” are produced
from their “parents”. It is a fundamental feature of all known life that each individual organism exists as
the result of reproduction. There are two type of reproduction; sexual and asexual.
Asexual reproduction - Mode of reproduction that does not involve the use of gametes or sex cells
Sexual reproduction - Mode of reproduction that involves the use of gametes or sex cells
Fission: also called as “Binary Fission” is a type of asexual reproduction

involving the division of body into two or more equal parts. It occurs in
prokaryotic microorganisms and in some invertebrate, multi-celled organisms.
Paramecium
fragmentation: is a type of asexual reproduction where the

body breaks into two or more parts, with each fragment capable of becoming
a complete individual; in animals, fragmentation is usually followed by
regeneration where the missing parts are produced. For example, a lost arm
of the starfish may be regenerated by mitotic cell divisions.
Starfish
budding: is a type of asexual reproduction where a new individual

arises as an outgrowth (bud) from its parent, develops organs like those of
the parent, and then detaches itself. Budding occurs commonly in some
invertebrate animals such as corals and hydras. Hydra
sporulation: is a type of asexual reproduction where a new

individual forms from an aggregation of cells surrounded by a resistant
capsule or spore, which later on germinates.
Fungi
parthenogenesis: is a form of asexual reproduction

where an egg develops into a complete individual without being fertilized. It
occurs in invertebrates such as water fleas, rotifers, aphids, stick insects,
some ants, wasps, and bees. Bees use parthenogenesis to produce
haploid males (drones) and diploid females (workers).
Bees
Female seahorses produce eggs for reproduction

that are then fertilized by the male. Unlike
almost all other animals, the male seahorse
then gestates the young until birth.
Male seahorse and their offspring
2 SAN PEDRO RELOCATION CENTER NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE DEPARTMENT © 2020
DIRECT TALK
Bisexual reproduction: is a type of sexual reproduction involving the union of gametes from
two genetically different parents. Gametes can be isogamy or heterogamy; Isogamy is the fusion of similar gametes
which are usually motile; Heterogamy is the fusion of dissimilar gametes. In oogamy, a large immotile gamete, the egg
is fertilized by a small motile gamete, the sperm.
Human
HERMAPHRODITISM: occurs in animals where one individual has both male and female reproductive
parts. Invertebrates such as earthworms, slugs, tapeworms and snails are often hermaphroditic. Hermaphrodites may
self-fertilize or may mate with another of their species, fertilizing each other and both producing offspring. Self-
fertilization is common in animals that have limited mobility or are not motile, such as barnacles and clams. In worms, a
hermaphrodite needs a male to donate sperms in order to fertilize the oocytes in its body.
Worm Snail
Summarize differences between asexual and sexual reproduction.
CHARACTERISTICS ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Number of parents involved
Gametes
Genetic composition of
offspring
3
FLASH CHECK
For the scenarios below, indicate if the type of reproduction is SEXUAL or
FLASH CHECK:
1. ASR ASEXUAL by using the abbreviation below:
2. SR ASEXUAL – ASR SEXUAL – SR
3. SR
4. ASR
5. SR
6. ASR
1. Bacteria replicate by splitting into two new cells.
7. SR 2. Earthworms have both male and female reproductive organs but still exchange
8. ASR
9. SR genetic material.
10. ASR 3. Fish spread sperm over eggs that have been deposited on the bottom of a pond.
4. Amoebas divide into new cells by mitosis.
5. Two male deer fight each other over female deer.
6. Yeast cells dividing to form many more organisms.
7. Mommy and Daddy love each other very much.
8. Fisherman cutting up sea stars and all of the pieces grow into new organisms.
9. A male bird of paradise dancing to impress a female.
10. A flatworm gets cut into 2 pieces and both pieces grow into new organisms.
QUICK REFERENCES
CONNECT  https://fod.infobase.com/http/52300/523
83_guide.pdf
 https://www.rcboe.org/cms/lib/GA01903
614/Centricity/Domain/1472/Spring%20
break%20test%20key.pdf
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/ag
ricultural-and-biological-sciences/zygote
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/
article/pii/B9780128012383001616
 Biology Openstax pages 1247-1250
A zygote formed from the union of two  Hickman, C.P. Jr., Roberts, L.S.,
gametes both bearing X sex chromosomes Larson, A. and l’Anson, H. 2004.
(XX zygote) normally develops as a Integrated Principles of Zoology, (12th
genetic and biological female. ed). McGraw-Hill Education.
 Reece, J.B., Urry, L.A., Cain, M.L.,
Wasserman, S.A., Minorsky, P.V., and
Jackson, R.B. (2012). Campbell
Biology, (9th ed). The Benjamin
Cummings Publishing Co.,Inc.
BIOLOGY 2
HUMAN REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT
The following pictures show humans at

various stage of development. When do
you think human life begins?
INSTANT TASK
Study the disorganized letters. Try to organize or rearrange the letters to form
the exact word based on the supported description.
ELDNOVMEEPT
It involves the formation of sex
cells, zygote formation, sub-
SCIENCE POCKET LESSON 2
sequent stages in one’s life span
INSTANT TASK:
DEVELOPMENT
FERTILIZATION
IFILEATOZTRIN
Stage of development that
GROWTH
TESTIS result in a unicellular
OVARIES diploid zygote
HGWRTO Stage of development characterized

by an increase in size of an
individual
Male reproductive organ where

sperms are produced
TISETS
EAIOVRS Female gonads that release the

oocytes during ovulation
DIRECT TALK
 Testis- Where sperms are produced

 Epididymis- Where sperms are temporarily stored
 Scrotal sac/scrotum - Supports the testis and epididymis
 Vas deferens - Where the sperm passes through from the testis before it joins the urethra
 Urethra - Serves as passageway of both sperm and urine and terminates in the external urinary meatus of the penis
 Seminal vesicle - Secretes fluid that forms part of the semen; secretion gives the semen its alkaline characteristic to
counteract the acidity of the vaginal tract and therefore protect the sperm;
 Prostate gland - Secretes fluid that also provides alkalinity to the semen; it also contains proteolytic enzymes, citric acid,
phosphatases, and lipids
 Bulbourethral glands - Paired glands that produce clear, viscous secretion known as pre-ejaculate that helps to
lubricate the urethra for sperm to pass through, neutralizing traces of acidic urine in the urethra, and helps flush out any
residual urine or foreign matter
 Semen - is a mixture of sperm and spermatic duct secretions (about 10 percent of the total) and fluids from accessory
glands that contribute most of the semen’s volume.
 Sperm - are haploid cells, consisting of a flagellum as a tail, a neck that contains the cell’s energy-producing
mitochondria, and a head that contains the genetic material.
 Clitoris - The homologue (equivalent) of the penis in females

 Vagina - Main entrance to the female reproductive tract; receives the penis during sexual intercourse
 Cervix - Where the vagina ends; projection of the uterus into the vagina; leads to the uterus
 Uterus - Also known as the womb; where the embryo develops; with thick muscular walls, blood vessels; and the
endometrial lining
 Endometrium - Innermost lining of the uterus where the embryo implants and develop
 Fallopian tubes - Also known as oviducts; paired tubes that are connected to the uterus and terminate near the
ovaries; this is where fertilization takes place
 Ovaries - Female gonads that release the oocytes during ovulation, which are then caught by the fimbrae of the
fallopian tubes in order for the oocytes to pass on to the fallopian tubes
DIRECT TALK
 Fertilization - Stage of development that results in a unicellular diploid zygote

 Cleavage - Stage of development involving a series of mitotic divisions to produce a multicellular
blastula from a unicellular zygote
 Morula - A human blastula made up of a solid ball of cells
 Blastocyst - A human blastula composed of the inner cell mass, which becomes the embryo, and
the tropo-ectoderm, which becomes the placenta
 Implantation - Process where the blastocyst implants itself in the endometrium; this signals the
start of pregnancy
 Gestation - Carrying of the embryo inside the female reproductive tract, specifically the uterus;
can last up to 9 months in humans
7
FLASH CHECK
Complete the table below.
QUICK REFERENCES
CONNECT  Biology Openstax pages 1253-1266
 https://cms.coronadousd.net/static/m
THE FIRST TEST- edia/uploads/Coronado%20Middle%
20School/7thGradeScience.HIV.AID
TUBE BABY S/Chapter%2013.pdf
In 1978 in England, Louise Brown was the  https://sepuplhs.org/pdfs/ials_human
first baby born conceived by in vitro reproduction.pdf
fertilization. The in vitro process involves  Hickman, C.P. Jr., Roberts, L.S.,
extracting an egg/eggs from a female and Larson, A. and l’Anson, H. 2004.
sperm from a male. The sperm fertilize the
Integrated Principles of Zoology,
egg/eggs and, two to five days later, are
implanted into the woman’s uterus. Since (12th ed). McGraw-Hill Education
1978, approximately 115,000 babies have  Reece, J.B., Urry, L.A., Cain, M.L.,
been born in the United States that were Wasserman, S.A., Minorsky, P.V.,
conceived by in vitro fertilization. and Jackson, R.B. 2012. Campbell
Biology, (9th ed). The Benjamin
Cummings Publishing Co., Inc.
BIOLOGY 2
NUTRITION
What vitamins are you taking right now

that can help prevent COVID-19 and
other illnesses?
INSTANT TASK
During this pandemic time, the government does not allow

senior citizen to go outside their house. Lumiere is living with
his grandmother alone. He was tasked to do the grocery but
surprisingly, he lost the list of food items on his way to the
grocery store.
Can you help Lumiere answer the following questions below in
order for him to purchase the best food item for her
grandmother?
What are the nutrients listed on the Nutrition Facts of milk

on the left? Do you think Lumiere will buy this product?
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
What are the food/grocery items that he need to buy for her
grandmother?
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Why do you think these food items are important?

_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
DIRECT TALK
Calorie - is a unit of energy that indicates the amount of energy contained in
food. It specifically refers to the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg
(2.2 lb.) of water by 1oC (1.8oF). The greater the number of Calories in a quantity of food, the
greater energy it contains.
Carbohydrates – serve as a major energy source for the cells in the body. These
are usually obtained from grains, cereals, breads, fruits, and vegetables. On average,
carbohydrates contain 4 Calories per gram.
Proteins – can also be used as an energy source but the body mainly uses these as
building materials for cell structures and as enzymes, hormones, parts of muscles, and
bones. Proteins come from dairy products, poultry, fish, meat, and grains. Like
carbohydrates, proteins also contain 4 Calories per gram.
Fats – are used to build cell membranes, steroid hormones, and other cellular structures;
also used to insulate nervous tissue, and also serve as an energy source. Fats also contain
certain fat- soluble vitamins that are important for good health. Fats are obtained from oils,
margarine, butter, fried foods, meat, and processed snack foods. They contain a higher
amount of energy per gram than carbohydrates or proteins, about 9 Calories per gram.
Essential Nutrients – include substances that animals can only get from the foods they eat because they
could not be synthesized inside the body. These include:
A. Essential amino acids – needed for synthesis of proteins and enzymes; among the 20 amino acids, eight could not
be synthesized by humans: lysine, tryptophan, threonine, methionine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine and valine.
B. Essential fatty acids – used for making special membrane lipids; an example is linoleic acid in humans.
C. Vitamins – organic molecules required in small amounts for normal metabolism; examples include fat-soluble
Vitamins A, D, E, K, and water-soluble Vitamins B, B2, B3, B12, C.
D. Trace Elements or Minerals – inorganic nutrients needed by the body in minute amounts; these form part of
enzymes, body tissues, and body fluids; examples include: iodine, cobalt, zinc, molybdenum, manganese, selenium.
phagocytosis – engulfment of organic fragments or big particles, eg. Pseudopod formation in Amoeba.
pinocytosis – uptake of extracellular fluid by a cell using small vesicles derived from the plasma membrane.
receptor-mediated endocytosis – this relies on membrane receptor recognition of specific solutes which
are then taken up by the cell via receptor-coated pits.
Food uptake in cells via three types of endocytosis
DIRECT TALK
– animals that live in or on their food source. Examples: earthworms that feed
through the soil where they live in; caterpillars that eat through the leaves where they live on.
– include many aquatic animals which draw in water and strain small organisms and food
particles present in the medium. Examples: whales and coelenterates
– suck fluids containing nutrients from a living host.

Examples: mosquitoes, leeches, head lice, aphids
– eat relatively large chunks of food and have adaptations like jaws, teeth, tentacles, claws,
pincers, etc. that help in securing the food and tearing it to pieces. Examples: snakes, dogs, man
Obesity is a major health concern and it may

lead to, such as type-2 diabetes, cancers of the colon
and breast, and cardiovascular disease. It is a
complex disease involving an excessive amount of
body fat. There are many reasons why some people
have difficulty avoiding obesity. Usually, obesity
results from a combination of inherited factors,
combined with the environment and personal diet and
exercise choices.
11
FLASH CHECK
Read the statements below and choose if it is a FACT or a FICTION.
1. In a healthy eating plan, all the foods I eat should be low in fat.
2. Snacking may keep me from becoming ravenously hungry and overeating
at mealtime.
3. Eating too many carbohydrates causes weight gain.
4. Vegetarian diets are healthful.
5. Eating sugar causes diabetes.
6. Ketogenic diets are good for your body to lose weight.
7. Frozen or canned fruits and vegetables are not as nutritious as fresh.
8. It’s easy to spot whole-grain food products: They’re brown.
9. I should limit my daily salt intake to about one teaspoon.
10. I’ll gain about 10 pounds a year by eating an extra 100 calories a day.
QUICK REFERENCES
 https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
conditions/obesity/symptoms-causes/syc-
Boost your immune system 20375742#:~:text=Obesity%20is%20a%20complex
%20disease,blood%20pressure%20and%20certain
and fight covid-19! %20cancers.
Vitamin C can help you fight a cold faster  https://www.uen.org/cte/facs_cabinet/downloads/Fo
or ease your cold symptoms if you were odNutritionI/DCR_NutritionQuiz.pdf
taking it prior to getting sick. Vitamin D can  https://www.medicinenet.com/covid_19_supplement
also protect you from respiratory s/article.htm
infection. It significantly decreases the  https://news.fiu.edu/2020/three-vitamins,-minerals-
chance of respiratory tract infections. Zinc to-boost-your-immune-system-to-fight-covid-19
helps shorten the length of rhinovirus  Barrion AA, Tudor MFVA, Colle MCD, Reamillo
colds. It also helps symptoms—nasal MCS, and MAP Robles. 2000. BIOLOGY II
congestion, nasal drainage, sore throat, Laboratory Manual: An Investigative Approach.
Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and
and cough—resolve sooner.
Sciences, UP Los Baños. ISBN 971-547-099-8.
140p.
 Starr C and R Taggart. 2004. BIOLOGY: The Unity
and Diversity of Life.Tenth Edition. Australia:
Thomson – Brooks/Cole. 933p.
BIOLOGY 2
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Have you ever experience unpleasant

symptoms after eating or drinking milk
products?
INSTANT TASK
Use this flowchart to explain how a food goes from being an item on a plate to
energy and nutrients for your body. In the spaces provided, use your own words
to write a sentence about what happens at each location.
DIRECT TALK
INGESTION - the act of eating or feeding; this is coupled with the

mechanical breakdown of food into smaller pieces allowing for a greater surface
area for chemical digestion.
DIGESTION – breakdown of food into particles, then into nutrient molecules
small enough to be Chemical digestion by enzymes involves breaking of
chemical bonds through the addition of water, i.e., enzymatic hydrolysis.
ABSORPTION – passage of digested nutrients and fluid across the tube
wall and into the body fluids; the cells take up (absorb) small molecules such as
amino acids and simple sugars.
ELIMINATION - expulsion of the undigested and unabsorbed materials
from the end of the gut.
Oral Cavity
Digestion of food begins in the oral cavity. Food is masticated by
teeth and moistened by saliva secreted from the salivary glands.
There are three major glands that secrete saliva—the parotid, the
submandibular, and the sublingual. Enzymes in the saliva begin to
digest starches and fats. With the help of the tongue, the resulting
bolus is moved into the esophagus by swallowing. Saliva also
contains immunoglobulins and lysozymes, which have antibacterial
action to reduce tooth decay by inhibiting growth of some bacteria.
Esophagus
It is a tubular organ that connects the mouth to the stomach. The smooth
muscles of the esophagus undergo a series of wave like movements called
peristalsis that push the food toward the stomach. The peristalsis wave is
unidirectional—it moves food from the mouth to the stomach, and reverse
movement is not possible. A ring-like muscle called a sphincter forms
valves in the digestive system.
Stomach
The stomach is a saclike organ that secretes gastric digestive
juices. The pH is between 1.5 and 2.5. Pepsin is secreted by the chief
cells in the stomach in an inactive form called pepsinogen. Parietal
cells—secrete hydrogen and chloride ions, which combine in the
lumen to form hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid helps to convert the
inactive pepsinogen to pepsin. The partially digested food and gastric
juice mixture is called chyme. The movement of chyme from the
stomach into the small intestine is regulated by the pyloric sphincter.
Small Intestine
The small intestine is the organ where the digestion of protein, fats, and carbohydrates is completed. It is a
long tube-like organ with a highly folded surface containing fingerlike projections called the villi. The ―C-
shaped,‖ fixed part of the small intestine is called the duodenum. In the duodenum, chyme is mixed with
pancreatic juices. Digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder, as well as from gland cells of the
intestinal wall itself, enter the duodenum.
DIRECT TALK
In the Jejunum, hydrolysis of nutrients is continued while most of
the carbohydrates and amino acids are absorbed through the intestinal
lining. The bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs in the
jejunum. The ileum, is the last part of the small intestine and here the bile
salts and vitamins are absorbed into blood stream. The vermiform,
―worm-like,‖ appendix is located at the ileocecal valve. The appendix of
humans secretes no enzymes and has an insignificant role in immunity.
Large Intestine
The large intestine reabsorbs the water from the undigested food material and
processes the waste material. It has three parts: the cecum, the colon, and the
rectum. The cecum joins the ileum to the colon and is the receiving pouch for
the waste matter. The colon is home to many bacteria or ―intestinal flora‖ that
aid in the digestive processes. The main functions of the colon are to extract the
water and mineral salts from undigested food, and to store waste material.
Rectum and Anus
The rectum is the terminal end of the large intestine. The primary role of the
rectum is to store the feces until defecation. The feces are propelled using
peristaltic movements during elimination. The anus is an opening at the far-
end of the digestive tract and is the exit point for the waste material. Two
sphincters between the rectum and anus control elimination: the inner
sphincter is involuntary and the outer sphincter is voluntary.
Liver, Gall Bladder and Pancreas

Liver is the largest internal organ in humans. It plays a very
important role in digestion of fats and detoxifying blood. It produces
bile, a digestive juice that is required for the breakdown of fatty
components of the food in the duodenum. Bile is stored and
concentrated in the gallbladder. It contains bile salts which emulsify
lipids while the pancreas produces enzymes that catabolize
starches, disaccharides, proteins, and fats. Gallbladder is a small
organ that aids the liver by storing bile and concentrating bile salts.
When chyme containing fatty acids enters the duodenum, the bile is
secreted from the gallbladder into the duodenum. Pancreas is a
gland that secretes digestive juices. The pancreatic juices contain
high levels of bicarbonate, an alkali that neutralizes the acidic chime.
The pancreatic juices contain a large variety of enzymes that are
required for the digestion of protein and carbohydrates.
Sometimes a person can suffer from gallstones, which are

crystals of minerals and salts that form in bile. When this
happens, gallstones block the entrance to the small intestine.
What effect does this blockage have on the digestion of food?
15
FLASH CHECK
Match each of the following descriptions with the appropriate term.
1. chyme is produced here A. Colon

2. organ where most digestion occurs B. Liver
C. Stomach
3. initial section of small intestine
D. Pancreas
4. this adds exocrine secretions to E. Ileum
duodenum via a duct F. Small intestine
5. sphincter between stomach and intestine G. Duodenum
H. Jejunum
6. enzymes produced here
I. Pylorus
7. distension of its walls triggers the J. Rectum
defecation reflex
QUICK REFERENCES
 Brooker RJ, Widmaier EP, Graham LE, Stiling
PD. 2008.Biology. Boston:McGraw- Hill. 1300
LACTOSE INTOLERANCE pp.
Lactose, or milk sugar, is a disaccharide  https://www.pearson.com/content/dam/one-
composed of glucose and galactose. Ingested
lactose must be digested before it can be dot-com/one-dot-com/us/en/higher-
absorbed, a task accomplished by the enzyme ed/en/products-services/silverthorn-7e-
lactase. Decreased lactase activity is associated info/pdf/sample-chapter--ch21.pdf
with a condition known as lactose intolerance. If a  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/
person with lactose intolerance drinks milk or eats content.aspx?contenttypeid=90&contentid=p02
dairy products, diarrhea may result. In addition, 003
bacteria in the large intestine ferment lactose to
gas and organic acids, leading to bloating and  https://classroom.kidshealth.org/classroom/9to
flatulence. The simplest remedy is to remove milk 12/body/systems/digestive.pdf
products from the diet, although milk predigested
with lactase is available.
BIOLOGY 2
GAS EXCHANGE
Why is it important to wear

mask during this time of
COVID-19 pandemic?
INSTANT TASK
Write the appropriate organism in each respiratory

organ below. Choose your answer from the box.
3. ___________ 2. ___________ 1. ___________
4. ___________ 5. ___________
FLATWORM FISH FROG HUMAN COCKROACH
DIRECT TALK
Gas exchange or respiration is a process wherein the oxygen delivers to the cells
of the body’s tissues and removes carbon dioxide, a cell waste product. The main structures of the
human respiratory system are the nasal cavity, the trachea, and lungs. Oxygen is needed in tissues
for aerobic cellular respiration to occur and extract ATP from food. Carbon dioxide must be
released to prevent physiological pH in tissues from being very acidic.
Direct Diffusion
Diffusion across the outer membrane is sufficient to meet the oxygen needs of small
multicellular organism. Gas exchange by direct diffusion across surface membranes is
efficient for organisms less than 1 mm in diameter. In simple organism, such as
flatworms, cells are kept moist and gases diffuse quickly via direct diffusion.
Skin and Gills

Amphibians use their skin as a respiratory organ. A dense network of capillaries lies just below the skin and facilitates gas
exchange between the external environment and the circulatory system. Gills are thin tissue filaments that are highly branched
and folded. Animals with coelomic fluid instead of blood, oxygen diffuses across the gill surfaces into the coelomic fluid.
Tracheal System
Insects have a highly specialized type of respiratory system called the tracheal
system, which consists of a network of small tubes that carries oxygen to the
entire body. Insect bodies have openings along the thorax and abdomen,
called spiracles that connect to the tubular network allowing oxygen to pass
into the body and regulating the diffusion of carbon dioxide and water vapor.
Air enters and leaves the tracheal system through the spiracles.
Mammalian System
In mammals, air is warmed and humidified in the nasal cavity. Air then
travels down the pharynx, through the trachea, and into the lungs. In
the lungs, air passes through the branching bronchi, reaching the
respiratory bronchioles, which house the first site of gas exchange.
The respiratory bronchioles open into the alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs,
and alveoli. Because there are so many alveoli and alveolar sacs in the
lung, the surface area for gas exchange is very large. Several
protective mechanisms are in place to prevent damage or infection.
These include the hair and mucus in the nasal cavity that trap dust,
dirt, and other particulate matter before they can enter the system.
18
DIRECT TALK
From the nasal cavity, air passes through the pharynx (throat) and the
larynx (voice box), as it makes its way to the trachea.
The main function of the TRACHEA is to funnel the inhaled air to
the lungs and the exhaled air back out of the body. It divides into the
two primary bronchi at the mid-thorax. It has mucus-producing goblet
cells and ciliated epithelia. The cilia propel foreign particles trapped in
the mucus toward the pharynx. The forced exhalation helps expel
mucus when we cough.
The LUNGS are not identical. The right lung is larger and contains
three lobes, whereas the smaller left lung contains two lobes. The
muscular DIAPHRAGM, which facilitates breathing, is located
below the lungs and marks the end of the thoracic cavity.
Air is diverted into smaller and smaller passages, or BRONCHI. Air
enters the lungs through the two primary bronchi. Each bronchus
divides into secondary bronchi, then into tertiary bronchi, which in turn
divide, creating smaller and smaller diameter bronchioles as they split
and spread through the lung.
The terminal BRONCHIOLES subdivide into microscopic

branches called respiratory bronchioles. It is divided into several
alveolar ducts. Numerous alveoli and alveolar sacs surround the
alveolar ducts. The alveolar sacs resemble bunches of grapes tethered
to the end of the bronchioles. Alveolar ducts, each containing 20 to 30
alveoli, are attached to the end of each bronchiole. Gas exchange
occurs only in alveoli. ALVEOLI are made of thin-walled
parenchymal cells, typically one-cell thick, that look like tiny bubbles
within the sacs. Alveoli are in direct contact with capillaries of the
circulatory system. OXYGEN will diffuse from alveoli into the
blood and be distributed to the cells of the body. CARBON
DIOXIDE that was produced by cells as a waste product will
diffuse from the blood into alveoli to be exhaled.
Obstructive Diseases
Obstructive diseases include emphysema and asthma. Emphysema is a disease that
causes shortness of breath. It arises from smoking tobacco; the walls of the alveoli are
destroyed, decreasing the surface area for gas exchange. Asthma is a disease in which
inflammation is triggered by environmental factors. The airways narrow and swell and
may produce extra mucus. Inflammation obstructs the airways. The obstruction may be
due to smooth muscle spasms in the walls of the bronchioles, increased mucus
secretion, damage to the epithelia of the airways, or a combination of these events.
Those with obstructive diseases have large volumes of air trapped after exhalation and
breathe at a very high lung volume to compensate for the lack of airway recruitment.
19
FLASH CHECK
Are your lungs healthy?
How do you think each person’s condition affects

their ability to breathe?
QUICK REFERENCES
 https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
Wear a mask that covers your nose and mouth
conditions/asthma/symptoms-causes/syc-
and practice physical distancing will help reduce 20369653#:~:text=Asthma%20is%20a%20con
the spread of COVID-19 in our community and dition%20in,asthma%20is%20a%20minor%20
save lives. Wearing a mask is not just about nuisance.
keeping us safe, it’s about keeping everyone  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
safe -- at work, in the community, and at home. conditions/emphysema/symptoms-causes/syc-
Wearing a mask sends a visual signal that you 20355555#:~:text=Emphysema%20is%20a%2
understand the importance of physical 0lung%20condition,instead%20of%20many%2
distancing and following healthy behaviors. 0small%20ones.
 https://extension.illinois.edu/sites/default/files/tt
_sample_respiratory_system_lesson_plan.pdf
 https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/nov
el-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/when-
and-how-to-use-masks
BIOLOGY 2
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
When your skin

is cut, scraped,
or punctured,
you usually start
to bleed.
How does the
wound heal?
INSTANT TASK
Measuring Your Pulse Rate!

What does the heart do?
What to do:
1. Draw a table like the one shown below.
Pulse
Beats in 30 seconds Beats in 1 minute
At rest
After exercise
2. Take your pulse for 30 seconds and count the number of beats while at
rest. Record your pulse rate in the table.
Tips of the Activity
3. Jump at the same spot for one minute, and then take your pulse for 30
To check your pulse at
seconds. Record your pulse rate in the table.
your wrist, place two
4. Calculate your pulse rate for one minute using the formula below: fingers between the
No. of beats in 30 seconds * 2 = No. of beats in 1 minute bone and the tendon
5. Record your pulse rate for one minute in the table. over your radial artery
6. Answer the following questions: — which is located on
a. How does your pulse rate change before and after the exercise? the thumb side of your
b. Why does your pulse rate increased after the exercise? wrist. When you feel
c. How does your breathing rate was like before and after the your pulse, count the
exercise? number of beats.
DIRECT TALK
The cardiovascular system or circulatory system maintains the
distribution of blood throughout the body and is composed of the heart and the blood vessels—
arteries, capillaries, and veins. The circulatory system is composed of two parts: the pulmonary
circulation and the systemic circulation.
The pulmonary circulation, between the

heart and lungs, transports deoxygenated blood to the
lungs to get oxygen, and then back to the heart. The
systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood
away from the heart to the tissues and cells, and then
back to the heart. In this way, all the body’s cells receive
blood and oxygen. In addition to distributing oxygen and
other nutrients, such as glucose and amino acids, the
cardiovascular system also collects the waste products
from the body’s cells. Carbon dioxide and other waste
products produced by metabolic reaction are transported
by the cardiovascular system to the lungs, liver, and
kidneys, where they are eliminated from the body.
The heart, a muscular pump made up of cardiac muscle fibers, could be considered a muscle rather than an organ. It has
four chambers and beats an average of 60–100 beats per minute (bpm) or about 100,000 times in one day. Each time
the cardiac muscle contracts, blood is ejected from the heart and pushed throughout the body within the blood vessels.
The wall of the heart is quite thick and is
composed of three layers: The endocardium
is the inner layer of the heart lining the heart
chambers. It is a very smooth, thin layer that
serves to reduce friction as the blood passes
through the heart chambers. The
myocardium is the thick, muscular middle
layer of the heart. Contraction of this muscle layer
develops the pressure required to pump blood
through the blood vessels. The epicardium is
the outer layer of the heart. The heart is enclosed
within a double-layered pleural sac, called the
pericardium.
The heart is divided into four chambers. There are two atria, or upper chambers, and two ventricles, or lower
chambers. The atria are the receiving chambers of the heart. Blood returning to the heart via veins first collects
in the atria. The ventricles are the pumping chambers. They have a much thicker myocardium and their
contraction ejects blood out of the heart and into the great arteries. Four valves act as restraining gates to control
the direction of blood flow. They are situated at the entrances and exits to the ventricles. Properly functioning
valves allow blood to flow only in a forward direction by blocking it from returning to the previous chamber. The four
valves are: tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, mitral valve, aortic valve.
22
DIRECT TALK
There are three types of blood vessels: arteries, capillaries, and

veins. These are the pipes that circulate blood throughout the body.
The arteries are the large, thick-walled vessels that carry the
blood away from the heart. The walls of arteries contain a thick layer
of smooth muscle that can contract or relax to change the size of the
arterial lumen. The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood
from the right ventricle to the lungs. The largest artery, the aorta,
begins from the left ventricle of the heart and carries oxygenated
blood to all the body systems. The coronary arteries then branch
from the aorta and provide blood to the myocardium.
The veins carry blood back to the heart. Veins have much thinner walls than arteries, causing them to collapse easily.
The veins also have valves that allow the blood to move only toward the heart. These valves prevent blood from
backflowing, ensuring that blood always flows toward the heart. The two large veins that enter the heart are the superior
vena cava, which carries blood from the upper body, and the inferior vena cava, which carries blood from the lower body.
Blood pressure in the veins is much lower than in the arteries. Capillaries are a network of tiny blood vessels referred
to as a capillary bed. Arterial blood flows into a capillary bed, and venous blood flows back out. Capillaries are very thin
walled, allowing for the diffusion of the oxygen and nutrients from the blood into the body tissues. Carbon dioxide and
waste products are able to diffuse out of the body tissues and into the bloodstream to be carried away. As blood exits a
capillary bed, it returns to the heart through a vein.
Blood is a term used to describe the liquid that moves through the
vessels and includes plasma (the liquid portion, which contains water,
proteins, salts, lipids, and glucose) and the cells (red and white cells) and
cell fragments called platelets. Blood supports growth by distributing
nutrients and hormones, and by removing waste. Erythrocytes (red
blood cell) are specialized cells that circulate through the body delivering
oxygen to cells; they are formed from stem cells in the bone marrow.
RBCs make up about 99% of the blood’s cellular component.
Hemoglobin is complex protein that carries four oxygen atoms. The
presence of oxygen turns hemoglobin bright red. RBCs live about 4
months. Iron from hemoglobin is recycled in the liver and spleen. The
hormone erythropoietin, made by the kidneys, stimulates the production of
RBCs in red bone marrow.
Leukocytes (white blood cell) defend against disease by recognizing proteins that do not belong to the body.
Granulocytes—including neutrophils, eosinophil and basophils are typically first-responders during injury or infection.
Agranulocytes include lymphocytes and monocytes. Lymphocytes, including B and T cells, are responsible for adaptive
immune response. Monocytes differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells, which in turn respond to infection or
injury. Thrombocytes (platelets) are cell fragments used in blood clotting. They lack a nucleus; platelets have a short
lifespan, usually about 10 days. Platelets are formed from large cells called megakaryocytes. Platelets are required for
clotting of the blood. The platelets collect at a wound site in conjunction with other clotting factors, such as fibrinogen, to
form a fibrin clot that prevents blood loss and allows the wound to heal. The liquid component of blood is called plasma,
and it is separated by spinning or centrifuging the blood. The plasma component of blood without the coagulation factors is
called the serum. Human serum albumin is the most abundant protein in human blood plasma and is
synthesized in the liver.
23
FLASH CHECK
Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if otherwise.
1. Circulation is the transport of materials in living things.

2. Life stops when circulation stops.
3. Blood is pumped by the brain.
4. Blood circulates through the body only a few times a day.
5. Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
6. Arteries transport carbon dioxide to the cells.
7. Veins carry blood away from the heart.
8. Veins pick up waste materials from the cells.
9. Capillaries connect arteries and veins.
10. Capillaries are the largest blood vessels.
QUICK REFERENCES
 https://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/sam
If you put one
plechapter/0/1/3/4/0134760611.pdf
adult’s veins,  https://www.horizonsd.ca/Services/Curriculum/
capillaries and Documents/Biology%20C%20-
%20Lesson%201%20-
arteries in one
%20Circulatory%20System.pdf
long line it would  https://www.glebe.bromley.sch.uk/assets/Uplo
stretch 60,000 ads/Circulatory-system-reading.pdf
miles which would  https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatm
ent-tests-and-therapies/how-wounds-
circle the Earth heal#:~:text=When%20your%20skin%20is%20
two and a half cut,blood%20cell%20called%20a%20platelet.
times!
WORKSHEET 1 – EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Objectives:
 Enumerate three types of nitrogenous wastes in animals
 Describe the excretory system in humans
Urinary System
 to maintain the volume and composition of body fluids within normal limits
 maintains an appropriate fluid volume by regulating the amount of water that is excreted in the urine
 controls red blood cell production by secreting the hormone erythropoietin
 plays a role in maintaining normal blood pressure by secreting the enzyme renin
Excretion – the elimination of metabolic wastes including nitrogenous wastes produced from the breakdown of
proteins; this process also helps in the regulation of water and ion balance.
Three Types of Nitrogenous Wastes

1 . Ammonia – the primary nitrogenous waste for aquatic invertebrates, teleosts, and larval amphibians
A. It is readily soluble in water but is also highly toxic
2 . Urea – produced by mammals, most amphibians, some reptiles, some marine fishes, and some terrestrial
invertebrates.
A. It is formed by combining ammonia with bicarbonate ion (HCO3 ) and converting the product into urea.
B. The liver of mammals and most adult amphibians converts ammonia to less toxic urea
3 . Uric acid – excreted by birds, insects, and terrestrial reptiles
A. It is relatively nontoxic but more energetically expensive to produce than urea
B. It is largely insoluble in water and it is excreted as a semisolid paste or precipitate with little water loss
Mammalian Urinary System
1. Kidney - organ that performs excretory and osmoregulatory functions
2. Ureter - urine-bearing tube coming out of the kidney; carries urine to the bladder
3. Urinary bladder - structure that the ureters empty the urine into; stores urine
4. Urethra - duct that transmits urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body during urination
Excretory Processes in Humans
 Filtration, pressure-filtering of body fluids producing a filtrate
 Reabsorption, reclaiming valuable solutes from the filtrate
 Secretion, addition of toxins and other solutes from the body fluids to the filtrate
 Excretion, the filtrate leaves the system
Gout
Mammals use uric acid crystals as an antioxidant in
their cells. However, too much uric acid tends to
form kidney stones and may also cause a painful
condition called gout, where uric acid crystals
accumulate in the joints, as illustrated in the picture
below. Food choices that reduce the amount of
nitrogenous bases in the diet help reduce the risk of
gout. For example, tea, coffee, and chocolate have
purine-like compounds, called xanthines, and should
be avoided by people with gout and kidney stones.
Reference:
General Biology 2 Module pages 194-202
25
WORKSHEET 1 – EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Identify each statement as TRUE or FALSE.

1. Blood containing wastes enters each kidney through a ureter.
2. All of the water filtered out of the blood in the kidneys is excreted in urine.
3. One function of the kidneys is to help keep blood pressure within a normal range.
4. The process of urination is normally under conscious control.
5. The kidneys filter all of the blood in the body once a day.
6. Each kidney is connected to the bladder by a long tube called a ureter, which transports urine away.
7. Urine travels out of your body through the urethra.
8. Your liver is part of the urinary system.
9. The main job of the kidneys is to filter your blood.
10. Water, salts, and wastes from your blood pass into the bowl-shaped structure.
Read this passage based on the text and answer the questions that follow.
Excretion is any process in which excess water or wastes are removed from the body. Excretion is the job
of the excretory system. Besides the kidneys, other organs of excretion include the large intestine, liver, skin, and
lungs. The large intestine eliminates solid food wastes that remain after digestion takes place. The liver removes
excess amino acids and toxins from the blood. Sweat glands in the skin excrete excess water and salts in sweat.
The lungs exhale carbon dioxide and also excess water as water vapor.
The kidneys are the main organs of excretion. Their main function is to filter waste products and excess
water from the blood and excrete them from the body as urine. The kidneys help the body maintain homeostasis by
filtering all the blood in the body many times each day and producing urine. They control the amount of water and
dissolved substances in the blood by excreting more or less of them in urine. The kidneys also secrete hormones
that help maintain homeostasis. For example, they produce a hormone that stimulates bone marrow to produce red
blood cells when more are needed. They also secrete a hormone that helps regulate blood pressure and keep it
within a normal range.
Questions
1. What is excretion? What are the four main organs of the urinary system?
2. How do the kidneys help maintain homeostasis as organs of excretion?
3. Explain two other ways the kidneys help maintain homeostasis.
4. Explain why the urethra is different in male and female individuals.
5. Explain why urinary tract infections, which involve the urethra and urinary bladder, are much more common
in females than males.
Reference:
https://www.ck12.org/section/the-excretory-system-%3a%3aof%3a%3a-ms-respiratory-and-excretory-systems-
worksheets-%3a%3aof%3a%3a-ck-12-life-science-for-middle-school-workbook/
26
WORKSHEET 2 – BODY DEFENSES
Objective:
 Explain how immune systems work
VIRUS vs. BACTERIA

 Viruses are non-living particle that contains genetic material, and hijacks your cells to reproduce. Viruses
cannot be ―killed‖ with antibiotics. Colds and influenza are caused by viruses.
 Bacteria are living organisms that have a metabolism, have DNA, and can reproduce on their own.
Bacteria can be killed with antibiotics because these substances target key processes in bacteria, such as
production of the bacterial cell wall.
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

The immune system is a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against attacks
by ―foreign‖ invaders. These are infection-causing organisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. It is the
immune system’s job to keep them out or destroy them. The immune system is amazingly complex. It can recognize
and remember millions of different enemies, and it can produce secretions and cells to match up with and wipe out
each one of them. The key to a healthy immune system is its remarkable ability to distinguish between the body’s
own cells—self—and foreign cells—nonself. The body’s immune defenses normally coexist peacefully with cells
that carry distinctive ―self‖ marker molecules. But when immune defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying
markers that say ―foreign,‖ they quickly launch an attack. Anything that can trigger this immune response is called
an antigen. An antigen can be a microbe such as a virus, or even a part of a microbe. Tissues or cells from another
person (except an identical twin) also carry non-self markers and act as antigens.
In abnormal situations, the immune system can mistake self for non-self and launch an attack against the body’s
own cells or tissues. The result is called an autoimmune disease. In other cases, the immune system responds to
a seemingly harmless foreign substance such as ragweed pollen. The result is allergy, and this kind of antigen is
called an allergen.
The innate immunity (first line of defense) response consists of physical, chemical and cellular defenses against
pathogens. The main purpose of the innate immune response is to immediately prevent the spread and movement
of foreign pathogens throughout the body. Adaptive immunity (second line of defense) is also referred to as
acquired immunity or specific immunity and is only found in vertebrates. The adaptive immune response is specific
to the pathogen presented. The adaptive immune response is meant to attack non-self pathogens but can
sometimes make errors and attack itself. When this happens, autoimmune diseases can develop (e.g., lupus,
rheumatoid arthritis).
WORKSHEET 2 – BODY DEFENSES
Our immune system is made up of special organs, vessels and many different types of unique cells that each plays
a very important role in keeping us healthy. We call the cells of the immune system white blood cells. There are four
major types of white blood cells: Macrophage, Neutrophils, T cells, and B cells.
 Macrophages are white blood cells that eat germs that have been covered by antibodies. Their job is to
patrol the body looking for germs. When they find an infection, they send a signal to our T cells, and our T
cells send the other white blood cells to the infection.
 Neutrophils are the white blood cells that are the ―first responders‖ to infections. We have more
neutrophils than any other type of white blood cell.
 T cells are the most important white blood cell; they coordinate the activities of all of the other white blood
cells and are essential for fighting disease. There are two major types of T cells: Helper T cells (TH) and
Killer T cells (TK ). Helper T cells send signals that activate the rest of your immune system to fight a
germ. Killer T cells patrol the body and eliminate infected cells.
 B cells also play an important role in protecting our bodies; they produce and release special proteins
called antibodies. Antibodies stick to the surface of germs in our bodies, thus disabling them and also
making them a target for another type of cell called macrophage. Each B cell and its antibodies can only
recognize one kind of germ. Antibodies will only stick to germs, except in rare cases of autoimmune
diseases where the antibodies mistake our own healthy cells for invaders.
Antibodies are of five major types; IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA, and IgE.
A. IgM is the first antibody produced. It coats the pathogen and promotes endocytosis by macrophages.
B. IgG is a major antibody produced. It activates the other parts of the immune response and leads to
neutralization and destruction of pathogen.
C. IgA is the important antibody for the mucosal immune response. It prevents pathogens from crossing the
epithelium and entering the blood stream.
D. IgE activates mast cells and leads to the production of histamine, which is why it is also associated with
allergic reactions.
E. IgD present primarily on surface of naïve B cells that have not been exposed to antigens
Complete the statements below. Use the words inside the box.
ACQUIRED ANTIBODIES IMMUNE PATHOGENS ANTIGENS BACTERIA
INFECTIOUS SECOND ACTIVE IMMUNITY FIRST INNATE
WHITE BLOOD CELLS IMMUNITY
1. Organisms, such as some bacteria and substances such as viruses that cause disease are called
___________.
2. The _______ system is the body’s defense system.
3. The immune system’s ________ line of defense against infectious diseases includes the skin.
4. The immune system’s _________ line of defense includes the two types of immune response.
5. ____________ are carried in the blood to fight infections in the body.
6. All living things are born with a(n) __________ immune response.
7. Non-living substances that are foreign to the body and trigger an immune response are called _________.
8. In the first process of an acquired immune response, B cells make substances called ___________ that
bind to antigens.
9. All acquired immune responses help give you _____________.
10. ___________ is the ability to defend against infectious agents, foreign cells and abnormal
You go to the doctor feeling very tired and run down. The doctor takes a blood sample for tests and checks your
vital signs such as blood pressure, breathing and pulse. Later you receive a call from your doctor and she says you
have an infection. What did the blood tests reveal about the number of white blood cells present in your blood?
____________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Reference:
http://www.imgt.org/IMGTeducation/Tutorials/ImmuneSystem/UK/the_immune_system.pdf
WORKSHEET 3 – NERVOUS SYSTEM
Objective:
 Describe the nervous system in humans
Functions of the Nervous System

1. Nervous system and endocrine system are the chief control centers in maintaining body homeostasis.
2. Nervous system uses electrical signals (nerve impulses) which produce immediate (but short- lived)
responses; endocrine system uses chemical signals (hormones) that produce slower (but long lasting)
responses.
3. Nervous system has 3 major functions:
Sensory input – sensory or afferent neutron detects internal or external changes (stimuli) and sends the
message to the brain or spinal cord.
Integration – interneurons in the brain or spinal cord process and interpret the message from the sensory
neurons, and relay the massage back to body parts.
Motor output – motor or efferent neurons receive the message from interneuron and produce a response
at the effector organ (a muscle or a gland).
Basic Cells of the Nervous System

Neuron - Basic functional cell of nervous system; transmits impulses (up to 250 mph).
Parts of a Neuron
 Dendrite – receive stimulus and carries it impulses toward the cell body
 Cell Body with nucleus – nucleus & most of cytoplasm
 Axon – fiber which carries impulses away from cell body
 Schwann Cells- cells which produce myelin or fat layer in the Peripheral Nervous System
 Myelin sheath – dense lipid layer which insulates the axon
 Node of Ranvier – gaps or nodes in the myelin sheath
 Impulses travel from dendrite to cell body to axon
29
WORKSHEET 3 – NERVOUS SYSTEM
Match the descriptions in the table below with the terms in the list.
A. Synapse B. Axon C. Myelin sheath D. Nerve impulse E. Sense receptor

F. Response G. Reflex H. Cell body I. Dendrite J. Nerve
K. Neurotransmitter L. Axon terminal
1. The long fiber that carries the nerve impulses.

2. A bundle of axons. 4
3. The connection between adjacent neurons. 2
4. The chemical secreted into the gap between neurons at a synapse. 5
5. A rapid automatic response to a stimulus. 1
6. The covering of fatty material that speeds up the passage of nerve impulses. 3
7. The structure at the end of an axon that produces neurotransmitters to transmit the nerve
6 impulse across
the synapse. WORKSHEET 4
8. The high speed signals that pass along the axons of nerve cells. 1. K
9. The branching filaments that conduct nerve impulses towards the cell. 2. J L
3. G
10. The sense organ or cells that receive stimuli from within and outside the body.
4. I
11. The reaction to a stimulus by a muscle or gland. 5. C
12. The part of the nerve cell containing the nucleus. 6. B E
7. D
The nervous system sends messages back and forth in the body in order for you to react. 8. A Number the
statements below in the correct order to show how you feel pain when you stub your9.toe? FH
The brain decodes the signals as a sight, sound, smell, taste, touch, or other sensation.
The message travels along the axon as an electrical impulse.
Messages move from the brain through nerves and out to the body.
A message enters the neuron through the dendrites and goes directly to the cell body.
The message continues as an electrical impulse from one neuron to the next carrying the
information to the brain.
You feel pain in your toe.
Effects of Drugs on the Nervous System

 Alcohol - central nervous system depressant – cell membranes are highly permeable to alcohol so once in
the bloodstream it can diffuse into almost all body tissues. It is absorbed in the stomach so it gets into the
blood stream quickly and slows down function of the nervous system
 Caffeine - acts as a central nervous system stimulant - caffeine suppresses melatonin for up to 10 hours
and also promotes adrenalin. Melatonin is strongly associated with quality sleep, while adrenalin is the
neurotransmitter associated with alertness.
 Nicotine - small doses of nicotine have a stimulating action on the central nervous system – it is highly
addictive nicotine's effects on the brain cause an increased release of neurotransmitters associated with
pleasure. The brain quickly adjusts to repeated nicotine consumption by decreasing the amount of
neurotransmitters released. The effect of this increased tolerance is that the smoker must continue to use
nicotine in order to avoid the feelings of discomfort associated with withdrawal from the drug. Irritability and
anxiety often ensue during nicotine withdrawal.
 Marijuana - THC, the main active ingredient in marijuana, binds to membranes of nerve cells in the central
nervous system that have protein receptors. After binding to nerve cells, THC initiates a chemical reaction
that produces the various effects of marijuana use. One of the effects is suppression of memory and
learning centers (called the hippocampus) in the brain.
Reference:
https://www.soinc.org/sites/default/files/uploaded_files/3-17_NERVOUS_HANDOUT.pdf
WORKSHEET 4 – ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Objective:
 Describe the mechanism of endocrine system
Endocrine System - Chemical coordination of body functions is mediated by the endocrine

system, composed of ductless glands that release hormones. Hormones are chemical
messengers secreted by a gland and affect a specific target tissue or organ.
Match the functions

Columndescribed
A in column B with the endocrine gland listed in column
Column B A. You can use 2
definitions per gland if possible.
1. Hypothalamus ____ a. produces male sex characteristics
2. Pituitary ____ ____ b. decreases blood sugar level
3. Thyroid ____ ____ c. increases heart and breathing rate, raises blood
4. Thymus ____ pressure
5. Adrenals ____ d. produces female sex characteristics
6. Pancreas ____ ____ e. increases blood sugar level
7. Ovaries ____ f. regulates the level of calcium and phosphorus
8. Testes ____ g. increases rate of metabolism
9. Parathyroids ____ h. maintains the level of calcium and phosphorus in
the blood
i. development of immune system
j. stimulates skeletal growth
k. regulates the activities of other glands
l. stimulates development of male and female sex
organs
Reference:
https://www.soinc.org/sites/default/files/uploaded_files/3-17_NERVOUS_HANDOUT.pdf
31
WORKSHEET 5 – FEEDBACK MECHANISM
Objective:
 Differentiate positive and negative feedback
Homeostasis is the physiological consistency of the body despite external fluctuations. All complex multicellular
organisms maintain a stable internal environment using their organ systems.
To maintain homeostasis, your body adapts two types of feedback mechanisms:
 Negative feedback occurs when a change in a variable triggers a response which reverses the initial
change. It opposes the original change – an increase in A will decrease in B. Examples of processes that
utilise negative feedback loops include homeostatic systems, such as:
o Thermoregulation (if body temperature changes, mechanisms are induced to restore normal
levels).
o Blood sugar regulation (insulin lowers blood glucose when levels are high ; glucagon raises blood
glucose when levels are low)
o Osmoregulation (ADH is secreted to retain water when dehydrated and its release is inhibited
when the body is hydrated)
 Positive feedback occurs when a change in a variable triggers a response which causes more change in
the same direction. It reinforces the original change – an increase in A will cause an increase in B.
Examples of processes that utilise positive feedback loops include:
o Childbirth – stretching of uterine walls cause contractions that further stretch the walls (this
continues until birthing occurs)
o Lactation – the child feeding stimulates milk production which causes further feeding (continues
until baby stops feeding)
o Ovulation – the dominant follicle releases oestrogen which stimulates LH and FSH release to
promote further follicular growth
o Blood clotting – platelets release clotting factors which cause more platelets to aggregate at the
site of injury
WORKSHEET 5 – FEEDBACK MECHANISM
Identify the following situation if positive or negative feedback.

1. A young child is ill. They refuse to keep a cover on and begin to sweat.
2. A butcher slices his finger on a blade. He wraps it in a towel until the bleeding begins to subside.
3. A man faints in the labor and delivery room.
4. A team of hunters got lost in a snowy forest, they begin to shiver and huddle close together.
5. A group of teens visits a haunted house and one of the teens is frightened and their heart beats harder
than normal.
6. In the events leading to childbirth the stretching of the uterus triggers a release of oxytocin. Eventually the
baby’s head pressing against the cervix triggers more oxytocin until the mother is in full labor.
7. A toddler got into his sister’s candy stash and ate tons of candy
8. A seamstress working on a prom dress accidently sews through her finger. After a few minutes the
puncture wound no longer bleeds.
9. A new mother’s is nursing her baby. Her baby is not very hungry and her milk supply seems to go down.
Once the baby is suckling more regularly the mother’s milk supply goes back up.
10. After running a jogger feels very thirsty and drinks some water.
Always graph time on the horizontal (X) axis. Label your axes
Problem 1: A patient’s body temperature was recorded over a 24-hour period; the temperature at each hour is listed
in the table below. Graph the data in the space provided and state whether it indicates negative or positive
feedback.
Problem 2: A man with heart disease has his blood pressure monitored closely.
Reference:
http://sites.isdschools.org/hs_science_remote_learning_resources/useruploads/biology/Monday%20April%2013_Lo
visone_Brockmeier_Clark_Biology.pdf
33
ANSWER KEY
SCIENCE POCKET LESSON 1 SCIENCE POCKET LESSON 4 WORKSHEET 2

INSTANT TASK: INSTANT TASK: 1. Pathogens
REPRODUCTION Answers may vary 2. Immune
ASEXUAL 3. First
HERMAPHRODITE FLASH CHECK: 4. Second
SEXUAL 1. C 5. White Blood Cells
GAMETES 2. F 6. Acquired
3. G 7. Antigen
FLASH CHECK: 4. B 8. Antibodies
1. ASR 5. I 9. Active Immunity
2. SR 6. D 10. Immunity
3. SR 7. J
4. ASR Answers may vary in open-ended
5. SR questions.
6. ASR SCIENCE POCKET LESSON 5
7. SR INSTANT TASK:
8. ASR 1. FROG
9. SR 2. FLATWORM WORKSHEET 3
10. ASR 3. FISH 4
4. HUMAN 2
5. COCKROACH 5
SCIENCE POCKET LESSON 2 1
INSTANT TASK: FLASH CHECK: 3
DEVELOPMENT Answers may vary 6
FERTILIZATION
GROWTH
TESTIS SCIENCE POCKET LESSON 6
INSTANT TASK: WORKSHEET 4
OVARIES
Answers may vary 1. K
2. J L
FLASH CHECK:
FLASH CHECK: 3. G
MALE FEMALE
1. TRUE 4. I
Sperm Egg 5. C
Testes Ovaries 2. TRUE
3. FALSE 6. B E
Vas deferens Fallopian tubes 7. D
Penis Vagina 4. FALSE
5. TRUE 8. A
testes Ovaries 9. F H
6. FALSE
Testosterone Estrogen
7. FALSE
n/a Fallopian tube
8. TRUE
n/a Uterus
9. TRUE
n/a Placenta 10. FALSE
WORKSHEET 5
1. NEGATIVE
2. POSITIVE
SCIENCE POCKET LESSON 3 WORKSHEET 1 3. NEGATIVE
INSTANT TASK: 1. FALSE 4. NEGATIVE
Answers may vary 2. TRUE 5. NEGATIVE
3. TRUE 6. POSITIVE
FLASH CHECK: 4. TRUE 7. NEGATIVE
1. Fiction 5. FALSE 8. POSITIVE
2. Fact 6. TRUE 9. POSITIVE
3. Fiction 7. TRUE 10. NEGATIVE
4. Fact 8. FALSE
5. Fiction 9. TRUE
6. Fiction 10. TRUE
7. Fact
8. Fiction Answers may vary in open-ended
9. Fact questions.
10. Fact

q4 General Biology 2

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q4 General Biology 2

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BIOLOGY 2

Pocket Lesson 1 Introduction to Reproduction 1

Pocket Lesson 2 Human Reproduction and Development 5

Pocket Lesson 3 Nutrition 9

Pocket Lesson 4 Digestive System 13

Pocket Lesson 5 Gas Exchange 17

Pocket Lesson 6 Cardiovascular System 21

Worksheet 1 Excretory System 25

Worksheet 2 Body Defenses 27

Worksheet 3 Nervous System 29

Worksheet 4 Endocrine System 31

Worksheet 5 Feedback Mechanism 32

MALE What do you

Fission: also called as “Binary Fission” is a type of asexual reproduction

fragmentation: is a type of asexual reproduction where the

budding: is a type of asexual reproduction where a new individual

sporulation: is a type of asexual reproduction where a new

parthenogenesis: is a form of asexual reproduction

Female seahorses produce eggs for reproduction

Male seahorse and their offspring

Summarize differences between asexual and sexual reproduction.

CHARACTERISTICS ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Number of parents involved

The following pictures show humans at

HGWRTO Stage of development characterized

Male reproductive organ where

EAIOVRS Female gonads that release the

 Testis- Where sperms are produced

 Clitoris - The homologue (equivalent) of the penis in females

 Fertilization - Stage of development that results in a unicellular diploid zygote

What vitamins are you taking right now

During this pandemic time, the government does not allow

What are the nutrients listed on the Nutrition Facts of milk

Why do you think these food items are important?

Food uptake in cells via three types of endocytosis

– suck fluids containing nutrients from a living host.

Obesity is a major health concern and it may

Have you ever experience unpleasant

INGESTION - the act of eating or feeding; this is coupled with the

Liver, Gall Bladder and Pancreas

Sometimes a person can suffer from gallstones, which are

1. chyme is produced here A. Colon

Why is it important to wear

Write the appropriate organism in each respiratory

3. ___________ 2. ___________ 1. ___________

FLATWORM FISH FROG HUMAN COCKROACH

Skin and Gills

The terminal BRONCHIOLES subdivide into microscopic

How do you think each person’s condition affects

When your skin

Measuring Your Pulse Rate!

The pulmonary circulation, between the

There are three types of blood vessels: arteries, capillaries, and

1. Circulation is the transport of materials in living things.

Three Types of Nitrogenous Wastes

Identify each statement as TRUE or FALSE.

VIRUS vs. BACTERIA

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

Functions of the Nervous System

Basic Cells of the Nervous System

A. Synapse B. Axon C. Myelin sheath D. Nerve impulse E. Sense receptor

1. The long fiber that carries the nerve impulses.

Effects of Drugs on the Nervous System

Endocrine System - Chemical coordination of body functions is mediated by the endocrine

3. _____ 2. _ 1. _______