ĐẠI HỌC Y DƯỢC Y DƯỢC TP.

HỒ CHÍ MINH
KHOA KHOA HỌC CƠ BẢN
BỘ MÔN NGOẠI NGỮ

BÀI TIỂU LUẬN

Học phần: Anh Văn chuyên ngành

Họ và tên sinh viên thực hiện: TRẦN QUỲNH GIAO

Mã số sinh viên: 511206114
Ngày tháng năm sinh: 28/06/2002
Khối: DCQ2020
Tổ: 5
Điện thoại liên hệ: 0869862002

Năm học: 2020 – 2021

 KẾT QUẢ BÀI TIỂU LUẬN
Điểm Điểm Giảng viên chấm 1 Giảng viên chấm 2
(bằng số) (bằng chữ) (Họ tên & chữ ký) (Họ tên & chữ ký)

Tiêu chí đánh giá

Total
Category Scoring Criteria Score
Points
Organization The layout is appropriate for the topic and audience. 5
(10 points) Information is presented in a logical sequence. 5
Introduction is attention-getting, lays out the problem
well, and establishes a framework for the rest of the 5
presentation.
Technical terms are well-defined in language
5
appropriate for the target audience.
Content
(30 points) Information is presented accurately. 5
Material included is relevant to the overall message. 5
Visual aids are well prepared, informative, effective,
5
and not distracting.
The writer completes the task with about 1,000 words. 5
The writer can exhibit a logical and coherent sequence
15
throughout and smooth transitions between ideas.
The writer can use a wide variety of vocabulary that
15
Language expands the topic.
Use The writer can use a wide range of structure with full
15
(60 points) flexibility and accuracy with rare minor errors.
The writer can fully address all parts of the task with
15
relevant, fully extended and well supported ideas.
Score Total Points 100

TOPIC 4
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Introduce the pharmacology. Your paper should clearly present the following
information:

 differences between pharmacology and pharmacy

 subdisciplines of pharmacology
 pharmacodynamics
 pharmacokinetics

Your paper should contain about 1,000 words and 3 images with captions.

PHARMACOLOGY

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 A. INTRODUCTION OF PHARMACOLOGY

Pharmacology is the science of how drugs and other compounds interact with biological
systems ranging from the molecule to the cell, organ, or even the entire body. The phrase
pharmacology is derived from the ancient Greek words “pharmakon”, which means
"drug", and “logia”, which represents "knowledge of."
Historically, the activities of pharmacological drugs – generally derived from natural
sources or plant extracts were poorly understood and discussed in diverse ways, without a
comprehensive understanding of their effects on the body. Clinical pharmacology goes
back to the Middle Ages, and one of its major pioneers was William Withering (1741-
1799). However, it was not until the mid-nineteenth century that it emerged as a scientific
discipline. This was mostly thanks to discoveries in biomedical research at the time.
Throughout the 19th and 20th century, as a biological discipline, the study of
pharmacology had been growing continuously, and its findings began to be applied in a
healthcare facility.

B. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PHARMACOLOGY AND PHARMACY

Pharmacology is not synonymous with pharmacy, though the two are sometimes used
simultaneously. As it is mentioned before, pharmacology is the study of how medicines
work and how they affect our bodies whereas in contrast pharmacy is the science and
technique of preparing and dispensing the drugs that have been created and researched by
pharmacologists. To have a better understanding, we may think about what people who
work in such professions do on a regular basis. Pharmacologists research and develop
new medicines, improve our understanding of how medicines work, make sure they are
used effectively and safely for everyone while pharmacists generally give out medicines
and share advice to help keep you healthy.

C. SUBDISCIPLINES OF PHARMACOLOGY

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There are many different subdisciplines or specializations under the umbrella of
pharmacology. A pharmacologist may specialize in any one of these subdisciplines to
conduct deeper research into a specific area of pharmacology, these include:

Image 1. Pharmacogenetics is a subdisciplines of pharmacology

Source: www.genengnews.com
- Cardiovascular pharmacology: the effects of pharmaceuticals on the cardiovascular
system.
- Clinical pharmacology: the clinical applications of pharmaceuticals.
- Environmental pharmacology: understanding the interaction between genes, the
environment and pharmaceuticals.
- Neuropharmacology: the effects of pharmaceuticals on the central and peripheral
nervous system.
- Pharmacoepidemiology: the effects of pharmaceuticals observed in large population
groups.
- Pharmacogenetics: the relationship between genetic variability and drug response.

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 - Pharmacognosy: the composition, use and development of biological origin and
especially medicinal substances obtained from plants.
- Posology: the science of arriving at the correct dosing of pharmaceuticals.
- Psychopharmacology: the behavioral changes associated with pharmaceuticals, or the
use of pharmaceuticals to bring about behavioral modifications.
- Toxicology: the adverse effects of pharmaceuticals.
D. PHARMACODYNAMICS AND PHARMACOKINETICS

The two major types of pharmacology are pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.

Pharmacodynamics is the study of how a medicine affects the biology of the body.
Pharmacokinetics, on the other hand, is concerned about how the medicine interacts with
the body in terms of liberation, absorption, metabolism, distribution, and elimination,
which are referred to as LADME.

1. Pharmacodynamics

Both pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics together influence factors such as dosing,

drug benefits, and side effects. Pharmacodynamics places particular emphasis on dose-
response relationships which are the connections between the concentration of a drug and
its impact, whether negative or positive, upon the organism.
Drugs, in general, do not initiate new metabolic processes in the body, instead of
modifying biochemical processes. To do this, they interact with certain target structures
in the body, including as receptors and enzymes. These interactions have the potential to
either enhance or inhibit downstream metabolic processes. Agonists are medicines that
activate a receptor or an enzyme, whereas antagonists are drugs that block them. As a
result, an agonist has the same action as a natural enzyme effector or an endogenous
signaling molecule for a receptor. Antagonists, on the other hand, are comparable to
natural inhibitors of enzymes or receptors.

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 Image 1. Agonists and Antagonists
Source: psychonautwiki.org
There are two types of agonists: direct agonists and indirect agonists. The direct agonists
might attach to the receptor and produce an effect like the endogenous signaling
molecule. Whereas in contrast, indirect agonists, instead of generating a signal itself, this
drug could enhance the action of the endogenous signaling molecule, for example, by
enhancing signaling molecule secretion.
If the aim is to impair signal transduction at the receptor, the antagonists are used.
Antagonists can also behave in a variety of ways and are generally divided into two
types: competitive and non-competitive. A competitive antagonists binds to the same site
as the endogenous signaling molecule, preventing it from attaching to the receptor. As the
result, a lower amount or signaling molecules connect to the receptor on the cell surface,
reducing their overall impact. An antagonist that is non-competitive binds to a site other
than the usual receptor binding site. However, since this interaction induces
conformational changes in the structure of the receptor – binding site, the physiological
impact of the signaling molecule is reduced or even eliminated.

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 2. Pharmacokinetics

The term pharmacokinetics is derived from the ancient Greek words “pharmakon” and
“kinetikos”, meaning “drug” and “putting in motion” respectively. It is one of the most
important disciplines of pharmacology and refers to the way that the body reacts on and
affects a pharmaceutical substance in the body.
Pharmacokinetics is made up of five major components: liberation, absorption,
distribution, metabolism, and excretion (LADME). These are used to describe the varied
properties of various medicines in the body:
- Liberation: Liberation is the process in which a pharmaceutical substance is released
from the formulation it is delivered in. This must place before the medication may be
absorbed by the body.
- Absorption: Absorption is the process in which a pharmaceutical substance enters the
blood circulation in the body. The pharmacokinetic parameters for absorption
include:
 Absorption rate constant: absorption rate or amount of drug remaining to be
absorbed.
 Bioavailability: amount of drug absorbed or drug dose.
- Distribution: Distribution is the process in which a pharmaceutical substance is
dispersed through the fluids and tissues in the body. The pharmacokinetic parameters
for distribution include:
 Apparent volume of distribution: amount of drug in body or drug concentration in
plasma.
 Unbound fraction: unbound drug concentration in plasma or total drug
concentration in plasma.
- Metabolism: Metabolism is the process in which a pharmaceutical substance is
transformed into other substances, called metabolites, in the body. The
pharmacokinetic parameters for metabolism include:
 Metabolic clearance: drug metabolism rate or drug concentration in plasma.

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 - Excretion: Excretion is the process in which a pharmaceutical substance is removed
from the body. In rare cases, some drugs may never be completely excreted from the
body. They then irreversibly accumulate in the tissues. The pharmacokinetic
parameters for excretion include:
 Renal clearance: renal excretion rate or drug concentration in plasma.
 Fraction excreted unchanged: renal excretion rate or drug elimination rate.

Image 1. Five major components of pharmacokinetics (LADME)

Source: www.flickr.com

Pharmacokinetic research studies are often undertaken in healthy volunteers or patients to

examine and quantify the interplay between drugs and the body in the general population.

E. CONCLUSION

Oral birth control pills are one of the most significant pharmacological breakthroughs.
This innovation was found in 1950 and FDA authorized in 1960. Birth control pills not

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only assist 100 million women across the world regulate their bodies by suppressing
ovulation, but they also help the world rein in population expansion. This example has
shown that pharmacologists use a variety of techniques, including genetics, molecular
biology and chemistry, to explain and manipulate the pharmacological action of
substances for health purposes. This has brought in a deeper understanding of how
medications can be effectively used to manage various health conditions and diseases, as
well as remarkable improvements in the field of medicine throughout the world.

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 REFERENCES

- “7 of the greatest pharmacological discoveries in the health industry”, Optalert.

Retrievable at: https://www.optalert.com/7-of-the-greatest-pharmacological-
discoveries-in-the-health-industry/

- Reginald Davey, “What is pharmacodynamics?”, News Medical Life Sciences.

Retrievable at: https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/What-is-
Pharmacodynamics.aspx
- “What is pharmacology?”, British Pharmacological Society. Retrievable at:
https://www.bps.ac.uk/about/who-we-are-(2)/history-of-the-society
- “What is pharmacology?”, The American Society for Pharmacology and
Experimental Therapeutics (ASPET). Retrievable at:
https://www.aspet.org/aspet/education-careers/about-pharmacology
- Yolanda Smith, B.Pharm, “Pharmacology”, News Medical Life Sciences.
Retrievable at: https://www.news-medical.net/health/Pharmacology.aspx
- Yolanda Smith, B.Pharm, “Pharmacokinetics”, News Medical Life Sciences.
Retrievable at: https://www.news-medical.net/health/Pharmacokinetics.aspx
- Picture 1: LAMDE. Retrievable at:
https://www.flickr.com/photos/119835267@N03/13028911634
- Picture 2: Agonists and Antagonists. Retrievable at:
https://psychonautwiki.org/wiki/Agonist

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