STATISTICS

SCOPE:
- Fundamental Counting Principles - Permutation
a. Multiplication a. Circular Permutation
b. Addition - Combination

FUNDAMENTALS OF COUNTING
Tree Diagram - Graphic Organizer
- Branching / Connecting lines
- Represent certain relationships between events

Examples:
1. What are the possible outcomes when tossing 2 coins in succession?

1st Coin 2nd Coin Possible Outcomes

H
HH
H
T
HT

H TH
T
T TT

= { HH, HT, TH, TT }

2. You are driving down MacArthur high way when you encounter 2 intersections. In
each intersection, there are traffic lights installed displaying green, red, and
yellow. How many different sequences of lights could you encounter after passing
through 2 intersections?

Green Red Yellow

G R Y G R Y G R Y

G G G R R R Y Y Y
G R Y G R Y G R Y

= 9 sequences
A. MULTIPLICATION FCP

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 - If K choices are made in which there are M1 ways for the first choice, M2 ways for
the second choice, M3 ways for the third, and so on, then there are M1 x M2 x M3 x
… Mk number of possible outcomes
- Applicable when the events happen at the same time
- Denoted by conjunction “and”
Examples:
1. In tossing 3 coins, there are how many possible outcomes?
1st Coin 2nd Coin 3rd Coin

2 x 2 x 2 =8
= 8 possible outcomes

2. How many three-digit numbers can be formed from the digits 1, 2, 4, 5, and 9 if
repetition is not allowed? Consider “1” was used
as the 1st digit
5 x 4 x 3 = 60

Consider “1 and 2”
Repetition is NOT
were used as the first 2
allowed ( -1 )
digits
# Of possible digits
used
( 1, 2, 4, 5, 9 )

3. How many 4-digit numbers greater than 4,000 can be made from the digits 1-9
without repetition?

6 x 8 x 7 x 6 = 2,016
4,5,6,7,8,9 1,2,3,5, 2,3,5, 3,5, 6,
6,7,8,9 6,7,8,9 7,8,9

4. How many 4-digit numbers can be formed from the digits 2, 4, 5, 6, and 9 if no
digits can be repeated more than once?

5 x 4 x 3 x 2 = 120

➢ How many 4-digit numbers can be formed (even):

Order: (2nd) (3rd) (4th) (1st)
4 x 3 x 2 x 3 = 72

Frequency of Start here

numbers – 1 (no (Note: start at the right if
repetition) there is an even / odd
restraint)

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 5. How many 4-digit even numbers can be formed from the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8 if
repetition is allowed?

5 x 6 x 6 x 3 = 540

0 cannot be Even
utilized

B. ADDITION FCP
- If a choice can be done in M1 ways and another in M2 ways such that the two
choices cannot be made at the same time, then the total number of possible
outcomes is M1 + M2
- Applicable when events CANNOT happen at the same time
- Denoted by “or”
Examples:
1. Bella has three different pairs of pants and two different parts of shorts. How many
different possible choices does Bella have to wear with her new sweater?
Pants and shorts cannot be worn
3+2=5 at the same time; hence, the
addition rule was applied.
2. A student, either a junior or a senior, is to be chosen as the school’s representative
for a speech contest. If there are 50 juniors and 70 seniors, how many ways can
this be selection be done?

50 + 70 = 120
3. How many 4-digit or 5-digit numbers greater than 5,000 can be formed from digits
1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 if repetition is not allowed?

➢ 4- digit:
1 x 4 x 3 x 2 = 24

➢ 5- digit:
5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 120

24 + 120 = 144
4. How many 5-digit numbers greater than 15,000 can be formed with the digits 0, 1,
2, 3, 6, and 9 if repetition is allowed?

➢ Starting with 1:
1 x 2 x 6 x 6 x 6 = 432

➢ Not starting with 1:

4 x 6 x 6 x 6 x 6 = 5184
432 + 5184 = 5,616

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 PERMUTATION
Permutation - Arrangement of objects in a set
- In order
Formulas:
a. nPr - Takes r at a time
- Used in arranging some objects at a time
b. nPn = n! - used in arranging all objects at a time
• n - number of elements all in all
- greater than or equal to r
• r - number of elements being arranged
Factorial notation - n factorial
• Defined as all + integers greater to or equal to n
- Symbol: n! = (n-1) (n-2)…(3)(2)(1)

E.g.
a. 4! = “4 x 3 x 2 x 1” = 24
b. 6! = “6 x 5 x 4 x … x 1” = 720
Examples:
1. In how many ways can you arrange 8 books on a shelf if:

➢ All books can fit at a time?

nPn = n!
n= 8
8P8 = 8!
= 40, 320

➢ Only 5 books?
nPr
8P5 = 6,720
2. How many 4-letter words can be formed using the letters of the word “WOMAN”?

5P4 = 120 four-letter words

3. A father, mother, 2 boys, and 3 girls are asked to line-up for a photograph.
Determine the number of wats they can line up if:

➢ No restrictions:
7P7 or 7! = 5,040

➢ Parents stand together:

6! X 2! = 1,440 ways

Parents are counted as 1

unit + 2 boys + 3 girls = 6

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 ➢ If all females stand together:
4! X 4! = 576

➢ If females do not stand together:

7! – (4! – 4!) = 4,464

4. In how many ways can 4 boys and 3 girls be seated in a row alternately?

4! X 3! = 144
5. In how many ways can three couples be seated in a row if each couple must be
seated together?
3! X 2! X 2! X 2! = 48
6. How many permutations in the word ANN?

3!= 3! x 2!
2! 2!
# of repeated
elements =3
7. How many distinct permutations for the word PHILIPPINES?

11!
3! X 3!

= 1,108,800
A. CIRCULAR PERMUTATION
- If n objects are arranged in a circle
• There is a total of (n-1)! permutations
Examples:
1. In how many ways can 10 people be seated in a round table if 3 want to sit next
to each other?

(8-1)! X 3! = 30, 240

2. In how many ways can 6 people be seated in a round table if 2 do not want to sit
with each other?
NO RESTRICTIONS TOGETHER NOT
TOGETHER
(6-1)! - (5-1)! X 2! = 72
3. 2 teachers and 6 students are to be seated in a round table. In how many ways
can they be together if the teachers are not seated together?
NO RESTRICTIONS TOGETHER NOT
TOGETHER
(8-1)! - (7-1)! X 2! = 3,600

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 COMBINATION
Combination - Selections
- Arrangement is not taken into consideration
- Random arrangement
Formula -
𝑛!
Taken r at a time: nCr = 𝑟!(𝑛−𝑟)!
Examples:
1. Four children are chosen from a class of 30 for a survey. How many ways can this
be done?
n= 30
r= 4
30C4 = 27, 405
2. A committee of 5 consisting of 3 girls and 2 boys is to be chosen from a class with
15 girls and 10 boys. How many distinct committees are possible to form?

GIRLS BOYS
15C3 x 10C2 = 20,475
3. A warehouse receives a shipment of 18 computers, of which 5 are defective. Eight
computers are then randomly selected and then delivered to a store. In how
many ways can the store receive no defective computers?

Defective: n = 5 ; Non-defective: n = 13

(5C0 X 13C8) = 1287

4. There are 5 defective light bulbs in a bin containing 25 light bulbs. How many ways
can you select at least 4 defective light bulbs when you choose 5 light bulbs at
random?

Defective = 5 ; Non-defective: n = 20

(5C4 X 20C1) + (5C5 X 20C0) = 101

Four defectives Five defectives

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Goodluck with the exams, 11th graders!

- Lauren Francisco <3
(St. Matthew)
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