DEUTSCHE NORM. November 1996 Masonry Part 1: Design and construction IGS 91.060.10; 91.080.30 Descriptors: Building, construction, design, masonry. Mauerwerk - Tell 1: Berechnung und Ausfiihrung This standard supersedes February 1990 edition and, together with DIN 1053-2, November 1996 edition, supersedes DIN 1053-2, July 1984 edition. In keeping with current practice in standards published by the International Organization for Standardization (180), a comma has been used throughout as the decimal marker. Dimensions in mm Contents i Foreword . 1 Scope and normative references 1.4 Scope 1.2. Normative references . 2 Concepts 2.1 Masonry of simplified design . 2.2 Suitability tested masonry... 2.9 Loadbearing wall 2.4. Stiffening wall .......- 2.8 Norrloadbearing wall .... 2.6 Peripheral tie - 2.7 Ring beam .......+ 3 Documentation . 4 Masonry compressive strength . 5 Materials ...... 5.1 Masonry units . 5.2. Mortar . 5.2.1. General . . 5.2.2 Working .... 5.2.3 Restrictions on the use of mortar 5.2.3.4. General 5.2.3.2 General purpose mortar. 5.2.3.3 Lightweight morter ... 5.2.3.4 Thin layer mortar ...... 6 Simplified method 6.1 General . 6.2 Determination of resistance action- effects .. @o 2200000000 4 4 DHOKHHHKH EL DB 6.2.1 Support reactions . . 6.2.2 Joint moments .- Wind load ...... Structural stability Restraint ...... Calculation of dimensional changes ..... ive height and effective 63 64 65 66 6.7 Stiffening, effe: length of walls 6.7.1 General assumptions 67.2 Effective height 6.7.3 Openings in walls 6.8 Effective thickness of composite sections «2... eeeseeeee 6.9 Design by the simplified method . 6.9.1 Analysis for axial and eccentric compression ......+++ 7 Check for safety against buckling ..... Bearing pressure Tension Shear analysis . 6.9.2 69.3 6.9.4 6.9.5 7 Detailed method .. 74 General . 7.2. Determination of resistance action- effects .. an Support reactions .......- Joint moments catalan ‘Simplified calculation of joint moments .. Limitation of joint moments Wall moments . 724 72.2 723 124 Continued on pages 2 to 41. ‘Translation by DIN-Sprachendienst. (© No patos translation may be reproduced without the por permission DIN Destsches insta fr Nomina Var. ‘BeuthVerag GmbH, D-10772 Borin, ha ho exclusive doh ol sas for Geran Stara OWN-Normen) o] Ref. No. DIN 1053-1: 1996-11 Engish pice group 14 Sales No. 0114 1.99Page 2 DIN 1053-1: 1996-11 7.3. Wind load 7.4 Structural stability 7.5 Restraint ... 7.6 Calculation of dimensional changes ..... 17 7.7 Stiffening and effective height of walls .. 17 7.7.1 General assumptions . seven 7 7.7.2. Effective height . 7.1.3 Wall openings ...++..++ 8 7.8 Effective thickness of composite sections . . 18 7.9 Design by the det 19 7.9.1 Analysis for axial and eccentric compression . 19 7.9.2 Check for safety against buckling ..... 19 7.9.3. Concentrated loads, load spread and partial area loading »....... 19 7.9.4. Tension 20 7.9.5 Shear analysis ....+-..+- 20 at 8.1 Wall types and thicknesses - 21 8.1.1. General . 8.1.2 Loadbearing walls 8.41.21 General ...... 8.1.2.2 Stiffening walls ...... 8.1.2.3 Basement walls ..... 8.1.3 Non-loadbearing walls . 8.1.3.1. General 8.1.3.2 External walls 8.1.3.3 Partitions .. siatets 8.1.4 Joints between walls and floors or roofs . Fete 28 8.1.4.1 Goneral .. ++ 28 8.1.4.2 Connection by anchors . 8.1.4.3 Connection by friction ....--- 8.2 Peripheral ties and ring beams ..... 8.2.1 Peripheral ties - 8.2.2 Ring beams .........+ 8.3 Chases and recesses . 8.4 Extemal walls 84.1 General .... 84.2. Single-leaf walls. 8.4.21 Rendered walls 8.4.2.2 Unrendered walls (facework) -....... 24 84.3 Cavity walls ..... 84.3.4 Wall types and constructional details Walls without cavity fil. Walls with partial cavity f Walls with full cavity fil Rendered walls ....... 85. Vaults, arches and supports over openings ......--+ 5.1 Vaults andarches .... 85.2 Segmental arch floors .... 85.3 Supports over openings -- 9 Workmanship 9.1 General . Page 9.2 Bricklaying techniques ........-...++-. 30 9.2.1 Laying of units with cross joints filled .. 30 9.2.2 Laying of units with cross joints left unfilled. . oo 9.2.3 Joints in vaulting masonry .... 9.3 Bonding . aan 9.4 Gold weather construction .. 40 Suitability testing - 41 On-site inspection and quality testi 11.1 Masonry of simplified design... 11.1.1 Masonry units . 11.1.2. Mortar .. 11.2 Suitability tested masonry ..... : 41.2.1 Classification certificate and proof of suitability of mortar . 11.2.2 Masonry units... 14.2.3. Mortar .. 42. Natural stone walling 12.1 General 12.2 Bonding 12.2.1 General 12.2.2 Drystone walling - 42.2.3 Polygonal walling and uncoursed random rubble walling ........ Rubble walling brought to courses . 12.2.8 Uncoursed squared rubble walling - 12.2.6 Coursed squared rubble walling - 12.2.7 Ashlar walling . 12.2.8 Facework 12.3 Permissible stresses 12.3.1 General ..... 12.3.2 Analysis under axial and eccentric compression Tension Analysis for shear 12.2.4 12.3.3 12.3.4 Appendix A Mortar Act Mortar types ..... A2 Materials . A241 Sand . A22 Binders ..... A23 Additions ... A24 Admixtures : A3. Mortar composition and properties ..... 38 3.1. General purpose mortar . 3.2 Lightweight mortar... 3.3 Thin layer mortar 3.4 Workability . 4 Mortar mixing A.4.1 Site-mixed mortar A4.2 Factory-made mortar . AS Suitability testing for designed mortar... 40 AS. General . sees 40 A.5.2 General purpose mortar . . - 40 A.5.3 Lightweight mortar ..........eee eee. AT A.5.4 Thin layer mortar . 41Page 3 DIN 1053-1 : 1996-11 Foreword This standard has been prepared by Technical Committee Rezept- und Ingenieurmauerwerk of the Normen- ausschuB Bauwesen (Building and Civil Engineering Standards Committee). ‘The DIN 1053 standards series comprises the following Parts: Part 1 Masonry ~ Design and construction Part2 Masonry - Masonry strength classification on the basis of suitability testing Part3_ Reinforced masonry ~ Design and construction Part 4 Masonry — Bulldings of prefabricated brickwork component construction Amendments ‘This standard differs from the February 1990 edition of DIN 1053-1 and the July 1984 edition of DIN 1053-2 as follows: a) The standard has been revised In form and content to take recent findings into account, b) More detailed calculation methods, hitherto included in DIN 1053-2, are now incorporated in this Part. Previous editions DIN 4156: 05.43; DIN 1053: 02.97%, 12.52, 11.62; DIN 1053-1: 1974-11, 1990-02. 1 Scope and normative references 4.4 Scope This standard specifies principles for the design and construction of masonry made from cast units or natural stone. It describes two methods for the design of masonry: a simplified (Le. approximate) method, which may be used. under certain conditions (see subclause 6.1) and a detailed method (see clause 7). As a general rule, either the simplified or the detalled method should be used throughout, but itis possible to use the detailed method for the design of individual components within a bullding otherwise designed by the simplified method. The selection of materials and components for use in the construction of masonry walls shall also be dependent ‘on the specific requirements with regard to thermal insulation, sound insulation, fire resistance and protection against moisture (cf. subclauses 9.2.1 and 9.2.2). NOTE: The use of bullding materials conforming to standards other than referred to in this standardis permitted subject to their being of proven suitability (e.g. as when covered by an agrément). 1.2 Normative references This standard incorporates, by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These norma~ tive references are cited at the appropriate places in the text, and the titles of the publications are listed below. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this standard only when incorporated in It by amendment or revision. For undated references, the latest edition of, ‘the publication referred to applies. DIN 105-1 Clay bricks ~ Solid bricks and vertically perforated bricks DIN 105-2 Clay bricks ~ Lightweight vertically perforated bricks DIN 105-3 Clay bricks ~ High strength bricks and engineering bricks DIN 105-4 Clay bricks ~ Ceramic engineering bricks DIN 105-5 Clay bricks ~ Lightweight horizontally perforated bricks and lightweight horizontally perforated brick panels DIN 106-1 Calcium silicate bricks and blocks ~ Solid and perforated bricks and blocks DIN 106-2 Calcium silicate bricks and blocks - Facing bricks and hard-burnt facing bricks DIN 398 Solid and perforated slag aggregate blocks DIN 1045 Structural use of concrete ~ Design and construction DIN 1053-2 Masonry ~ Masonry strength classification on the basis of suitability testing DIN 1053-3 Reinforced masonty ~ Design and construction DIN 1085-3 Design loads for structures ~ Imposed loads DIN 1057-1 Building materials for free-standing chimneys ~ Bull nose bricks ~ Requirements, testing and inspection DIN 1060-1 Building lime - Concepts, requirements and inspection DIN 1164-1 Cement — Composition and requirements DIN 4103-1 Internal non-loadbearing partitions ~ Requirements and testingPage 4 DIN 1053-1 : 1996-11 DIN 4108-3 DIN 4108-4 DIN 4165 DIN 4211 DIN 4226-1 DIN 4226-2 DIN 4226-3 DIN 17440 DIN 18151 DIN 18152 DIN 18153 DIN 18195-4 DIN 18200 DIN 18515-4 DIN 18515-2 DIN 18550-1 DIN 18555-2 DIN 1855-3 DIN 18555-4 DIN 18555-5 DIN 1855-8 DIN 18557 DIN 50014 DIN 51043 DIN 52105 DIN 5252-1 DIN 52612-1 DIN 53237 Thermal insulation of buildings - Protection against atmospheric moisture - Requirements and guidance on regarding design and installation Thermal insulation of buildings — Characteristic values for thermal insulation and damp-proofing Autoclaved aerated concrete blocks and flat elements Masonry cement ~ Requirements and inspection Aggregates for concrete - Aggregates of dense structure (heavy aggregates) ~ Terminology, designation and requirements Aggregates for concrete - Aggregates of porous structure (lightweight aggregates) ~ Terminol- ‘ogy, designation and requirements Aggregates for concrete - Testing of heavy and lightweight aggregates Tecinical delivery conditions for stainless steel plate, hot rolled strip, bars for pressure pur- poses, drawn wire and forgings Lightweight concrete hollow blocks Lightweight concrete solid bricks and blocks Ordinary concrete masonry units Waterproofing of buildings and structures ~ Damp-proofing against moisture from the ground — Design and workmanship Inspection of construction materials, structural members and types of construction ~ General principles Design and installation of tile or natural stone cladding Design and installation of masonry cladding on supports Plastering and rendering - Concepts and requirements Testing of mortar containing mineral binders ~ Freshly mixed mortar containing aggregates of dense structure (heavy aggregates) ~ Determination of consistence, bulk density and air content Testing of mortar containing mineral binders - Hardened mortar ~ Determination of flexural strength, compressive strength and density ‘Testing of mortar containing mineral binders ~ Hardened mortar ~ Determination of linear and transverse strain and of deformation characteristics by the static pressure test Testing of mortar containing mineral binders — Hardened mortar ~ Determination of bond shear strength’ Testing of mortar containing mineral binders ~ Freshly mixed mortar - Determination of working life and correction time of thin layer mortar Factory-made mortar - Preparation, inspection and delivery Artificial climates in technical applications ~ Standard atmospheres. ‘Trass cement - Requirements and testing Testing the compressive strength of natural stone Testing of frost resistance of facing bricks and clinker blocks ~ Freezing of single units on all sides Determination of the thermal conductivity of thermal insulating materials by the guarded hotplate apparatus ~ Procedure and evaluation ‘Testing of pigments for colouring cement and lime-bound butiding mal Is Richtlinien for die Erteilung von Zulassungen for Betonzusatzmitte! (Code of practice on obtaining building inspectorate approval for concrete admixtures)*) Vorléutige Richtlinie zur Erganzung der Eignungsprifung von Mauermértel ~ Druckfestigkeit in der Lagerfuge ~ Anforderungen, Prafung (Pre! inary code of practice for supplementary suitability testing of mortar; compres- sive strength in the bed joint; requirements and testing) “*) Tssued.by the Deutsches Institut fdr Bautechnik (DIBY (German institute of Building Technology), Kolonnen- straBe 30, D-10829 Berlin, in its Mitteilungen (Proceedings), 1993: 5. “) Obtainabie from Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir Mauerwerksbau e.V. (German Masonry Construction Society), SchloBallee 10, D-53179 Bonn.Page 5 DIN 1053-4 : 1996-11 2 Concepts 2.1. Masonry of simplified design Masonry able to withstand the basic compressive stresses specified in tables 4a and 4b of this standard. 2.2 Suitability tested masonry Masonry able to withstand the basic compressive stresses as determined by suitability testing to DIN 1053-2 and given in table 4 ¢ of this standard. 2.3. Loadbearing wall A building element which acts as a plate (diaphragm) and is designed mainly to resist vertical loads (such as floor loads) and lateral loads (such as wind load). For the purposes of this standard, walls or piers less than 1000 cm? in cross-sectional area are termed ‘short walls’. Masonry less than 400 cm? in cross-sectional area is not considered to exercise a loadbearing function. 2.4 Stiffening wall ‘A wall acting as a plate designed to stiffen (brace) a buliding or to support ioadbearing walls against buckling. Its thus also to be considered as loadbearing. 2.5 Non-loadbearing wall ‘Awall acting as a plate that mainly carries its self-weight, and is neither expected to have a stiffening function nor provide bracing for loadbearing walls. 2.6 Peripheral tie ‘An élement arranged horizontally in the plane of a wall and designed to transmit tensile loads due to forces acting from outside or resulting trom differential deformation, 2.7. Ring beam ‘An element arranged horizontally in the plane of a wall and designed to resist both tension and bending moments due to lateral loads (i.e. loads acting normal to the wall). 3 Documentation ‘The documentation shall include the principal drawings, structural design documents, a spect and any agrément (i.e. building inspectorate approval certificate) or test certificates. ‘Such documents shall provide at least the following information: ‘a) the type of wall and type of masonry (1.0. whether of simplified design or suitability tested); 'b) type, density class, and compressive strength class of masonry units used; c} mortar type and group; d) any stiffening components, peripheral ties and ring beams to be installed; e) any chases and recesses; )_ means of tying or anchoring walls; Q) any reinforcement of masonry; fh) junctions allowing horizonal displacement. ation of works, 4 Masonry compressive strength In the simplified calculation method described in subclause 6.9, the compressive strength is characterized by the basic compressive stresses, 0,, a5 specified in tables 4 a and 4 b as a function of compressive strength class of masonry unit, mortar type and mortar group, and in table 4c as a function of the nominal strength of the masonry to DIN 1053-2. ‘When the detailed method specified in clause 7 is used, the design compressive strength of masonry, By, shall be calculated from equation (10). For natural stone masonry, 9, is given in table 14 as a function of walling grade, compressive strength of masonry unit and mortar group.Page 6 DIN 1053-1 : 1996-11 5 Materials 5.1 Masonry units The masonry units used shall conform to DIN 105-1 to DIN 105-5, DIN 106-1 and DIN 106-2, DIN 398, DIN 1057-1, DIN 4165, DIN 18151, DIN 18152, or DIN 18153. ‘The use of natural stone masonry is subject to the conditions set out in clause 12. 5.2. Mortar 5.2.1 General ‘Only mortar complying with the requirements specified in Appendix A shall be used. 5.2.2 Working Mortar (in particular group II or Ila mortar) shall be of a composition and consistence enabling joints to be completely filled. No aggregates, additions or admixtures shall be added on site to factory-made mortar. Where the weather conditions are inclement (.©. rain, low temperatures), at least group 1] mortar shall be used. Mortar shall be placed before it begins to stiffen. 5.2.3 Restrictions on the use of mortar 5.2.3.1 General Mortars of different types or groups may be used on one and the same site provided there is no risk of them being confused. 5.2.3.2 General purpose mortar Group I general purpose mortar shall not be used ) for vaults and basement walls, except in the repair of old masonry constructed with group I mortar; b) for buildings more than two storeys high and walls less than 240 mm thick; for cavity walls serving as external walls, this applies to the thickness of the Inner leaf; ©) for the outer leaves of cavity walls (cf. subclause 6.4.3); 4) for sultability tested masonry. ‘There are no restrictions on the use of group II and Ila general purpose mortar. Group Illa general purpose mortar shall not be used for the outer leaves of cavity walls (cf. subclause 6.4.3). ‘This also applies to group III mortar except when used for pointing or in conjunction with reinforced masonry to DIN 1053-3. 5.2.3.3 Lightweight mortar Lightweight mortar shall not be used for vaults and for exposed masonry subject to severe weather conditions (cf. subclauses 8.4.2.2 and 8.4.3). 5.2.3.4 Thin layer mortar Thin layer mortar shall not be used for vaults and for units with a height deviating more than 1 mm from the nominal size. 6 Simplified method 6.1 General The analysis may be by the simplified method as described in clause 7, provided that the requirements given in table 1 and the following conditions are satisfied a} Theheight of the building above ground does not exceed 20 m. (The height of buildings with pitched roofs may be taken to be the mean of eaves height and ridge height.) b) The effective span of floor slabs resting on the walls does not exceed 6 m and the bending moments at fioor/wall junctions are limited by suitable detailing arrangements (e.g. provision of centring elements, i.e. elements designed to ensure axial load transmission). In the case of two-way spanning floors, the smaller ‘span shall be used in the calculation. Inthe simplified method, analysis of action-effects such as bending moments at floor/wall junctions, accidental ‘eccentricities in the check for safety against buckling, wind loads on external walls, etc., is not required as these are taken into account either by the safety margin included in the permissible design stresses or by detailing provisions. If the building is over 20 m high, the above conditions are not met or the stat members needs to be verified more accurately, the detailed method describ: of the structure or individual in clause 7 shall be used.Page 7 DIN 1053-1 : 1996-11 Table 1: Criteria for using the simplified method Criteria Wall type Maximum wall Maximum palin hight, fy Imposed load, p, pare inm in kN/m? 215 1 a 275 Internal walls 2 2240 7 5 21754 3 278 Single-leaf <240 external walls 4 2240 iad 21155 5 <175% 7 Loadbearing 275 : leaf of cavity walls 2175 and party walls <240 7 7 2240 weed 1) For single-storey garages and similar structures which are designed for temporary occupancy only, the wall thickness may be reduced to a minimum of 115 mm. 2) Applies to bulldings up to two storeys high plus any converted roof, to stiffening walls spaced 4,5 m or less apart and where the clear distance between such walls and any openings is not more than'2 m. 9) Allows for partitions. 6.2 Determination of resistance action-effects 6.2.1 Support reactions ‘The action-effects for the most significant load cases anticipated during erection and service shall be calcu lated. The support reactions transmitted to the masonry by one-way spanning flat floor slabs, ribbed slab floors, beams and T-beams may generally be calculated assuming continuity at the first internal support, and likewise at the other internal supports when the ratio of adjacent spans is less than 0,7. In the calculation of the other ‘support reactions, butt jointing and free rotation of horizontal members above the internal supports shall be assumed instead of continuity. Where loadbearing walls support one-way spanning slabs parallel to the direc- tlon of span, the floor section bearing on the wall shall be of a width ensuring that the load can be transmitted in transverse direction. ‘The support reactions from two-way spanning slabs may be calculated in accordance with DIN 1045. 6.2.2 Joint moments For walls acting as intermediate supports for slabs, the bending moments at floor/wall junctions need not be verified if the simplified method is used. Intermediate supports are defined as: a) internal supports for continuous slabs; ) end supports for slabs; ©) internal supports for floor slabs with top reinforcement at the supports, even if they are assumed to span parallel to the wall on one or both sides. For walls acting as the sole end supports of slabs, the bending moments at the floor/wall junction may also be disregarded as these are taken into account by factor kg, as Set out in subclause 6.9.1.Page 8 DIN 1053-1 : 1996-11 6.3. Wind load ‘The effect of wind load normal to the wall may generally be disregarded in the shear analysis if the wall has adequate lateral support, provided by slabs acting as diaphragms, for example, or by ring beams spaced apart as a function of the wall height (as defined in table 1). Furthermore, adequate stability of the structure as a whole shall be ensured. 6.4 Structural stability Structural provisions shall be made for the transmission to the foundation of all lateral loads, such as wind loads ‘orloads due to the deviation of the system from the vertical. Structural stability need not be analysed if adequate stiffness is provided by floors with diaphragm action, by ring beams, or by shear walls that are located in both directions of the building and rest on the foundation, provided that the cross section of such walls does not undergo major changes. Analysis of the vertical and horizontal components of a structure is required wherever there is uncertainty as to its stifiness and stability. Such an analysis shall allow for imperfections by assuming horizontal loads due to the building being inclined at the following angle radians to the vertical: 1 ou ; To he e where fig is the height of the bullding, in m, measured from the top of the foundation. Where the structural system of a building permits load redistribution, up to 15% of the horizontal load of a wall may be shared among the other walls. ‘Any dimensional change occurring in stiffening components shall be taken into account in the analysis unless the vertical stiffening components in the direction under consideration satisfy the following condition: 9 in <0, 2 of 6 torn =4 2 <£0,2+0,1- form from 1 to below 4 where ig Is the height of the building measured from the top of the foundation; Ns the total vertical load on the building: EI is the total flexural stiffness of the vertical stiffening components in state I calculated by elastic theory in the direction under consideration (see table 2 for E); nis the number of storeys. 6.5 Restraint The rigid connection of materials with different deformation behaviour may give rise to considerable stresses due to shrinkage, creep and thermal effects, which, in tum, may lead to redistribution of stresses and damage to the masonry. The same applies where building elements are subject to differential settlement. ‘Suitable detailing arrangements (e.g. adequate thermal insulation, choice of suitable materials and connec- tions which do not induce restraint, provision of movement joints) shall be made (taking into account sub- clause 6.6) to ensure that such effects do not unduly reduce the stability and usability of the structure. 6.6 Calculation of dimensional changes Table 2 lists various types of unreinforced masonry together with the design values of their deformation prop- erties. Within any one type of masonry there may be considerable variations in deformation behaviour, however. ‘This is taken into account by including ranges of values, but in certain cases values may exceed or fall below these. If the standards relevant to each masonry type specify other minimum or maximum values, these shall bbe applicable. if allowance is to be made for deformations, the relevant masonry type and strength class, and type and group of mortar, shall be stated. By way of simplificaton, calculation of edge strain, gq, (see figure 3) and joint moments (see subciause 7.2.2), and the check for safety against buckling (see subclatise 7.9.2), shall be on the basis of the deformation values given in those subclauses.Page 8 DIN 1053-1 : 1996-11 7 “ayefel86e se Azjo popuedxe Alujewi ym eye10U09 eyeBoub6e yyBjemy6y 0} soyddy (5 “sy90/g ejes0U00 eyeBeuBbe Bes peyeinue.6 03 solide osiy (y nseje Jo sninpow queoes OU 81 7 lg ~qjo =" pue wjens deo. jeuy eu s| 2 exayen P's =" (g -(Guyjams) uojsuedxe sajousp + ‘aBeyULYs sa}ouEp ~ (, “oy 40 qb 'e p 819} Ul Se “o ‘WBuenS enisseiduloo AsuoseW o4p Jo PuJyI-AUO NOE Ie UIEARS []E4A0 WHOM, 7 A ceo ; . jouoo paye1oe "0 -gove o}000z | °0 - 008% eo 8 sz oor gt e0- of'o+ zo- | aepony euo1s: “y-p098 01 * ° 7 . ooh hal a peinoenuews cose oy00s9 | “D> -oase zoe o on e’o- o11'0 z0 im aloes. eyeBaiBBe esved a 24810400 so-o0ss orovoy | “0 -c00s zoe a Sze oz g0- O1z'0- vo- eyeboi65e quBlemub ‘o-o00¥ oyoose | *2 -a00e Boe 8 oz oO st eo- o'o~ zo- (yareoms "p-ooov crane | “0 -00se Los 8 sors on zo- o1eo+ ° feo, 6 a L 8 s ’ e z b e6uey ‘enjea uBiseq e6uey | enenubiseq | — abuew enjen uBiseq ebuey | enjen ubiseq AYN Ut Ge ‘snnpow ons! d/e.01 ul “49 *uojsuedxe Ta doxyutee bea pan www us (2 ‘oBeyuuys | Ma Atoseus Z2U/NIN UL GH 'SMINPOW! NSE | yeunsoy sBeuyt jo qusjoyjeog | |? We!AWEE? GPE? [PUY | 49 yojsuedxa eun}S|OUL [ELL aie ‘Aquosew peouojujauun yo sapiedosd uonewojeq * ede.Page 10 DIN 1053-1 : 1996-11 6.7 Stiffening, effective height and effective length of walls 6.7.1. General assumptions Walls are categorized into those restrained on two, three or four edges and freestanding walls, depending on the number of fixed edges the walls have. Restraints provided by horizontally supported floor plates, stiffening walls, or similarly rigid members. Additionally, the structure as a whole shall be stiffened in accordance with subclause 6.4. Where lateral support is provided by a stiffening wall located on one side only of the wall, the wall may be assumed to be adequately stiffened if both walls are erected simultaneously and bonded together and are made of materials with similar deformation behaviour, and if cracking as a result of differential deformation is not to ‘be expected, or ifthe connection is designed to resist tension and compression by other means. Stiffening walls: arranged asymmetrically, the centralines of which are offset by more than three times the thickness of the wall to be stiffened, shall be treated as walls located on one side only. Stiffening walls shall have a minimum effective length equal to one-fifth of the wall height, ft, and a thickness equal to one-third of the effective thickness of the wall to be stiffened, but not less than 175 mm. For stiffening walls with openings, the minimum length between openings in the wall to be stiffened shall be as given in figure 1. The clear height of windows shall be taken to be ft, of lt. Stiffening walls arranged symmetrically need not be erected simultaneously and bonded together provided that each wall alone meets the above requirements for stiffening walls. in this case, particular attention should be paid to differential deformation and damp-proofing, sound insulation and noise control requirements. Wall fo be stiffened Figure 1: 1um length of stiffening wall with openings 6.7.2 Effective height ‘The effective height of a wall, i, is to be calculated as a function of the wall height, /1,, and the number of edges: ‘on which a wall is restrained: a) For walls restrained on two edges, the following shall generally apply: liga hy @ Where walls are restrained by fiat or similar slabs (e.g. concrete floor slabs) supported on them, allow- ance may be made for this by Introducing a reduction factor, 8, which gives an effective height equal to Br hy. a) Unless a more accurate analysis is made in accordance with subclause 7.7.2, f shall be taken as: = 0,75 for a wail thickness not exceeding 175 mm; = 0,90 for a wall thickness above 175 mm up to 260mm; = 1,00 for a wall thickness exceeding 250 mm. For the purposes of this standard, concrete floor slabs shall also include reinforced concrete beam floors and ribbed slab floors with filler joists, as specified in DIN 1045, which are supported by edge beams. ‘The reduction factor may, however, only be used in the calculation of the effective height ifno lateral loads higher than the design wind loads act normal to the wall, and the bearing depth, a, is not less than 175 mm, for a wall thickness, d, of 240 mm or more. b) For walls restrained on three or four edges, fy, shall be equal to A hy. Unless a detailed analysis in accordance with subclause 7.7.2 is made, may be taken from table 3 for walls of thickness d and for a wall height of not less than 3,5 m. The reduction factor need not be assumed to bePage 11 DIN 1053-1 : 1996-11 lower than that used for walls restrained on two edges. In table 3, b is half the centreline distance between stiffening walls for walls restrained on four edges, and bis the distance of the free edge from the centre of the stiffening wall for walls restrained on three edges (of. figure 2). Where b is greater than 30 d for walls restrained on four edges, or b’ is greater than 15 d for walls restrained on three edges, such walls shall be treated as walls restrained on two edges. Where the strength of the middle third of the wall is reduced by vertical chases or recesses, the residual wall thickness shall be taken as d, or else a free edge shall be assumed. A vertical chase or recess, irrespective of its position, shall be treated as an opening ifthe residual wall thickness is less than 0,5 d or 115 mm, whichever is less. Stiffening walls Po} |e 7 Figure 2: Dimensions of b and 6° (notation) 6.7.3 Openings in walls ‘Where walls have openings with a clear height of more than one-quarter of the wall height, a clear width of more than one-quarter of the length of the wal, or a total area of more than one-tenth of that of the wall, those parts of the wall located between the wall opening and the stiffening wall shall be deemed to be restrained on three edges, and the parts of the wall located between the wall openings shall be deemed to be restrained on the top and bottom only. 6.8 Effective thickness of composite sections ‘Composite sections are sections made of masonry units of the same type, height and strength class, which are erected simultaneously and bonded together using the same mortar and are thus not expected to orack as a result of differential deformation. Reductions in cross section due to chases shall be taken into account in the calculations. Masonry at parapets and lintels shall not be inclided when calculating the effective thickness, which may be determined by elastic theory. Unless a more detailed analysis is made, the effective thickness may be assumed on each side to be one-quarter of the height of the composite section above the theoretical cut-off line, but shall not be more than the actual thickness of the cross section, Analysis of the shear capacity of composite sections shall be carried out as specified in subclause 7.9.5. 6.9 Design by the simplified method 6.9.1 Analysis for axial and eccentric compression Itshall be verified, assuming service loads and linear stress distribution, but not tension, that the compression occurring is not greater than the permissible compressive stress, zu! g,, on below: aul oy =k 0, © where a, is the basic compressive stress taken from table 4 a, 4b or 4c; is a reduction factor, equal to: — ky + ke for walls acting as intermediate supports ~ ky + kz oF ky ky, Whichever is smaller, for walls acting as fixed-end supports; 41 {8 a factor taking into account the difference between types of wall, equal to unity for walls and short walls (see subclause 2.3) consisting of one or more undivided walling units or separate walling units with a perforations proportion of less than 35% and without reduced cross sections due to chases or recesses, and equal to 0,8 for all other types of short wall. Masonry less than 400 cm? in net cross-sectional area (i.e. after deduction for chases and recesses) may not be used with a loadbearing function. is a factor taking into account the reduction in bearing capacity where there is a risk of buckling (see subolause 6.9.2), equal to unity for iy/d not more than 10 and 25 high 5Table 3: Factor fas a function of b, b’ and d for determining the effective height of walls restrained on three or four edges — Wall restrained on three edges Wall restrained on four edges Wall thickness, d, in mr o 8 & Wall thickness, d, in mm 240 175 15 m m 15 175 240 300 0.65 0.35 2,00 075 0.40, 2,28 0.85 045 2.80 096 0.50 2.80 1,05 085 3,10 118 0.60 340 bs 3,45 m 1.25 0.65 3.80 1.40 0.70 430 1,60 075 4,80 os 1,75 m bs 525m. 1.85 0.80 5,60 220 oes 660 bie 260m bs 720m 840 [bs 900m for hy/d greater than 10 but not more than 25, /1, being the effective height as specified in subclause 6.7.2. Values of hy/d greater than 25 are not permissible. tg is a coefficient taking into account the reduction in bearing capacity owing to bending moments in a floor ‘supported at its ends by internal or external walls. For floors between storeys, k shall be equal to unity where the effective span of the floor, J, Is not more than 4,2 m and equal to 1,7 1/6 where Lis greater than 4,2 m but not more than 6 m. For floors above the top storey, especially roof decks, kg shall be equal to 0,5, Irrespective of the effective span of the floor. This value makes allowance for open bed joints. ‘Where appropriate detailing arrangements have been made (e.g. the provision of centring elements), thus avoiding a reduction in bearing capacity, K, shall be taken as equal to unity irrespective of the effective span of the floor.Page 13 DIN 1053-1 : 1996-11 Inany analysis forload eccentricity, it shall be ensured that open joints due to eccentricity resulting from ioading in, and normal to, the plane of the wall do not extend farther than to the centroid of the gross cross section. Where walls are required to act as diaphragms, it shall additionally be verified for cross sections with open joints that the design edge strain, ¢,, due to diaphragm action in the saction of wall where cracking occurs doesnot exceed a value of 10-4 (cf. igure 3). The modulus of elasticity of masonry, F, may be assumed here to be equal to 3000 o,, eq 510 In the graph, bis the length of the wall acting as a di dp isthe design edge compressive stress; fp _ Is the design edge compressive strain under the most significant service load. hragm; Figure 3: Design edge compressive strain for diaphragms Where walls less than 175 mm thick and less than 2 m long with a slenderness ratio, /y/d, greater than 12 are restrained on two edges, the influence of an accidental concentrated horizontal load, H, of 0,5 KN, acting at mid-height of the wail and evenly distributed over the length of the wall, shall be analysed, in which case ble stresses higher by a factor of 1,33 may be used. This analysis is not required If equation (14) is Table 4a: Basic compressive stress in masonry walls built with general purpose mortar Com- Basic compressive stress, o,, pressive in MN/m?, for mortar group strength class [1 a | me [om | ma 2 | 03 | os | 0: - | - a | o4 | o7 [oa | 09 | - 6 | os | o9 | 10 | 12 | - e [os | 1 | ia | ta | - wz | oe | v2 [is | ta | 19 za | 10 | t [19 | 24 | 30 28 - | 1 [es | 30 | 35 36 - | - | - | 36 | 40 8 aan ae 45 0 -~ L- = [45 | 50 1) For external walls not less than 300 mm thick, ¢, shall be taken as 0,6 MN/m?; however, this value shall not be used in the analysis of bearing pres- sure as described in subclause 6.9. 6.9.2 Check for safety against buckling In the simplified anelysis as described in subclause 6.9.1, factor k, takes into account the influence of acciden- tal eccentricity and deformation according to second order theory. This is based on the assumption that, at mid- height ofthe wall, only bending moments occur which result from joint moments.as described in subclause 6.2.21996-11 ‘and from wind loads. Where walls are subjected to higher lateral loads or to vertical loads with a higher design eegentrcty, safety against buckling shall be checked as specified in subclause 7.9.2. A change in position of eee of a loadbearing wall due to a change in wall thickness shall not be considered as increasing the ‘eccentricity if the cross Section of the thinner wall is within that of the thicker wall, ‘Table 4b: Basic compressive stress in masonry walls ‘built with thin layer mortar or lightweight mortar Basle compressive stress, ‘Compres- gy in MN/m? ave ‘strength trenath | rnin tayer | Lightweight mortar mortar’) uma2t u36 2 a8 ee 4 WwW 07) 08") & 16 07 09 8 20 08 1,0 2 22 09 1 20 32 og a 28 37 og at 4 1) Only to be used for autoclaved aerated con- crete flat elements to DIN 4165 and for calcium silicate flat elements. For calcium silicate perfo- rated units and hollow blocks to DIN 106-1, the values given in table 4 a for mortar group III. up to compressive strength class 20 shall apply. 2) For masonry of clay bricks conforming to DIN 105-1 to DIN 105-4, 9, shali be taken as 0,4 MIN/m2. 3) For external walls not less than 300 mm thick, 0, shall be taken as 0,6 MN/m?; however, this Value shall not be used in the case stated in footnote 2 and when verifying bearing pressure as described in subclause 6.9.3. 4) For masonry of calcium silicate bricks and blocks to DIN 106-1 of density class 0,9 or more and of clay bricks conforming to DIN 105-1 to DIN 105-4, 9, shall be taken as 0,5 MN/m?. 5) For masonry as in footnote 4, the compressive stress shall be taken as 0,7 MN/m?. Cee Table 4: Basic compressive stress in suitability tested masonry Nominal compressive strength, By tos | tand13| 16 to 25 in Nim Gy in MNF? 2) 0,35 By | 092A, | 0.90 Ay 1) See DIN 1053-2 for Ay. 2) 9, shall be rounded off to the nearest 0,01 MN/m®.Page 15, DIN 1053-1 : 1996-11 6.9.3 Bearing pressure Walls subjected to concentrated loads shall be capable of resisting tensile stresses (e.g. by providing 2 satisfatory bond). The angle of spread of such loads may be assumed fo be 60° to the horizontal. Parts of walls subjected to greater stresses may require to be constructed in masonry of higher strength, due consideration being given to the specifications of subclause 6.5. For walls under concentrated loads such as from beams, joists, columns etc., a uniformly distributed bearing Pressure equal to 1,3 , (see table 4 a, 4 b or 4 ¢ for o,) may be assumed if it is ensured that the compressive stress at mid-height of the wall does not exceed the value of zu! g obtained from equation (6). Partial area loading normal to the plane of the wall shall not exceed a value of 1,3 0, (see table 4 a, 4 b or 4c for a,). Forconcentrated loads of SkN or more, the shear stress in the bed joints of the walling shall additionally be verified in accordance with equation (8) in subclause 6.9.5. For perforated and cellular bricks and blocks, it shall be ensured (e.g. by means of bearing plates) that the compressive load is transmitted to not less than two webs. 6.9.4 Tension Whereas tension normal to the bed joints of loadbearing walls may be ignored, the permissible tensile stresses Parallel to the bed joints, zu! cz, shall be calculated from the following equation: aul 67 = 0,4 Oyys + 0,12 + oy S max oz ® where % —_is the compressive stress normal to the bed joint; us __{s the permissible reduced bond shear strength (ct. table 5); ‘max 0, Is the maximum permissible tensile stress of the masonry units (cf. table 6). Table 5: Permissible reduced bond shear strength NMita Mortar type NM ‘and group. nmi | NMu twas | yt | NM a austin nim? | oor | oo | 009 | on | 01a *) For masonry with unmortared cross joints (1. filled with mortar to less than half the wall thickness), the values of ys Shall be halved, Table 6: Maximum permi ible tensile stress Compressive strength class Pleat 6.9.5 Shear analysis Hfanalysis for structural stability is not required for stiffening walls (cf. subclause 6.4), an analysis for shear may generally be dispensed with, Where, however, a shear analysis needs to be carried out, the design shear stress, 1, and the permissible shear stress, ul x Shall be calculated for rectangular sections (out not for composite sections), using equations (7), a) a ! max G, InMNim? [oot 015 £28 seule m Diaphragm shear: 2ul r= o,ys + 0,2 - Op < max t (ea) Lateral shear: 2u1 t= cys + 0,3 * Om (80) where Q ign shear force; A. is the cross-sectional area in compression;Page 16 DIN 1053-1 ; 1996-11 ¢ [sa factor allowing for the distribution of r over the cross section. When caloulating diaphragm shear, ¢ shall be equal to 1,5 for high walls with a ratio of overall height to length of 2 or more, and equal to nity where the overall wall height is not more than its length, with intermediate values obtained by linear interpolation in both cases. When calculating lateral shear, ¢ shall be equal to 1,5; gos Shall be taken from table 5; Con's the mean compressive stress normal to the bed joint within area A; ‘max tis the maximum permissible shear stress, taken as equal to. 0,010 yg, for hollow blocks; 0,012 By, for vertically perforated bricks and for bricks and blocks provided with handholdis; 0,014 Ayy for solid blocks without handholds; Bye is the nominal compressive strength of the brick or block. 7 Detailed method 7.4 General ‘The method outlined below is suitable for the analysis of single components, single storeys or whole buildings. 7.2. Determination of resistance action-effects 7.24 Support reactions Calculation of the support reactions shall be as specified in subclause 6. 7.2.2 Joint moments The effect of the angle of rotation at the floor supports on the eccentricity of loading in the wails shall be taken into account. This shall be done by considering the floor/wall junction assuming, for convenience, uncracked cross sections and elastic material behaviour. The joint moments thus obtained may be used in the calculation with two-thirds of their value, ‘The floor/wall junction may be considered using an equivalent system in which the points of zero moment in the walls are estimated (normally to be at mid-height of the wall). For this purpose, half of the imposed load may be assumed as the permanent load, and the elastic modulus for masonry taken to be equal to 3000 0, 7.2.3 Simplified calculation of joint moments Calculation of the fioor/wall junction may be by the following approximate method where imposed loads are 5 kN/m? or less. ‘Due to the angle of rotation of the floor at the supports, the floor bearing pressure, A, acts with an eccentricity, «, taken to be 5 % of the difference between adjacent floor spans for internal walls, and 5 % of the adjacent floor ‘span for external walls. For roof decks, the full moment M,, equal to Ay - ép, shall be assumed to act at the top of the wall, whereas for intermediate floors the moment Mz, equal to A, « é,, shall be divided equally between the top and bottom of ‘the wall, Longitudinal forces due to loads from storeys above, N,, may be assumed to act centrically (ct. figure 4). In the case of two-way spanning floors with span ratios of up to 1:2, the load eccentricity may be calculated using two-thirds of the shorter side as the span. ey 2005-1 = 05 (4,-h) 2-4 Ao‘€o. “Th, Ny Noa j {ha A t rt “Te e7=005h=ll|| | la late Figure 4: Simplified assumptions for calculation of moments in walls and at floor/wall junctionsPage 17 DIN 1053-1 : 1996-11 7.24 Limitation of joint moments If the design eccentricity of the resultant load from floors and the storeys located above these, due to joint moments at the top or bottom of the wall, is greater than one-third of the wall thickness, it may be taken as one- third of the wall thickness, and suitable detailing shall prevent damage from cracks in the masonry and render (e.g. by appropriate joint design, the use of centring strips, arris grooves, etc., with a suitable design of the outside walls). 7.2.5 Wall moments ‘The moment diagram over the height of the wall due to vertical loading is obtained from the individual wall moments from the analysis of the floor/wall junctions (cf. figure 4). Moments due to horizontal loads (e.g. wind or earth pressure) may be redistributed provided that equilibrium is maintained between full estraintand hinged support (ef. subclause 7.9.1. for open joints). 7.3 Wind load Moments due to wind loading normal to the plane of the wall may generally be disregarded up to a height of 20 mabove ground level provided that walls are 240 mm or more in thickness and the wall height, fis not more than 3m. In-plane wind loads require to be taken into account, however (cf. subclause 6.4). 7.4 Structural stability Subclause 6.4 shall apply with regard to structural stability. 7.5 Restraint Subelause 6.5 shall apply with regard to restraint. 7.6 Calculation of dimensional changes Calculation of dimensional changes shall be as specitied in subciause 6.6, assuming, for convenience, an elastic modulus equal to 3000 9,. The check for safety against buckling shall be made using a notional secant modulus, Ej, equal to 1100 0. 7.7 Stiffening and effective height of walls 7.74 General assumptions ‘See subclause 6.7.1 for general assumptions relating to stiffening walls. 7.72. Effective height The effective height of a wall, I, shall be calculated as a function of the wall height, /t,, as follows: a) Free-standing walls: @ where N, and N, are the longitudinal forces at the top and bottom of the wall, respectively. b) Walls restrained on two edges: In general, the following shall apply: Ings tg (10a) Where walls are restrained by floors (e.g. concrete slabs) bearing on them, this may be taken into account by reducing their effective height as outlined in table 7, provided the conditions specified there are satisfied. ‘The value assumed for # may be calculated from equation (10b) unless calculated by frame and second order theories. Exly Ba 1-015, we J + ] 2 0,75 (10b) (; 1) oa] where Ey and E, arethe respective elastic modull of the masonry as specified in subclause 6.6 or of the concrete as specified in DIN 1045; Iny 2nd 1, are the respective second area moments of the masonry wall and concrete slab; 1,and 1, are the adjacent floor spans; for external walls, 1/1, = 0 shall apply.Page 18 DIN 1053-1 : 1996-11 For wall thicknesses of 175 mm or less, a value of f equal to 0,75 may be used. If, in any section of the joint, the design eccentricity of the load is greater than one-third of the wall thickness (see subclause 7.2.4), Ashall be taken to be equal to unity. Table 7: Reduction of the effective height of walls restrained on two edges by slab floors Required bearing depth, a, Wall thickness, d, in mm Stfloer one wall Less than 240 Equal tod 240 or greater up to 300 8/4 d or greater ‘Above 300 2/3 d or greater Design eccentricity, e%), of load at mid-height of the wall | Reduced effective height, hx) {all wall thicknesses) Up to d/6 Bh, Equal to d/3 hy 1) 1.2, eccentricity not taking into account , and f, from subclause 7.9.2, but taking into account any wind. 2) Values may be linearly interpolated. Lf Valves ee OeeOeeeeeeeEeEet ©) Walls restrained on three edges: 1 hig=§ 1, Bh, 0.8- hy (11a) «ph B ( 3b ¢) Walls restrained on four edges: for h, Tae (186) Lateral shear: yet S Baus + Bo (180)Page 21 DIN 1053-1 : 1996-11 where Pris is the design reduced shear bond strength, equal to 2 0,34, with dys taken from table 5 (some units or mortar may require special treatment as set out in subclause 9.1); Is the design coefficient of friction, equal to 0,6; H isthe design coefficient of friction, reduced to 0,4 to take into account the stress distribution in the bed joints in longitudinal direction of the unit. Baz Is the design tensile strength of the masonry unit, equal to 0,025 - fy., for hollow building units, 0,033 - Ay, for units with vertical perforations and units with handholds, and 0,04 - Ay. for solid units without handholds; Aya 18 the nominal compressive strength of the unit (equivalent to the masonry strength class); 7 isa safety factor to subciause 7.9.1. For rectangular cross sections its sufficient to carry out the analysis at the point subjected to the highest shear stress. Composite sections also require an analysis at the Interfaces of the parts of section. yt O45 «Pao T= Anya ao 7 Figure 6: Shear capacity with wall in diaphragm shear 8 Detailing 8.1 Wall types and thicknesses 8.1.1 General Unless the wall is obviously thick enough for the intended application, proof shall be provided that the wall thicknesses specified below are maintained. To facilitate construction and inspection, the use of different types of brick, block and mortar: should be avoided where possible (cf. subclause 5.2.3). Bricks or blocks exposed to weathering shall be resistant to frost. If frost resistance classes are specified in the relevant material standard, the bricks and blocks with the highest frost resistance shall be used for the construction of chimney copings, cellar entrances, retaining walls, garden walls, etc. Horizontal and gently sloping exposed masonry surfaces (e. g. parapets and chimney copings) shall be pro- vided with means to prevent ingress of moisture (e. g. coverings). in one storey 8.1.2. Loadbearing walls 8.1.2.4 General Walls designed to carry vertical loads in addition to their self-weight shall be considered loadbearing walls. Walls designed to accommodate lateral loads may be constructed as non-loadbearing wallsin accordance with subclause 8.1.3. The minimum thickness of loadbearing internal and external walls shall be 115 mm unless thicker walls are required for structural reasons or for reasons of damp-proofing, thermal insulation, noise control and fire protection. The minimum dimensions of loadbearing piers shall be 115 mm x 365 mm or 175 mm x 240 mm. Loadbearing walls shall be erectad directly on their foundations. Where this is not possible, care shall be taken ‘to ensure that the supporting structure is of adequate stiffness. 8.1.2.2 Stiffening walls For stiffening walls, the specifications given in the second and last paragraphs of subciause 8.1.2.1 shall apply. 8.1.2.3 Basement walls Basement walls need not be analysed for resistance to lateral earth pressure provided that the following conditions are satisfied.Page 22 DIN 1053-1 : 1996-11 4) Theclearheight ofthe wal, i,, does not exceed 2,6, and the wall thickness, d, is not less than 240 mm, ) The loor over the basement acts asa diaphragm andis capable of resisting the forces resulting from earth pressure. Inthe zone of influence of earth pressure on the basement walls, the imposed load on the ground surface Cae ae xeeed 5 kN/m?, the ground does not slope upwards, and the depth of earth fil Hq, does not exceed the height of the wall. @ The longitudinal force, N,, from permanent loading at mid-depth of the earth fils within the following limits: a a 2N,2minN with min N= (19) where (see alse figure 7) hy is the clear height of the basement wall; hy is the depth of fill; a the wall thickness; @ is the density of the fill; fa and y_ are taken from subclause 7.9.1. NI Ne pS SkNIm? he Figure 7: Design loads for basement walls ‘As an alternative to analysis by means of equation (19), it may be checked that the permanent load over the basement wall directly under the floor, N,, is within the limits given in equation (20): max N,2 Ny min Ny 20) where max N, =0,45-d- 05 min Nis taken from table 8; o is taken from table 4 a, 4b or 4 6. ‘Table 8: Minimum values of N, for basement walls (without analysis) Wall thick- | min N,, in kN/m, for 2 depth of fill, ness, d, h, of inmm | aim | 15m | 2m _{ 25m 240 é 20 45. 78 300 3 18 30 50 365 oO 10 25 40 480 o 5 15 30 Intermediate values shall be obtained by linear interpolation.Page 23, DIN 1053-1 : 1996-11 Table 9: Largest permissible areas of masonry infill in non-loadbearing external walls (without analysis) L3 ee 4 5 é 7 Walt Largest permissible areas of masonry infill), in m®, at a height above ground level ‘| ae from 0 to 8m over 8 up to 20m cover 20 up to 100 m inmm [esto £220 210 2220 e=10 2220 1154) 12 8 8 5 6 4 175 20 14 3 ° 9 6 240 36 25 23 16 16 12 2300 50 33 35 23 25 7 1) For e above 1,0 to below 2,0, the size of the area may be obtained by linear interpolation. | 2) For bricks or blocks of strength class 12 or more, the values given in this line may be increased by one-third. Ifa basement wall subjected to earth pressure is stiffened by shear walls or other structural elements a distance b apart, so that the load in the wall can be transmitted in two directions, min N, and min N, may be reduced as follows: bsg N= min Naz} min Ny en and b 22h, N,> min Ny No2 min Ny (22) intermediate values may be obtained by linear interpolation. racking is assumed in equations (19) and (22). ‘Where walls are subject to earth pressure, they shall be protected against rising damp by installation of a damp- proof course consisting of fine granuled surface bitumen felt or other suitable material. 8.1.3. Non-loadbearing walls 8.1.3.1 General Non-loadbearing walls shall be designed to transmit lateral loads to loadbearing walls or floors. 8.1.3.2 External walls Masonry infill panels in framed buildings or buildings of cellular construction do not require analysis, provided that: a) the walls are restrained on four edges (e.g. by toothing, staggering, ties); ) the conditions specified in table 9 are satisti ©) general purpose morter of at least group ITa, thin layer mortar or LM 36 lightweight mortar is used. In table 9, zis the ratio of height, #, to length, J, of the area to receive masonry infilling. ‘The values given in columns 3, 5 and 7 of table 9 may be doubled where bricks or blocks of strength class 20 or more are used and the /I ratio Is not less than 2,0. 8.1.3.3. Partitions ‘See DIN 4103-1 for partitions not subjected to wind loads. 8.1.4 Joints between wal 8.1.4.1 General External walls shall be connected to floors either by anchors or by friction. Ind floors or roofs 8.1.4.2 Connection by anchors Connection by anchors (or hangers with split pins in the case of jolsted timber flogfs) shall be provided in parts of awali subjectad to loading, but not in parapets. Where the walls are not subjected to vertical loads, peripheral ties shall be used. The spacing of anchors shall generally be 2 m, with a maximum of 4 m. For walls parallel to the direction of span of slabs, the spacing shall be such that the anchors extend over a floor strip not less thanPage 24 DIN 1053-1 : 1996-11 ‘1 m wide and not less than two floor beams or ribs. In the case of Joisted timber floors, they shall extend over not less than three joists or extend into cross ribs. If beams tied to external walls meet over internal walls, they shall be connected so as to resist tensile loading. Gable walls that are not rigidly connected to the roof structure shall be adequately stiffened by shear walls or pilasters. 8.1.4.3 Connection by friction No special ties are required to connect solid concrete floors with a minimum bearing depth of 100 mm. 8.2 Peripheral ties and ring beams 8.2.1 Peripheral ties All external walls, and shear walls with diaphragm action shall be provided with peripheral ties if one or more of the following criterla apply: 2) buildings are more than two storeys high or exceed 18 m in length; b) walls have many or extremely large openings, particularly where the sum of the width of all openings exceeds 60% of the wall length or, in the case of a total width of all windows greater than two-thirds of the wall height, 40% of the wall length; ©) the ground conditions so require. Peripheral ties may be made of reinforced concrete or masonry, steel or timber. They shall be located at floor level in each storey or immediately below floor level and shall resist a tensile force of 30 kN under service loads. If, for structural reasons, peripheral ties cannot be continuous, the same effect shall be ensured by other means. Reinforced concrete peripheral ties shall be provided with two continuous round bars, each at least 10 mm in diameter. Joints shall be detalled as specified in DIN 1045, and laps shall be staggered, where possible. Equivalent reinforcement shall be provided for reinforced masonry ties. When designing peripheral ties, any continuous reinforcement parallel to the ties may be taken into account with its full section, if this is located in floors or in window lintels, at a distance of not more than 0,5 m from the centre plane of the wall or floor. 8.2.2 Ring beams Where floors without diaphragm action are used or a slip plane is provided undor the roof deck, the walls shall be provided with lateral bracing from ring beams or other structural items of equivalent effectiveness. Ring beams and their connections to the stiffening walls shall be designed to resist a horizontal load equal to one- hundredth of the vertical load on the walls pius any wind load. When designing ring beams under slip planes, allowance shall also be made for tension resulting from residual frictional forces. 8.3 Chases and recesses Chases and recesses may be ignored in masonry design if their dimensions lie within the limits given in table 10. Vertical chases and recesses may also be disregarded if the reduction in cross-sectional area per 1 m length of wall does not exceed 6%, the wall is not treated as restrained on three or four edges, and the values given in columns 8 and 9 of table 10 are complied with. All other chases and recesses shall be taken into account in the design. 8.4 External walls 8.4.1 General External walls shall have adequate rain-shedding capacity. Guidance is given in DIN 4108-3. 8.4.2. Single-leaf walls 8.4.2.1 Rendered walls Single-leaf external walls (i.e. solid brick walls) which are not frost-resistant shall be rendered as specified in DIN 18550-1 or be otherwise weatherproofed. 8.4.2.2 Unrendered walls (facework) ‘Where the outer face of external walls remains unrendered, the wall shall be at least 310 mm thick and each course laid in English bond (i.e. one row of stretchers and one row of headers), with a continuous horizontat joint between both rows, 20 mm wide and completely filled with mortar so as to provide a good bond. The joints between successive courses shall be staggered, as illustrated in figure 8. In singie-leaf facework, the facing and backing are bonded so as to result in common action under load, with ‘the maximum permissible load being a function of the masonry units of the lowest strength class used in the construction.Page 25 DIN 1053-1 : 1996-11 “WZ UB 889] SuyBUBI |IoM 40} AjayeuoPNOdod Jo uj6u9] w z 10d popinosd 1 pue g SuUN}OD Ul Sesse00) pUE SeSEYO JO |IPIM “wut opZ NEY} S89] JOU 5] SSCUOILD fem BY} BLA J] PIM WL QZ PUB deep LLU Og O} dh oq Ae jene| JOOY AOE LW | UBLA e4OLU PUEIKS JOU OP YO{YM SBSEYD (y eRDAUL (5 -Ajayeina9e euop 2q Uo siys | WW OFZ JO SSEUN}OILA wNUUTUIL e ‘uy sjf2m so septs oq uo yno eq osje Aew deep wu! 0} 0} dn seseyg “Yidep peyinbes ayy 0} Afeyeinooe IND aq UeD el j| Jodeap ws O| @q ABUI SBSEUD (5 -aseyo eyp Jo yiBue| 843 29M 0} jenbe ‘eseyo e|UoZUOY JUEoe[pe AUE WOH BOUE}SIP Wnw]UIW a4, PUB WL OBY eq J}eYs SBUILEdO WOH BOUEAS|P AUN ALLL (— “syfoliq peresoped AjjeyuozuoY Bujsn Auvosew ul pey}ued you ‘are Kat “12m Ou) JO BpIs UO AlUO UO PUP ‘jane WHOA 100}; MoJeq 10 (on9} do} Loy enoqe WI #9 UIUHIM PeHIUHOd Ajuo exe SASEYO PaUi| PUB IUOZLOH (, ww ope ove ee 02 oe oe oe ‘e104 10 $98 ew, $89) sub see coz oe of oz ‘10u 10 008 sseae! | :0u 40 ‘ss0081 soeseya |" 9 gseyo su see she ost oe se st s10u 10 ove FAO MIPIM | yo urpim sue osz oor oe 2 0 @10UN 10 SLL up 20m 7 7 001 aL - = 210u 10 SLE sesseoa) | _sBujuedo Teed, pur seseyo | woy sessooes| sseunoiys " wren |‘aikeame | seta | gunm, jwonemcon| uo | ous, | te | woo ie Supeds | jo eourjsip | wnuwiui reoueien ssouyonn unui | win eA uojonsjeuoo see 3nd vorynsuoo Bun pour Soreness seumerazuca ayo ne 058008) pue SeSEUD [20128A ss08se0el pue Soselo [29N:6A ee Caden unupey) on 6 @ i ing or ’ e z t (jsAieue ynoyjym) sitem Gupeeqpeo] ul sesseoes pue soseyo jo SUO|SUAWIP oIqISsIWEd -OF e14eL,Page 26 DIN 1053-1 : 1996-11 Where exposed joints are not fi 15mmm and then pointed. hed flush, they shall be raked out as work proceeds to a minimum depth of 305 Interior Figure 8: Single-leaf facework, 375 mm thick 8.4.3 Cavity walls 8.4.3.1 Wall types and constructional details Double-leaf walls are classified Into walls without cavity fill (.e. where the cavity is left as an alr space), walls containing insulation (either partial fill or full fill, and walls with one rendered leat. For walls consisting of a non-loadbearing outer leaf (facing) and a loadbearing inner leaf (backing), the following shall apply. ‘a) Design shall be based on the thickness of the inner leaf only (cf. subclause 8.1 noss). The use of the simplified method is permitted subject to the conditions sp being satisfied. b) Tho minimum thickness of outer leaves shall be 90 mm. Thinner leaves shall be treated as cladding as spectfied in the DIN 18515 series of standards. The minimum length of any masonry piers in outer leaves, which only have to withstand loads from the outer leaves, shall be 240 mm. The outer leaf shall be supported along its entire length. Where the support is interrupted (e.g. by corbels), it is to be ensured that both sides of the masonry units are supported. ©) Outer leaves 115 mm thick shall be laterally supported at vertical intervals of about 12 m. They may extend up to 25 mm beyond their support. If such leaves do not extend over more then two storeys orf they fare supported at every second storey, they may project by up to one-third of their thickness beyond their Support. Allowance shall be made for these projections in the analysis of bearing pressure. Joints shall be finished flush or pointed as specified in subclause 8.4.2.2. d) Outer leaves less than 118 mm thick shall be to @ height of not more than 20 m above ground and shall be laterally supported at vertical intervals of about 6 m. They shall not extend more than 15 mm beyond thelr supports, and mortar joints shall be finished flush. Gables not exceeding 4 m in height of buildings up to two storeys high do not need additional lateral support. e) Both leaves shall be connected by ties of DIN 17440 stainless steel of grade X4GNIMo17-12-2 or X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2, in compliance with table 11 and as illustrated in figure 9. The ties shall be placed at vertical intervals of not more than 500 mm and horizontal intervals of not more than 750 mm. for minimum thick- jad in subclause 6.1 Table 11: Minimum number and diameter of ties per square metre of walling Mini- | Tie mum | diam- number | eter, of ties | in mm. 4 [Unless otherwise spec-| ified in lines 2 and 3 Leaves higher than 12 m| above ground level or ? | cavity width over 7 7 70mm up to 120 mm Cavity width over Pala les 120 mm up to 150 mmPage 27 DIN 1053-1 : 1996-11 (Over and above the number of ties specified in table 11, there shall be additional ties at openings, corners, movement joints and at the top of outer leaves, with a spacing of three ties per metre of edge length. ‘Where the ties are to be embedded in lightweight mortar as shown In figure 8, this shall be of type LM 36. Ties used with LM 21 lightweight mortar require to be held in position by other means. Alternative arrangements (e.g. with regard to size, materials, spacing) are permitted provided that proof is given in the form ofa test certificate that a tensile or compressive force of not less than t kN can be resisted, with the slip per tie not more than 1 mm. If one of these values (1 kN or 1 mr) is not achieved, the number of ties shell be increased accordingly. Ties shall be installed so as to prevent the transport of moisture from the outer to the inner leaf (2.9. by fitting a plastic disc on the tie, as shown in figure 8). Plastic disc Figure 9: Positioning and sizing of wall ties in double-leaf external walls Use of otter types of tie (such as metal ber ties) is permitted provided that they are of proven suitability (e.g. such as when covered by an agrément). Where the ties are not distributed over the surface, i.e. where ties are positioned in lines or at floor level only, the structural stability of the outer leaf shall be analysed, Where walls are curved, the type, number and spacing of ties shall be specified, making allowance for any deformations. f) -At the bottom of a cavity, the inner leaf and the ends of floors resting on these shall be protected against moisture penetration by a damp-proof course (dpc) and cavity tray, as illustrated in figure 10. The same applies at lintels and sills. Weephole 2150 2 n Grout Figure 10: Provision of dpc at bottom of cavity walls, The surface of the dpe shall be such that the outer leaf is prevented from sliding over it. The first row of ties shall be positioned at the lowest possible level. The material used for the cavity tray shall comply with DIN 18195-4, It shall extend through the full thickness of the outer leaf, be stepped up towards the inner leaf, and fastened to prevent sagging.Page 28 DIN 1053-1 : 1996-11 g) Any elements providing lateral support which are no longer able to be inspected once installed shall be permanently protected against corrosion. fh) The outer leaf shall have vertical movement joints, spaced to compensate for the effects of temperature and moisture, and to suit the bullding materials used and the colour of the exposed face, care being taken to ensure that any vertical movement of the leaf is also accommodated. In the design of door and window openings, due consideration shall be given to the effect of differential movement of the two leaves, especially in multi-storey buildings with a continuous outer leaf. Where jambs bridge the cavity of a cavity wall, a damp-proof course shall be inserted to separate both leaves. Movement joints shall be durably sealed with suitable material. 8.4.3.2 Walls without cavity fil Design of walls without cavity fill (Le. uninsulated cavity walls) shall be based on the following. ‘a) The cavity shall be not less than 60 mm and not more than 150 mm wide when ties according to table 11 are used. Its width may be reduced to 40 mm provided that the mortar joints of at least one inner face are ‘struck flush. Care shall be taken to prevent bridging of the cavity by mortar drappings (e.9. by covering the cavity as the work proceeds or by other suitable means). b) To provide adequate drainage of the cavity, there shall be weepholes (i.e. open vertical joints) with a total area of about 7500 mm? per 20 m: of wall surface (including doors and windows) at the top and bottom of outer leaves and in parapets. ©) The cavity shall begin not less than 100 mm above ground level and be continued without interruption from this point or the top of the lateral support to the roof or bottom of the lateral support (cf. sub- clause 8.4.3.1, item c)). 8.4.3.3. Walls with partial cavity fil 'sulation batts or boards line the inner leaf within the cavity, the requirements of subclause 8.4.3.2 shall be met, together with the following. a) When ties as shown in table 11 are used, the cavity shall be not more than 150 mm wide. Otherwise, the ties used shall be as specified in subclause 8.4.3.1, item e), fourth paragraph. b) The air space left between outer leaf and insulation shall be a minimum of 40 mm wide, and shall not be made narrower by uneven batts or boards. Should this be the case, however, subclause 8.4.3.4 shall apply. ©) The insulating material shall be fixed in place as specified in subclause 8.4.3.4, item a). 8.4.3.4 Walls with full cavity fill For walls with full cavity fil, the requirements of subclause 8.4.3.2 shall be met, together with the following. The cavity shall be not more than 150 mm wide and shall be completely filled with insulating material that complies with a relevant standard or is of proven suitability (e.g. such as when covered by an agrément). ‘The use of bricks or blocks covered with a glaze or other finishing for the outer leaf is permitted provided that these have been tested and found to have a high frost resistance. *) Care shall be taken to ensure that the joints in facing brickwork are completely filled with mortar and that the exposed faces are pointed in a workmanlike manner. Weepholes at the bottom of the outer leaf shall have a total area of not less than 5000 mm? per 20 m? of wall surface area (including door and window openings). ‘Thermal insulation shall take the form of batts or boards, granular and other types of water-repellent loose fills, or in-situ foam. When installing the insulating material, the following shall be observed. a) Mineral fibre batts and boards and boards of expanded polystyrene and cellular glass shall be fixed to the inner leaf to form a uniform layer. To prevent moisture penetration at the joints, mineral fibre batts and boards shall be close butted, and rigid expanded polystyrene boards Instaled with staggered or tongue- and-groove joints, or else shall be re- bated. ‘The ait space left between the outer leaf and the insulation shall be as small as technically possible. Hates formed in iid polytyrene boards (9. due to penetration by ties) shall be sealed with a solvent-free sealant. b) Inthe case of loose fill insulation such as mineral fibre granulate, polystyrene beads or expanded periite, ‘care shall be taken to ensure that the cavity is completely filled and the weepholes at the base of the wall are not blocked. Trickling of insulating material out of the weepholes shall be prevented (e.g. by providing stainless steel gratings). 7 Clay bricks shall be tested to DIN 52252-1, calcium silicate bricks to DIN 106-2.Page 28 DIN 1053-1 : 1996-11 ©) In-situ foam used as insulating material shall be selected for lasting effectiveness and shall completely fill the cavity. ‘Weepholes shall be on the lines of the specifications in item b). 8.4.3.5 Rendered walls ‘The surface of the inner leaf in the cavity shall be fully rendered, with the air space between the rendering and the outer leaf left as small as technically possible. All joints in the outer leaf shall be fully mortared. Where a rendered outer leaf Is specified, there is no need to render the inner leaf. Wall ties 3 mm in diameter shall be positioned as specified in subclause 8.4.3.1, item e). Weepholes shall only be provided at the bottom of the outer feat, taking into account the specifications of subelause 8.4.3.2, Item b). Movement joints shall be designed as specified in subclause 6.4.3.1, item h). 8.5 Vaults, arches and supports over openings 85.1 Vaults and arches Vaults and arches shall follow the thrust line. Large-span vaults and arches subjected to widely varying loads shall be designed by elastic theory. Vaults and arches with a favourable rise-to-span ratio, full backing or adequate depth of fil, which are subjected to predominantly static loading, and other vaults and arches with smaller spans, may be analysed by the thrust line theory, as well as vaults and arches with a small span. 8.5.2 Segmental arch floors Segmental arch floors supported on floor beams, which are subjected to predominantly static loading (as defined in DIN 1055-3) and are of a thickness known from experience to be adequate (span between beams up to about 2,5 m), need not be analysed. The minimum thickness of the bricks shall be 115mm, and the minimum rise one-tenth of the span of the segmental arch. ‘The masonry shall be built in bond. The end bays of adjacent arches shall be provided with anchors whose spacing isnot greater than the end span. The anchors shall be positioned at least at the third points and at the beam ends. The end bay maybe assumed to give adequate resistance to the horizontal thrust from the internal bays if its wicth is at least one-third of its length. Ifend bays arenarrower, the anchors shall continue across two bays or more. The end bays shall be given lateral support capable of resisting the horizontal thrust from the internal bays even when the end bays are not subjected to load. The supports shall be secured by facing masonry, a permanent surcharge, tying or other suitable means. For floors above basements, subjected to a predominantly static load of not more than 2 kN/m?, It may be assumed that the horizontal thrust of segmental arches with a span of up to 1,9 mean be resisted by sheer walls not less than 2 m iong, 240 mm thick and spaced at not more than 6 m, if these are bonded together with the end supporting walls (generally, external walls) or if, when restrained by toothing, they are connected by equivalent means. 85.8 Supports over openings The requirements specified in this subclause are relevant only where an arching action can develop in walls above end adjacent to beams and loaded areas, i.e. where there is no interference from openings and the thrust can be resisted. In the case of lintels, the mass to be carried shall be assumed to be the self-weight of an equilateral triangle of brickwork above the lintel. Uniformly distributed floor loads that act on the masonry within the triangle (eg. from floor slabs and joisted floors with a joist spacing not exceeding 1,26 m) shall be taken into account by Inclusion of the floor zone lying within the triangle (cf. figure 11 a). ‘Any concentrated load (e.g. from floor joists) acting within the triangle may be assumed to be distributed along ‘a wall length equal to the base of a triangle whose sides form a 60° angle. Concentrated loads outside the triangle need only be taken into account if they act within the span of the beam, below a horizontal ine located 250 mm above the apex of the triangle (cf. figure 11 b). The self-weight of the masonry (identified by horizontal hatching in figure 11 b)) shall then be added to such concentrated loads. 9 Workmanship 9.1 General To prevent undue absorption of moisture from the mortar, especially in warm weather, highly absorbent units shall be wetted before laying. The same effect can be achieved by using mortar of high water retention or by moist curing the masonry.Masonry Figure 11 a: Floor load over opening in wall with arch thrust 9.2. Bricklaying techniques 9.2.1 Laying of units with cross joints filled a Masonry over opening Figure 11 b: Concentrated load over opening in wall with arch thrust Units shall be laid on a full bed of mortar. Cross joints shal! be filled with mortar so that the wall satisfies the requirements for adequate rain-shedding capacity, thermal and sound insulation and fire protection. Where thin layer mortar is used, this shall be spread uniformly over the end faces. The bricklaying technique used for cross joints shall be selected as a function of the shape and format of the units and of the mortar type. Examples of ross joints filed with mortar are shown in figures 12 a to 12 .c. Figure 12 a: Bricks laid touching, with mortar recesses filled Figure 12 b: Bricks laid with cross joints filled and recesses left unfilled AG Figure 12 : Bricks laid with cross joints left unfilledPage 31 DIN 1053-1 : 1996-11 The joint thickness shall be selected so that the dimensions of units and joints are consistent with the coordi- nating size. Cross joints shall generally be 10 mm and bed joints, 12 mm thick. Where thin layer mortar is used, cross Joints and bed joints shall be 1 mm to 3 mm thick. IH bricks with recesses for mortar are used, these shall either be laid touching (.e. laid as close together as the surface irregularities of the end faces allow) and the recesses completely filled with mortar (cf. figure 12 a) or bonded with mortar spread over the end faces (cf. figure 12 b); normally, the spacing of bricks shall not exceed 5mm. Where cross joints are more than 5 mm thick, the exposed surfaces on both sides shall be tooled. 9.2.2 Laying of units with cross joints left unfilled Bricks used for laying with cross joints left unfilled shall be suitable in terms of shape and format. They shall be laid touching or, if tongued and grooved, as shown in figure 12 c. Where cross joints are more than 5 mm thick, the exposed surfaces on both sides shall be tooled. When using this technique of bricklaying, particular care shall be taken to ensure that the wall satisfies the requirements for adequate rain-shedding capacity, thermal and sound insulation, and fire protection. 9.2.3 Joints in vaulting masonry Joints in vaulting masonry shall be as narrow as possible, witha thickness not exceeding 20 mm at the extrados. 9.3 Bonding Masonry units shall be solidly bonded together with mortar and laid to overlap in alternate courses. The overlap, ii, shall be not less than 0,4 h or 45 mm, whichever is greater ( being the nominal unit height; cf. figure 13). Allunits in one course shall be of the same height. At the ends of walls and below lintels, an additional bed joint is permitted every second course for adjustment to the correct height and length (cf. figure 1c), provided that the units are at least 115 mm long In that course and both units and mortar are at least of the same strength as the'rest of the masonry. Where there are stretcher courses side by side, the height of the units shall not exceed thelr width, except in the case of units 175 and 240 mm high, which are required to be at least 115 mm ‘wide. The overlap shall be as specified in the sacond paragraph. Paragraphs 1 and this paragraph shall apply by analogy to piers and short walls. Cac { 4 a | a GEQUhENS E0pn EUS a) Overlap of cross joints b) Overlap of longitudinal joints W 115 ! : Ul c\ Additional bed { joint at wall ends and under lintels ce” Coc ¢} Alignment at wall ends and lintels Figure 13; Overlaps and additional bed jointsPage 32 DIN 1053-1 : 1996-11 9.4 Cold weather construction When building in cold weather, all materials and walls shall be properly protected against freezing. Masonry shall not be laid on or with frozen materials. The use of de-icing salts or other antifreezing agents is not permitted. Freshly laid masonry shall be protected against frost (e.g. by covering). Parts of masonry walls which are damaged by frost or other effects shall be removed prior to continuing the work. 10 Suitability testing Mortar shall undergo sultability testing if the conditions specified in clause A. apply. 44 On-site inspection and quality testing 41.1. Masonry of simplified design 44.1.1. Masonry units ‘The contractor shall check whether the information given in the delivery note or on the attached slip agrees with the documentation. Compliance with the requirements specified in the standards covering the masonry units used shall be verified by inspection to DIN 18200. 14.1.2 Mortar -mixed mortar is used, regular checks shall be made during the construction work to ensure that the mix proportion complies with table A.1 or with that determined by suitability testing. For factory-made mortar, the delivery note or the data given on the packaging shall be checked to ensure that ‘the information on mortar type and group agrees with the documentation, the grade number and supplier's name correspond with the order, and the mortar has been granted a mark of conformity. For group IIa mortar, the compressive strenath as specified in DIN 1855-3 shall be determined using three samples taken from each of three different mixes per storey, but from at least every 10 m? of mortar, and checked for compliance with the requirements regarding compressive strength specified in table A.2, column 3. For buildings more than six full masonry storeys high, testing shall be carried out for each storey (except for the three uppermost storeys), but for at least every 20 m? of mortar, on groups II, Ila and III general purpose mortar, lightweight and thin layer mortar. 11.2 Suitability tested masonry 11.2.1 Classification certificate and proof of suitability of mortar Before construction work is commenced, the certificate of classification and, where required, proof of suitability of the mortar (see DIN 1083-2, last paragraph of subciause 6.4) shall be available on the site. 44.2.2. Masonry units Each consignment of masonry units shall be accompanied by a slip giving the standard designation of the units {including the letters ‘EM’ signifying suitability tested masonry), details of the compressive strength as stated in the certificate of classification, the mortar type and group, the masonry strength class, the number of the certificate of classification and the name of the test centre it was issued by. The contractor shall check whether ‘the information given in the delivery note or on the attached slip agrees with the documentation and the details on the certificate of classification. Reference shall also be made to DIN 18200 and the standards applying to the particular masonry units. 14.2.3 Mortar Where site-mixed mortar Is used, regular checks shall be made during the construction work to ensure that the mix proportion is as stated in the certificate of classification. For factory-made mortar, the delivery note shall be checked to ensure that the mortar type and group, the grade number and the supplier's name are as stated in the certificate of classification. Ifit is intended to use a mortar other than that described in the certificate of classification (cf. last paragraph of subclause 6.4 of DIN 1053-2), the same procedure shall be followed. Each mortar group shall be checked for compressive strength to DIN 18555-3. For this purpose, for every 10 m® ‘of mortar worked, but at least per storey, three specimens each shall be taken from three batches and tested for compliance with the requirements set out in tables A.2, A.3 and A.4. 12 Natural stone wailing 12.1 General Natural stone for masonry shall be obtained only from sound rock. Natural stone walling which is exposed to changing weather conditions shall be adequately weather-resistant.Page 33 DIN 1059-1 : 1996-11 Stones with a pronounced natural stratification shall be incorporated in the walling according to their natural bed and so that this bed runs normal to the direction of loading. The length of stones shall be at least equal to ‘but not more than four to five times thelr height. 12.2 Bonding 122.1. General Natural stone walling shall be properly bonded over its entire cross section, involving the following: a) not more than three joints meet at any point on the front and rear faces; b) no vertical joint passes through more than two courses; ©) two stretchers are followed by at least one header, or alternate courses are composed of headers and stretchers; ) the thickness of headers is equal to 1,5 times the course height, with a minimum of 300 mm; ) the thickness of stretchers is approximately equal to the course height; ) the overlap of cross joints is not less than 100 mm in coursed rubble walling and not less than 150. mm. in ashlar walling; Q) the largest stones are used as quoins, two courses in height, if appropriate (cf. figures 17 and 18). If voids in the interior of the masonry are unavoidable, these shall be packed with suitable stones completely covered with mortar to prevent the formation of air pockets. Similar treatment shall also be given to wide joints on the front and rear faces of polygonal walling, and coursed and uncoursed random rubble walling. Unless jointing is specified, the exposed faces shall be pointed. Where faces are exposed to weathering, the joints shall ‘be completely fled with mortar to a depth equal to the joint width. Since the finish of stones in an exposed position does not affect their permissible compressive stress, the subject of finishes is not dealt with here. 12.22 Drystone walling In drystone walling, roughly dressed stones shall be laid in bond, without mortar, so as to keep joints and voids as small as possible, Small stones shall be used to fill voids so as to produce stresses between the units (ci. figure 14). Diystone walling is only permitted for retaining walls. Calculation of the mass of such masonry shall be based ‘on half the density of the stone used. 12.2.3. Polygonal walling and uncoursed random rubble walling In polygonal walling, hammer pitched stones shall be laid in bond and bedded in mortar (cf. figure 18). Uncoursed random rubble walling shall be levelled off over its entire cross section and normal to the direction of loading at vertical intervals of not more than 1,5 m (cf. figure 16). 12.2.4 Rubble walling brought to courses Inrubble walling brought to courses, the stones of the exposed face shall be laid with bed joints and cross joints dressed to a depth of not less than 120 mm and approximately normal to each other (cf. figure 17). The course height in any one course and between alternate courses may vary. The walling shall be levelled over its cross section and normal to the direction of loading at vertical intervals of not more than 1,5 m. 12.2.6. Uncoursed squared rubble walling In uncoursed squared rubble walling, the stones shall be roughly squared to a depth of 150 mm or more, with bed joints and cross joints normal to the surface (cf. figure 18). Visible joints shall not exceed 30 mm in thickness. The course height in any one course and between alternate courses may vary within certain limits. The walling shall be levelled over its cross section and normal to the direction of loading at vertical intervals of not more than 1,6 m. 12.2.6 Coursed squared rubble walling Coursed squared rubble walling shall be built in courses which may vary in height, with the stones in any one Course squared to the same height. Each course shall be levelled at right angles to the direction of loading (cf. figure 19). In the case of vaults, domes, etc., bed joints shall pass through the entire thickness of the vaulting For this purpose, the bed faces shall be dressed over their entire depth and the cross faces, to a depth of 150 mm. The specifications of subclause 12.2.5 shall also apply. 42.2.7. Ashlar walling ‘The stones used in ashlar walling (cf. figure 20) shall be finely squared so as to comply with the specified dimensions. Bed joints and cross joints shall be dressed to their full depth.