ANIMAL

Reproduction
General Biology 2,
Quarter 4, Module 2
©CEDabler2018-2021
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
IN ANIMALS

STEM_BIO11/12-IV-A-H-1,2
Compare and contrast the
process of reproduction in
animals
A black (nigrum) pepper is a fruit (technically).
 MATCHY
MATCHY
Match the correct asexual reproductive method
utilized by each organism by choosing the
correct letter.
 1 of 2.
Through which
method does this
organism
reproduce? Is it:

A.Fragmentation
B.Budding
C.Fission
 2 of 2.
Through which
method does this
organism
reproduce? Is it:

A.Fragmentation
B.Budding
C.Fission
Asexual
METHODS OF
REPRODUCTION
Discuss a form of asexual
reproduction - video
METHODS OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
IN ANIMALS
METHOD DESCRIPTION REPRESENTATIVE
ANIMAL
FISSION An individual divides into two halves, after Paramecium
which each grows to the original form
BUDDING A parent organism produces offspring by Hydra, common
growing a tiny replica of itself in the form of among sponges,
an outgrowth, called a bud, on some parts of cnidarians,
its body. bryozoans, and,
After the bud has grown, it falls off and tunicates
becomes an independent and exact copy of
the parent.
FRAGMENTATION Separated copies of the parent organism can Star fish, flatworms
develop into an individual.
 FISSION
Through mitosis, unicellular organisms can
produce an exact copy of the parent in an
asexual process
BINARY
FISSION.
Staphylococcus.
Binary
fission, a
term that
means
“dividing in
half.”
Binary Fission.
Why is binary fission classified as asexual reproduction?
SAMPLE FORMS OF
BINARY FISSION
Bacteria
 Transverse
binary fission

Paramecium
Each time DNA is replicated prior to binary fission, a few spontaneous
mutations occur. As a result, rapid reproduction
generates a great deal of genetic variation in a prokaryote population. If
the environment changes, an individual that
possesses a beneficial allele can quickly take advantage of the new
conditions. For example, exposure to antibiotics may select for antibiotic
resistance in a bacterial population.
Some organisms may
reproduce in several
ways – both sexually
and asexually.
 BUDDING
An outgrowth (bud) arises from the body of the
parent to become an independent organism or
remain attached to form a colony.

"C:\Users\LENOVO\Desktop\BIO2_2018\VIDEOS\Bud
ding in Hydra - Clapp™(480P).mp4"
Many invertebrates, such
as the hydra, reproduce
asexually by budding, the
outgrowth and eventual
splitting off of a new
individual from a parent.
SAMPLE FORMS OF
BUDDING
The term yeast refers
to any
single-celled fungus.
Yeasts reproduce
asexually by cell
division, often by
budding—pinching
off small “buds” from
a parent cell. Yeasts
inhabit
liquid or moist
habitats, such as
plant sap and animal
tissues.
FRAGMENTATION
Reproduction by regeneration
of body parts
A starfish almost to completion stage in maturation.
Allotichaster polyplax – Four-and-four starfish
Allotichaster insignis – Three-and-three starfish
Coscinaterias muricata – Spiny starfish
A sea star
reproducing
asexually via
fragmentation and
regeneration of the
body from the
fragmented arm.
A venomous 20-arm
starfish, Crown of Thorn
seastar, in Australia
devouring corals. It can
be fragmented into 2 to
live and into 3 to die.
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
IN STARFISHES.
A sequential
hermaphrodite
starfish, i.e., it
releases eggs and
sperm into the
surrounding
water and let them
find themselves to
fertilize.
DRILL: Through which methods do these organisms reproduce?

1 2 3
QUESTIONS FOR REMEDIATION:

1. What is/are the evolutionary advantage/s

of asexually reproducing organisms?
2. Read ahead and cite local examples of
Parthenogenesis, gametogenesis, sequential
hermaphroditism, internal & external
fertilization.
3. Differentiate oviparous, ovoviviparous &
viviparous organisms. Cite 2 organisms as
examples each.
SEXUAL Compare and contrast
REPRODUCTION the following process in

IN ANIMALS plants and animals:

REPRODUCTION
(STEM_BIO11/12-IV-A-H-1)

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 What were the asexual
reproduction methods of
living organisms?

RECAP

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Recall…
Methods of asexual reproduction in animals:
(Provide examples for each type)
1.Fission
a. Irregular
b.Longitudinal
c. Transverse
2.Budding
3.Fragmentation
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 OBJECTIVES
Compare and contrast sexual
reproduction methods among animals.

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Through which sexual
44 method do these
reproduction
organisms are reproducing?

Frogs are through EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION.

ALL dogs are through INTERNAL FERTILIZATION.

A. External fertilization
B. Internal fertilization
C. Parthenogenesis

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 PARTHENOGENESIS
A modified process of sexual reproduction
resulting into complete offsprings from
unfertilized eggs.

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 THE “NO SEX” METHOD OF MAKING OFFSPRINGS

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PARTHENOGENESIS IN BEES:
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In honeybees, the queen only mates once and stores the
sperm which she will use to selectively fertilize eggs.

She will then try to control the release of the sperm for the
brood.

If there are NO SPERM cells released, the eggs will develop

parthenogenetically into MALE DRONES.

If the sperms are ALLOWED to FERTILIZE the eggs, the eggs

will develop into either QUEEN or FEMALE WORKERS.

ALSO IN: lizards. For WHIPTAIL LIZARDS, when the estrogen

is high, she acts as a female; when her progesterone is low,
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 EXTERNAL
FERTILIZATION

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EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION:

• Primarily in aquatic animals

• Sexual reproduction that occurs outside of the body
• In most fishes and amphibians: females lay eggs usually on the sea
or the river bed, then the male comes along and sprays the eggs
with sperm and fertilization takes place
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Timing is crucial because the eggs

and sperm must be available for fertilization at
the same time. For many species, environmental
cues such as temperature and day length or
chemical signals released by individuals cause a
whole population to release gametes all at once,
a process called spawning.

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 INTERNAL
FERTILIZATION

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How does human

sperm fertilize an egg
cell?

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57 Stages of reproduction
(internal fertilization process)
1. GAMETOGENESIS
a) Oogenesis – egg production
b) Spermatogenesis – sperm production
2. SPAWNING or MATING
▪ Copulation to bring gametes near each other
3. FERTILIZATION
▪ Fusion of gametes
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 1.) GAMETOGENESIS
Production of gametes
What is menarche?

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INTERNAL FERTILIZATION:

• Takes place inside the body of the

female
• Practical for terrestrial animals
whose gametes dry out quickly
when exposed to air
• Involves physical union, copulation
that aids the delivery of the sperm
to a female
• For birds or reptiles: instead of
penis or vagina, they have cloaca –
a special chamber that receives
products from the urinary,
digestive and reproductive tracts
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2.) SPAWNING or MATING – bringing gametes together
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COPULATION
71 union
- Physical sexual
- Aids in the delivery of
the sperm to the
female

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SEQUENTIAL
HERMAPHRODISM or

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SEX REVERSAL:
- Fish species
- Some lizards
- Some worms

(IN FISHES like BLUEHEAD

WRASSE CORAL FISH)
PROTOGYNY:
- First female – a change from
female to male

PROTANDRY:
- First male – a change from
male to female

- If the school of fish consists

mostly of females, the
LARGEST FEMALE can
rapidly change sex and
become a DOMINANT
MALE
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Earthworm cocoons (scale in mm).

Earthworms are hermaphrodites; that is, they have both male and female reproductive structures. However, they do
not fertilize their own eggs. Mating earthworms align their bodies facing in opposite directions and exchange sperm.
Fertilization occurs some time later, when a specialized organ, visible as the thickened region of the worm
in Figure 18.10A, secretes a cocoon made of mucus. The cocoon slides along the worm, picking up the worm’s own eggs
and the sperm it received from its partner. The cocoon then slips off the worm into the soil, where the embryos develop.
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3.) FERTILIZATION – fusion of gametes
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Each oyster can be either male or
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female at different times in its life.

Sperm are released and swim to

the egg. Fertilization results in the
formation of a free-swimming
larva. This larva undergoes several
changes during the first 12 to 14
days and eventually develops into
an immature oyster, which
becomes attached and develops
into the adult oyster.

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A sperm fertilizes an egg.

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There are many hurdles a CEDAbler2019

sperm must encounter to reach an egg. Some die in the acidic environment while others get
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caught in the ciliated cells of the uterine lining and fallopian tube.
79 Zona pellucida
Region where sperm receptors are
found and where sperm also
attaches. The first sperm to breach
this surface fertilizes the egg. All
others will die.

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Color-enhanced SEM of
human sperm cells
surrounding a test
ovum. Sperm are being
tested for viability.

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 Events following fertilization
The ovarian and uterine cycles are
81 interrupted when pregnancy occurs.
The corpus luteum does not
degenerate, and menstruation does
not take place. Instead, the wall of the
uterus thickens even more, permitting
the embryo to implant and develop
within it. (Cleavage is the early series
of mitotic divisions that converts the
zygote to a multicellular embryo.)

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The birth process

Uterine contractions during labor expel the fetus from the uterus. In
about 95% of all human births, the baby descends through the cervix
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and vagina in the head-down position.
 89 ANIMAL
DIVERSITY
1. OVIPAROUS
– Any animal that deposits its eggs in the external environment and leave it to fend for themselves as larvae to adult;
SNAKES
2. OVOVIVIPAROUS
– Animals that retain their eggs in their bodies in some ways and release their young to fend for themselves
– GARTER SNAKES retain their eggs inside their abdomen until they are ready to hatched that are fed by parents
until old enough to look for themselves; also SEAHORSE
3. VIVIPAROUS
– Example: PLACENTAL MAMMALS like HUMANS, BLUE WHALE, DOGS, GIRAFFES
– Animals that do not layCEDAbler2019
their eggs but rather the young develops inside the mother’s body using the umbilical
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cord & placenta until they are mature enough to be born and live independently
90 Parental care in an invertebrate.
Compared with many other insects,
giant water bugs of the genus
Belostoma produce relatively few
offspring, but offer much greater
parental protection. Following internal
fertilization, the female glues her
fertilized eggs to the back of the male
(shown here). The male carries them
for days, frequently fanning water over
them to keep the eggs moist, aerated,
and free of parasites.

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 mammalia
“of the breast”

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Diversity in mammalian birth.

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 93 MAMMALIAN BIRTH
DIVERSITY
1. PLACENTAL
– Example: PLACENTAL MAMMALS like HUMANS, BLUE WHALE, DOGS, GIRAFFES
– Animals that do not lay their eggs but rather the young developing inside the mother’s body using the umbilical
cord & placenta until they are mature enough to be born and live independently
2. MARSUPIALS
– Mammals that give birth to immature young and must keep them fed using a pouch, e.g., QUOLL,
KANGAROO, KOALA
3. MONOTREMES
– They have only 1 hole for egg and excretions; babies when hatched suckle milk from pores on their mother’s
body until they can feed themselves
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– E.g., 4 species of ECHIDNAS & DUCK-BILLED PLATYPUS
 Internal vs external
fertilization
A summary

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 SEXUAL vs ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION

SUMMARY

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 WHAT IS IN VITRO
FERTILIZATION?

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In vitro fertilization

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Question and Answer:
• When does human life actually begins?
• How about an embryo?
• How about a baby?
• Would you consider a single cell like a
sperm or egg human? If so, should a single
cell from our body, like a red blood cell or
liver cell, be likewise considered human?
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