BIOCHEM

A Review on Organic Chemistry

 FUNCTIONAL GROUPS- the structure and reactions of organic compounds
depend on the properties.
 ACID,BASE, AND SALTS- substances of universal value to men.
 NEUTRALIZATION- reaction of an acid with a base to produce only salt and
water.
 BASE- “proton acceptor”
- bitter in taste and soapy to touch
 ACIDS- “proton donor”
- sour in taste

EXAMPLES OF ACIDS
 AQUA REGIA- contains concentrated Nitric Acid and concentrated
Hydrochloric acid in the ratio of 1:3.
- “ Royal Water”. Used to dissolve noble metals like gold and
platinum
 MILK- contains lactic acid
 LACTIC ACID- Latin “lac” which means milk.
 VINEGAR- very dilute acetic acid.
 SULFURIC ACID- used in manufacture of many car batteries.
- “Oil of Vitriol”
 CARBONIC ACID- responsible for ‘fizz’ in soft drinks. Decomposes carbon
dioxide bubbles
 ASCORBIC ACID- chemical name of VITAMIN C. deficiency of vitamin c
may result in a disease “SCURVY”

EXAMPLES OF BASES
 ANTACIDS- help neutralize the acidity in the stomach.
Contains 2 bases;
A. Magnesium Hydroxide and
B. Aluminum hydroxide
 SODIUM HYDROXIDE- “Caustic Soda”. Chem form: NaOH
 POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE- “Caustic Potash”used in manufacture of alkaline
batteries.
 AMMONIA- basic gas used in manufacture of fertilizers. Produced for
commercial purposes by the Harber’s process.
 SALTS- compound formed by a complete or incomplete replacement of the
hydrogen ion of an acid by a basic radical.
 NORMAL SALT- Formed by the complete replacement of hydrogen ion acid by
a basic radical. SODIUM SULFATE is a normal salt.
 ACID SALT- Formed by incomplete replacement. SODIUM BISULFATE is an
acid salt.
EXAMPLE OF SALTS
 SODIUM SULFIDE- soluble in water whereas Copper carbonate, Lead chloride
and Barium sulfate are insoluble in water.
 ZINC SULFIDE- insoluble in water along with Potassium phosphate,
ammonium carbonate, and barium chloride.
 AMMONIUM NITRATE- manufacture in fertilizers.
 BUFFER- “aqueous solution” that has a highly stable pH.
 HYDROGEN- an atom that has only one electron.

 The lowest acidic pH in our body can be found in our STOMACH.

 pH of blood is around 7.4
 ALKALOSIS occurs when body has too many bases.
 PASSIVE TRANSPORT allows cells to get water, oxygen, and other small
molecules that they need.
 DIFFUSION is the simplest method of moving substances across the membrane.
 OSMOSIS- special type of diffusion, diffusion of water, and is based on the
concentration of dissolved substances.
 HYPOTONIC SOLUTION- one side of a membrane where the solute
concentration is less than on the other side.
 DIALYSIS- process of separating molecules in solution .
 FILTRATION- movement of water and solutes across the cell membrane due to
hydrostatic pressure from the cardiovascular system.
 ACTIVE TRANSPORT- movement of ions or molecules across a cellular
membrane from a lower to higher concentration, requiring the consumption of
energy.
 Digestion starts in the MOUTH
 Another name for throat is PHARYNX
 STOMACH is like a sac like organ with strong muscle walls
 BILE is a compound that aids in the digestion of fat and eliminates of fat and
waste products from the blood. It can be found at LIVER.
 Final breakdown of Carbohydrates produced GLUCOSE.
 A digestive chemical that is produced in the LIVER, stored in the
GALLBLADDER, and secreted into the SMALL INTESTINE.
 OXYGEN is the most abundant element in our body
 LIPIDS Is the storage form of energy long term demands.
 PROTEIN is the basic structure and function of cell.
 DNA is the hereditary information.
 STARCH is the storage form of energy.
 MONOSACCHARIDE is the sugar that can’t be hydrolyzed into simpler sugar.
 SUCROSE is the non reducing sugar.
 LACTOSE is galactose and glucose combined.
 FRUCTOSE is the sweetest sugar.
 MANNOSE is a sugar monomer of the aldohexose series of carbohydrates
 ESOPHAGUS- muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM GLOSSARY
 ABDOMEN- part of the body where digestive system are located. Between the
diaphragm and the pelvis.
 ALIMENTARY CANAL- passage through where food passes, including mouth,
esophagus, stomach, intestines, and anus.
 ANUS- opening at the end of the digestive system where feces(waste) exits the
body.
 APPENDIX- small sac located at the cecum.
 ASCENDING COLON- part of the large intestine that run upwards; called
cecum.
 CECUM- first part of the large intestine; appendix is connected to the cecum.
 CHYME- food in the stomach that is partly digested and mixed with stomach
acids.
 DESCENDING COLON- part of the large intestine that run downwards after
the transverse colon and before the sigmoid colon.
 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM- also called as gastrointestinal tract. System of the body
that processes food and get rid of waste.
 DUODENUM- first part of the small intestine; C-shaped and runs from the
stomach to the jejunum.
 EPIGLOTTIS- flap at the back of the tongue that keeps chewed from from
going down the windpipe to the lungs.
 ESOPHAGUS- long tube between mouth and stomach.
 GALLBLADDER- small, sac-like organ located by the duodenum. Stores and
releases bile.
 GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT- also called digestive system or GI tract.
System of the body that processes food and gets rid of waste.
 ILEUM- last part of the small intestine before the large intestine begins.
 INTESTINES- part of the alimentary canal located between the stomach and
anus.
 JEJUNUM- long, coiled mid-section of the small intestine between duodenum
and ileum.
 LIVER- large organ located above and in front of the stomach. Filters toxins
from the blood, and makes bile and some blood proteins.
 MOUTH- first part of the digestive system where food enters the body.
 PANCREAS- enzyme-producing gland located below the stomach and above the
intestines.
 PERISTALSIS- rhythmic muscle movements that force food in the esophagus
from the throat into the stomach.
 RECTUM- lower part of the large intestine where faces are stored before they
excreted.
 SALIVARY GLANDS- located in the mouth that produces saliva. SALIVA
contains enzymes that breakdown carbohydrates(starch) into smaller molecules.
 SIGMOID COLON- part of the large intestine between descending colon and
rectum.
 TRANSVERSE COLON- Part of the large intestine that runs horizontally across
the abdomen.
 METABOLISM- sum of physical and chemical processes in an organism by
which its material substance is produced, maintained, and destroyed, and by
which energy is made a available.
TWO TYPES OF METABOLISM
 ANABOLISM- process in which liver creates new proteins from digested
nutrients.
 CATABOLISM- Involves the breakdown of proteins into essential amino acids.