Marcellino Putra Wahyudi

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Creativity is something unique, new, valuable ideas that are formed into
something real. Creativity can be made from human mind. Thats why human is unique,
because every human being has different creativity. It is creativity that make us different
from animals andd plants, eventhough there are some animals that can be creative but
humans are more creative than animals. Also there is AI (Artificially intellligent) that
can be proogrammed by human to beat human but they still cant mastered the creative
skills like human do.

“By the 1990s, the science of creativity had converged on the sociocultural
approach, an interdisciplinary approach that explains creative people and their social
and cultural contexts” this means creativity can be made by social interaction and
cultural contexts, so we must think differently and or we caan get it from different
cultures so it can be called creativity.

WHY EXPLAIN CREATIVITY?

The scientist discover that creativity need understanding from many factors they
are collaboration, networks of support, education, and cultural background.

From creativity we can identify every person unique talents because every
people have 1 thing that they mastered it, from creativity we can identify that talents. If
we can use our creativity as best as possible, it can solve almost all of society problems.
So we must take the creativity seriously.

Creativity can help the government can be better to facinng modern society.
Government are the important in a country, we can measure the success of a country in
its government. Some researchers says that the creative government is an important
skills to be the good government because if the government creative, they can face the
modern citizen and they can adapt with new challenges, with go think their habbits.
The world of technologies are changing very fast, every year the industries produce a
new technologies to fulfill human needed. If the government can’t adapt the are lost.

Creativity taught us to be a better problem solver because of every problems are

different and of course have a different solutions. For the example we can’t use 1
solution for every problems, by being creative we can see a problem from many
perspective, If we use this way almoost all problems can we solve and also it’s improve
our complex problem solving.
 Creativity help educator in teaching their student become more effevtively. By
using creativity the teacher can use many ways to help their student understand about
the lesson,for the example in mathematics usually the teacher give the student many
formula to answer the question and the student also can use variety of formula to answer
the question it also teach the student to find the most practical formula. We can learn
creativity from anywhere eventhough in our communication with friends if we can
make a uniquqe joke that our friends understands it can make everyone laugh and we
will happy with that.

PERFORMANCE AND PRODUCT

Researcher overview says that “When you add performance to the mix, you have
to explain three important new things: improvisation, collaboration, and
communication”. To make the performances good, the performer need to add improvise
in their perform because people need something new that makes a film different from
the other. Also there is the collaborative in genres, to make it unique can be made of
many genre just to get a unique film. And the most important things is communication.
With a good communication with the performer are important beccause it produce a
good film. The communication with the audience are also important because that thing
make a film become more interacting.

CHAPTER 2

CONCEPTIONS OF CREATIVITY

Abraham maslow and Carl Rogers discover that the importance of peak
experience, inner motivation, self-actualization, and creativity. Creativity is the most
positive because in a life our top of perfomance are when we are being
creative.Everybody says to theyself taht they are creative eventhough they are not.
Based on Sass (2000-2001) ”creative" is a complementary praise. However, according
to the history and the culture, creative is varied.

HOW CONCEPTIONS OF CREATIVITY HAVE CHANGED OVER TIME

Until the modern scientific era creativity is a gift from gods it means that the
peoplewho has creativity congenital since birth. In Latin the meaning of the verb is
inspire is “to breahe to”, so they believe that creativity is only ained from God Grace. If
from birth they do not have it until they are grows up they never be creative. Based on
Honour & Fleming, (1999) Art are not imitating the world perfection ideas, it changes
from what they saw into an art but they usually make it with more interacting and with
more details. The artist’s job was not imitating what they saw but they reveal the
qualities of the nature.
 The Greek Artists did not imitating one hundred percent of what they see and
make it into an art, instead they tried to represent the pure, trueforms underlying reality,
and acuuracy. At the year before 200 years old an artist has a high social status in thei
society but in Europe the status its depends on economic success and the artist has a
lower status than butcher and silversmith because artist produce a little amount of
money.

CONCEPTIONS OF THE ARTIST

During the Italian this situation began to change because as a artist they are
known as someone that are genius and gifted, so the government try to competed with
on and the another to take the best artist. Before the renaissance creativity with the
ability to imitate the master. At the 15 th century, the art of portrait was born in Europe,
Paintings and sculptures were famous and they are signed by France, Germany,Flanders,
and Italy.This idea was continued into right now the modern era the artist in this era are
independent, can work by themselves. The artist are inspired by innovators, so they can
improve skill about communicate witth the viewer.

At the 16st until 18st the at of the world publish their art in a mueseums. Schools
for teaching art was run by the government. For centuries, apprenntices had learn to
how to make their own paint, frames, brushes from scratch materials, but from the 19 st
where the indusstriial revolution began they can buy the paint, frames from the
industries. In the 19th the french artist disciner a new inovation, they paiint in outside
the room, but with this inovation they need a tubes for them to bring the paint to a lace
that they want to draw. Today at the 21th most people believe that the modern artist is an
inspired individual that communicate thorugh the artwork.

RATIONALISM & ROMANTICISM

For centuriies the concept of creativity has divided into 2 concept: rationalism
and romanticism. Rationalism is a belief that creativity produced by the conscious,
delibrating, intelligent, and rational mind. Romanticism is the belief that creatiivity are
from an irrational unconcious and that rationnal delibration interferes with the creative
process. To create a good art we need to pay attention to these four factors they are
reason, knowledge, training, and education with this four factors we can make a
creativity in good quality. When the originality is found, it mean newness and truth of
observation, not a radical with convention.based on Smith (1961) the most original
artist were those who best imitated nature.

At 18th century the genius means are to describe a creative people. And the new
concept of genius was primarily associated with rational, Genius was the combined with
scientists and artists and based in imagination, judgement, and memory. In 1700s with a
growing rejection of rationalism, the romantics believed that rational delibrationn would
kill the creative impulse. Instead of thinking rationally and delibrately the artist should
put a attention to the inner muse and create without conscious control. For the
romanticsm they valued the artist imagination are more than mastery of the tradition of
the past. Romanticsm was the birth of cotemporery notions of creativity, artist has a
exceptional status as epitome of the human spirit.As these romanticsm conceptions
artist began to through more than craftspeople.

The romanticsm believed that creativity required a state of consciousness

characterized by emotion, and instinct, a fuision between self and world and freedom
from rationality and convention. Although Plato and Aristotle have a heightened states
of consciousness,neither of them believe that mental illness are contribted to creativity.
The belief that mental illness and creativity were related took its modern form during
and after the romantic era. The romantics believed that clinical madness was
unfortunate side effect of extreme creativity.

In the 19th century the mental illness become very audible in the community,
many romantic poet began to embrace madness and some claimed to experience mental
anguish and madness. They are thought they were supposed to and this self-fullfilling
continues to our time because right now we share an ideology in which creativity and
mad-ness are linked,writer, and artists sometimes behave eccentrically, and even
volunatirily exaggerate these aspects of their personalities in psychological tests. Many
creative individuals believe that being normal is the same thng as being typical,
Romanticism dominated the 19th century, but by the end ot 19th century the anti
romanticsm was growing.

The 20th century saw a rebirth of rationalism thar are known as medernism.
Modernism is characterized by isolatoin, coolness and detachment. In 20th century the
romanticism had one last burst in the predominantly rationalist. The abstract
expressionists to create spontaneously from pure emotion and inspirationm unconstrined
by planning, rational though, or conscious filtering. The contemporary arts of the 1960s
inward sometimes called postmodern and its represented to rationalism.

Post modern art is critical of our culture’s conceptions of creativity.Minimalism

and pop art explicitly rejected romantic-era beliefs about art, they couldn’t have beem
more obviously unemotional, carefully planned ande executed, and in facts reveled in
their own artifice. Anti-Romanticism is prominent in postmodern art and theory, this
way may be the general public doesn’t like modern art because most of people still
holds romanticist conceptions of creativity.

OUR CREATIVITY MYTHS

The scientific explanation of creativity has found that many of our beliefs about
creativity are inaccurate or misleading thats why it called myths (Weisberg, 1986).
These creativity myths are so widely and sometimes there is a myths are soconnected
into our daily llives and it seem obvious, common sense. When the artist and scientist in
European countries are asked about their own creativity, they usually answer it with the
creativity myths eventhough the scientist prove that actually won’t happened.

CREATIVITY COMES FROM THE UNCONSCIOUS

This myth means that the creativity are seldom come immedietly, instead the
scientist discover that creativity need mostly conscious and hard work. Creativity can be
explained without begging the unconscious it lies in the hard work and daily mental
processes.

MYTH: CHILDREN ARE MORE CRATIVE THAN ADULTS

This myth begin in 19th century, the romantic era believe that a children are
more pure, closer to nature, and society gradually corrupts them as they grow to learn its
customs and ways. This myth about children are more creative than adults are wrong
because the scientific explanation that its dosen’t exist.

MYTH CREATIVITY REPRESENT THE INNER SPIRIT OF THE

INDIVDUALS

Before the Renaissance, artists were thought as craftspeole nota people who are
expert in communication. In the Renaissance, some scholars began to argue that
creativity are have an inner spirit. Today many peoples think that creativity is an unique
expressions from some inner force of individuals, but on the other side we often say that
creativity are about something and artist often talk about the message to be conveyed to
the others that are related to their works. Yet the idea that creativity is a main tool for
the creator that they can usedd to communicate with the audience.

Its been very difficult for artists today to be successful unless they can talk
convincingly about their art, they can tell us the history or philosophy why they make
that thing and how they relate their artwork with people daily.Scientist has discovered,
to be creativity we must fulfill the requerments. We need to understands a lot about the
culture, society, and historical period.

CREATIVITY IS A FORM OF THERAPEUTIC SELF DISCOVERY

Artist with this conception of creativity often speak of the courage required to
pursue creative activity. Reseracher discovering that creatiivity is one of the most peak
experience in a person. Music and art therapy success help many children and adults to
get the creativity. Most creativity is conscious, skillful, guided hard work, and is
incredibly enjoyable for the creator.

CREATIVITY IS SPONTANEOUS INSPIRATION

Today many of us believe that creativityis spontaneus not overly planned or

organized. We think that artist as a strong individualists, working in isolation, not
influenced by the prevailing ideas taught. The scientific ecplanation of creavity show us
that formal training and consciois delibrationg are essential to creativity.

MANY CREATIVE WORKS GO UNRECOGNIZED IN THEIR OWN TIME

AND ARE ONLY DISCOVER DECADES LATER

People say this myth isstubborn because its persists eventhough it doesn’t have
evidance to prove that. For the examples are the scientust like mendel that are the work
cross-breeding peas was recognized 50 years later. The social approach can help to
explain why our creativity persists even when there is no evidence to support them.

EVERYONE IS CREATIVE

This myth makes us afraid to make something different, and no one can judging
the other art even its good or bad. Thee science and art aren’t compatible wiwth this
myth. Science succeeds only because of active in social networking. The art world also
requires that distinctions be made, a criterisa be applied, and evaluation.

CREATIVITY IS THE SAME THING AS ORIGINALITY

In the United States we tend to equate creativity with novelty and originality.
But the high value to thew new things not sharedbuniversally in all cultures. There are
many creative domains that require the individual to put it on the work. The social
cultural approach show that social creativity includes the elements of imitation and
tradition.

FINE ART IS MORE CREATIVE THAN CRAFT

Our culture based toward the fine arts, a creative products than doesn’t have
function other than pleasure. Th craft object is not worthy because they servethe
everyday function, not purely creative. But this division have relative with culturre and
history. Many of the creator start as an sort f craft. The change of the history of craft
happens over and over, its not a result of individual talent but itss always social process.

HOW SCIENTIST DEFINE CREATIVITY

Scientist of creativity discover that all of this myth are misleading and many of
them are trully wrong. We must be careful abaout the anecdotal stories, because the
creators often mislead by them. Althogh the scientist have difficulty to find the meaning
of creativity.there is 2 camp that have a meaning of the creativity. In one camp are
definition that need social valueable product be generated before action or people is
called creativity or big C creaticvity. On the other camp have different definition that
doesn’t need something socially valueable, otherwise the act of creativityitself enough
even if nothing recognized as socially is called little c creativity. Scientific studeis of
creativity focus on studying the big C creativity rather than little c creativity because the
little c creativity almost impossible to define.
WHO CREATES?

We tend to linking the creativity with human minds and the study or
creativitywith psychology. We often think of creativity as a personality like intelligence
or extroversion. All of the creativity idea are related to those creativity myths.

But the creativity not come only from human minds,but many natural and social
processes its in. Exploration innovation can get many insight from other crativity
resources.

NATURAL CREATIVITY

Like the Darwin theory about revolution is species in the world were created
through natural process of evolution, variation, selection, and rentetion. For the example
the theory that human are from the chimpazee. Instead the nature itself is the creator.

Before the 19th century many people belive that human are created by a divine
creator. But the Darwin show that they were natural species and npt created by any
intentional being. Thats why the nature its self is creative.

GROUP CREATIVE

When we see a product we can assume it made by only one creator create it. In
this we aren’t different from thpse theologicant from 17 th century who assumed that a
complex object like a watch or an animal must have had a single intelligent creator
(Skinner, 1968). But the fact is many product are not only create by single creator,
instead they are made from a group creator, organization, and entire society for the
example the wraist watch its not created by single creator, its created by an organization
ina industry. Many creative things that we can’t made by invidual so thats whywe need
to collaborate with the other creator to make the creative things. We need the
otheropinion, others perspective in build creative things.

SOCIETAL CREATIVITY

The cultural historians have attemptedto explain why some society seem more
active rather than the others. For the example, In Renaissane Florence an incredible
creative explosion resulted in novel products that we still admire today, in architecture,
sculpture, painting, and science. We can’t explain the Florentine Renaissance with our
creativity myths. To explaining its we need consideration of many comlex societal
factors like the economic and political strenght of florence, the cultural values, the
system of patronage that among the wealthy, the apprenticeship systems. So the
conclusiion we need the entire society because the entire society is the creative force.
CONCLUSION

Through the centuries the Europeans held a different conceptions of creativity.

Artist have a bad image in society before, as a poorly paid tradespeople and right now
its known as divinel inspired geniuses. There hasn’t been a single historically
continuous definition of creativity. So people in the future can change the definition
with their own concept.creativity began to be convienced with conventius and art was
reconcieved as a way of experimenting with perception and representation.

MOVING AHEAD

Creativity as the emerge of the novel and appropriate from a person, community,
and society. A scientific explanation require us to look critically our cultural assumtion
about how creativity works and many of scientific studies of creativity fail to support
our most cherished about creatity.

INTERLUDE

DEFINING CRREATIVITY

Psychologist began to study about creativity in 1950s and immendietly they got
a problem in definition it. At 1950s-960s they measure people creativity with paper and
pencil test, as the high score as creative people. But in this way are not success because
it was vain. In 1950s-1960s psychologist try a new ways to measure by using individual
works but it seemed to be little too subjective.

In 1970s their failure to successfully define creativity had convinced many

psychologist that creativity was not a distinct personality trait or mental process.instead
the psychologist began to believe that creativity juat a word that we used tu products
that generated using common. But its stopped in 1980s