Chap 1 Functions

Functions
—————————–
Phan Thi Khanh Van
E-mail: khanhvanphan@hcmut.edu.vn
October 22, 2020
(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Functions October 22, 2020 1 / 49

Table of contents
1 Functions
2 Power Functions
3 Exponential Functions
4 Logarithmic Functions
5 Trigonometric Functions
6 New Functions from Old Functions
7 Composite function
8 Inverse function
9 Inverse trigonometric functions
Functions
Functions
A function f is a rule that
assigns to each element x
in a set D exactly one
element, called f (x), in a
set E .
The set D is called the domain of the function.

The number f (x) is the value of f at x.
The range of f is the set of all possible values of f (x) as
x varies through-out the domain:
R = {y ∈ E | ∃x ∈ D : y = f (x)}
Functions
Example 1 (algebraically)
The amount of pollution in a certain lake is found to be
1
A(t) = (t 4 + 3)3
where t is measured in years and A(t) is measured in

appropriate units. Find the domain and range of A.

Functions
Example 2 (verbally)
A rectangular storage container with an open top has a
volume of 10m3 . The length of its base is twice its width.
Material for the base costs $10 per square meter; material
for the sides costs $6 per square meter. Express the cost
C of materials as a function of the width of the base.
Find the domain and range of C .

Functions
Example 3 (visually)
The graph of a function f
is shown in the figure. Find
the domain and range of f .
Find f (1).

Functions
Example 4 (numerically)
Temperature readings T (in o F ) were recorded every two

hours from midnight to 2 : 00 PM in Phoenix on
September 10, 2008. The time t was measured in hours
from midnight. Find T (10). Find the domain and range
of T .

Functions
Parametric function
(
x = x(t)
y = y (t)
Example
(
x = 1 + 3 cos(t)
The parametric curve is the circle of
y = 2 + 3 sin t
radius 3 and center I (1; 2): (x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 = 9

Functions
Piecewise Defined Functions

A cell phone plan has a basic charge of $35 a month.
The plan includes 400 free minutes and charges 10 cents
for each additional minute of usage. Write the monthly
cost C as a function of the number x of minutes used
and graph C as a function of x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 600.
(
35, 0 ≤ x ≤ 400,
C (x) =
35 + 0.1(x − 400), 400 < x ≤ 600.

Functions
Symmetry
Even function Odd function
f (x) = f (−x) f (x) = −f (−x)
f (x) = x 3 : (−x)3 = −x 3 : odd function,

f (x) = cos x: cos(−x) = cos x: even function
f (x) = 1 + x 3 : neither odd nor even.
Functions
Increasing and Decreasing Functions

Increasing function Decreasing function
x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1 ) < f (x2 ) x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1 ) > f (x2 )

Power Functions
Power Functions x α , α = 2k
* D = R.
* R = [0, ∞).
* Increasing in (0, ∞), decreasing in(−∞, 0).
* Even function.

Power Functions
Example
The formula for the horsepower rating H of an engine
with N cylinders is
ND 2
H(D) =
2.5
where D is the diameter of a cylinder.

Power Functions
Power Functions x α , α = 2k + 1
* D = R.
* R = R.
* Increasing in R.
* Odd function.

Power Functions
Power Functions x α = x1 , α = −1
* D = R\{0}.
* R = R\{0}.
* Decreasing in (0, ∞), and (−∞, 0).
* Odd function.

Power Functions
1 √ 1
Power Function y = x 2 = x, α = 2
* D = [0, ∞).
* R = [0, ∞).
* Increasing in [0, ∞).
* Neither odd nor even function.

Exponential Functions
Exponential Functions y = ax (a > 1)

* Domain: D = R.
* Range: R = (0, ∞).
* Increasing in R

Exponential Functions y = ax (0 < a < 1)

* Domain: D = R.
* Range: R = (0, ∞).
* Decreasing in R

Formula
1 am .an = am+n 1
4 a−m =
am
2 (am )n = amn am
5 = am−n
3 am .b m = a n
(ab)m a n a n
6 =
bn b

Drug Medication
The function
D(h) = 5e −0.4h
can be used to find the number of milligrams D of a
certain drug that is in a patient’s bloodstream h hours
after the drug has been administered. How many
milligrams will be present after 1 hour? After 6 hours?

Logarithmic Functions
Logarithmic Functions y = loga x, a > 1

* Domain: D = (0; +∞).
* Range: T = R.
* Increasing function if a > 1, decreasing if a < 1.

Formual
i)
ln(xy ) = ln x + ln y
ii)
ln x α = α ln x
iii)
e ln x = x
a)
ln e = 1 d)
ln(−1) =?
b)
ln 1 = 0 e)
ln? = −1
1
c)
ln 2 = −2
e

Chemistry
The pH of a chemical solution is given by the formula
pH = − log10 [H + ]
where [H + ] is the concentration of hydrogen ions in

moles per liter. Values of pH range from 0 (acidic) to 14
(alkaline). Distilled water has a pH of 7.

Trigonometric Functions
Trigonometric Function y = sin x

* Domain: D = R.
* Range: R = [−1, 1].
* Periodic function, period: 2π
sin(x) = sin(x + 2π)
* Odd function
2 y
1 y = sin x
−2 ∗ pi −pi −pi/2 0 pi/2 pi 3 ∗ pi/2 2 ∗ pi 5 ∗ pi/2

−1
x
−2
Formula
i)
sin(π − x) = sin(x), sin(−x) = − sin x
ii)
sin2 x + cos 2 x = 1
iii)
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
1 − cos 2x
iv)
sin2 x =
2
a.
sin 0 = 0 5π π 1
√ c.
sin = sin =
π 2 6 √ 6 2
b. sin = 3
4 2 d. sin? =
2
Example
A Cepheid variable star is a star whose brightness
alternately increases and decreases. The most easily
visible such star is Delta Cephei, for which the interval
between times of maximum brightness is 5.4 days. The
average brightness of this star is 4.0 and its brightness
changes by ±0.35. The brightness of Delta Cephei at
time t, where t is measured in days, has been modeled by
the function
2πt
B(t) = 4 + 0.35 sin( ).
5.4

Trigonometric function y = cos x

* Domain: D = R.
* Range: R = [−1, 1].
* Periodic function, period: 2π
cos(x) = cos(x + 2π)
* Even function
2 y
1 y = cos x
−2 ∗ pi −pi −pi/2 0 pi/2 pi 3 ∗ pi/2 2 ∗ pi 5 ∗ pi/2

−1
x
−2
Formula
i)
cos(π − x) = − cos x, cos(−x) = cos x
ii)
cos 2x = cos2 x − sin2 x
iii)
cos 2x = 2 cos2 x − 1 = 1 − 2 sin2 x
1 + cos 2x
iv)
cos2 x =
2
π
v)
cos( + kπ) = 0, ∀k ∈ Z
2
±π 2π π 1
a.
cos =0 b. cos = − cos = −
2 3 3 2

Trigonometric function y = tan x

* Domain: D = R\{ π2 + kπ}.
* Range: R = R.
* Periodic function, period: π
tan(x) = tan(x + π)
* Odd function

y
y = tan x
x
−pi −pi/2 0 pi/2 pi 3 ∗ pi/2

Formula
sin x
i)
tan x =
cos x
ii)
tan(π − x) = tan(−x) = − tan x
iii)
tan(π + x) = tan(x)
iv)
tan 0 = 0, tan( π2 ) is not defined

New Functions from Old Functions
Translating the graph of f
Vertical and Horizontal Shifts

Suppose that c > 0,
* y = f (x) + c, shift the graph of y = f (x) a distance
c units upward.
* y = f (x) − c, shift the graph of y = f (x) a distance
c units downward
* y = f (x − c), shift the graph of y = f (x) a distance
c units to the right
* y = f (x + c), shift the graph of y = f (x) a distance
c units to the left

Stretching the graph of f
Vertical and Horizontal Stretching

Suppose that c > 1,
* y = cf (x), stretch the graph of y = f (x) vertically by
a factor of c
* y = c1 f (x), shrink the graph of y = f (x) vertically by
a factor of c
* y = f (cx), shrink the graph of y = f (x) horizontally
by a factor of c
* y = f (x/c), stretch the graph of y = f (x)
horizontally by a factor of c


Reflecting the graph of f
Vertical and Horizontal Reflecting

* y = −f (x), reflect the
graph of y = f (x)
about the x-axis
* y = f (−x), reflect the

graph of y = f (x)
about the y-axis

Composite function
Composite function
Given two functions f and
g , the composite function
f ◦ g (also called the
composition of f and g ) is
defined by
f ◦ g (x) = f (g (x))

Composite function
Example
√
1 f = x 2 + 1, g = x +√1
f ◦ g = x + 2, g ◦ f = x 2 + 2
Domain of g ◦ f : D = R.
Domain of f ◦ g : D = [−1, ∞)
2 If you invest x dollars at 4% interest compounded
annually, then the amount A(x) of the investment
after one year is A(x) = 1.04x. Find A ◦ A, A ◦ A ◦ A,
A ◦ A ◦ A ◦ A. What do these compositions represent?

Composite function
Example
A ship is moving at a speed of 30km/h parallel to a
straight shoreline. The ship is 6km from shore and it
passes a lighthouse at noon.
a)
Express the distance s between the lighthouse and the
ship as a function of d, the distance the ship has
traveled since noon; that is, find f so that s = f (d).
b)
Express d as a function of t, the time elapsed since
noon; that is, find g so that d = g (t).
c)
Find f ◦ g . What does this function represent?

Inverse function
One-to-one Function
y = f (x) is called a one to one function if for every
y ∈ R, there exists one and only one x ∈ D such that
y = f (x).
One-to-one function Not one-to-one function

Inverse function
Inverse function
Let y = f (x) be a one-to-one function. We have
∀y ∈ R, ∃!x ∈ D : x = g (y ).
y = g (x) = f −1 (x) is called the inverse function of f (x).
f (f −1 (y )) = y , f −1 (f (x)) = x
Example
√
1 Given y = f (x) = x 3 ⇔ x = 3 y
√
Then, f −1 (x) = 3 x.
x 3 +1
√
2 Given y = f (x) =
√ e ⇔ x = 3
ln y − 1
−1 3
Then, f (x) = ln x − 1.
Inverse function
The graph of f and f −1 is symmetric about the line y =

x
Inverse trigonometric functions
Inverse trigonometric function y = arcsin x

y = arcsin x ⇐⇒ x = sin y
π π
D : −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 R :− ≤y ≤
2 2

Inverse trigonometric function y = arccos x

y = arccos x ⇐⇒ x = cos y
D : −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, R :0≤y ≤π

Inverse trigonometric function y = arctan x

y = arctan x ⇐⇒ x = tan y
π π
D : R, R :− <y <
2 2

Inverse trigonometric function y = arccot x

y = arccot x ⇐⇒ x = cot y
D : R, R :0<y <π

Properties
π
arcsin x + arccos x = 2
π
arctan x + arccot x = 2
(
π
2, x > 0
arctan x + arctan x1 =
− π2 , x < 0

Example
a)
arcsin 1 = π2 d)
arctan(−1) = − π4
√
2 √
b)
arccos = π4 e)
arcsin 3 =?
√2
c)
arctan 3 = π3 f)
arcsin? = −2

Thank you for your attention!

Chap 1 Functions

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Chap 1 Functions

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Functions

Phan Thi Khanh Van

October 22, 2020

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Functions October 22, 2020 1 / 49

The set D is called the domain of the function.

where t is measured in years and A(t) is measured in

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Functions October 22, 2020 4 / 49

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Functions October 22, 2020 5 / 49

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Functions October 22, 2020 6 / 49

Temperature readings T (in o F ) were recorded every two

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Functions October 22, 2020 7 / 49

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Functions October 22, 2020 8 / 49

Piecewise Defined Functions

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Functions October 22, 2020 9 / 49

f (x) = x 3 : (−x)3 = −x 3 : odd function,

Increasing and Decreasing Functions

x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1 ) < f (x2 ) x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1 ) > f (x2 )

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Functions October 22, 2020 11 / 49

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Functions October 22, 2020 12 / 49

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Functions October 22, 2020 13 / 49

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Functions October 22, 2020 14 / 49

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Functions October 22, 2020 15 / 49

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Functions October 22, 2020 16 / 49

Exponential Functions y = ax (a > 1)

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Functions October 22, 2020 17 / 49

Exponential Functions y = ax (0 < a < 1)

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Functions October 22, 2020 18 / 49

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Functions October 22, 2020 19 / 49

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Functions October 22, 2020 20 / 49

Logarithmic Functions y = loga x, a > 1

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Functions October 22, 2020 21 / 49

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Functions October 22, 2020 22 / 49

where [H + ] is the concentration of hydrogen ions in

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Functions October 22, 2020 23 / 49

Trigonometric Function y = sin x

−2 ∗ pi −pi −pi/2 0 pi/2 pi 3 ∗ pi/2 2 ∗ pi 5 ∗ pi/2

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Functions October 22, 2020 26 / 49

Trigonometric function y = cos x

−2 ∗ pi −pi −pi/2 0 pi/2 pi 3 ∗ pi/2 2 ∗ pi 5 ∗ pi/2

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Functions October 22, 2020 28 / 49

Trigonometric function y = tan x

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Functions October 22, 2020 29 / 49

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Functions October 22, 2020 30 / 49

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Functions October 22, 2020 31 / 49

Translating the graph of f

Vertical and Horizontal Shifts

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Functions October 22, 2020 33 / 49

Stretching the graph of f

Vertical and Horizontal Stretching

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Functions October 22, 2020 34 / 49

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Functions October 22, 2020 35 / 49

Reflecting the graph of f

Vertical and Horizontal Reflecting

* y = f (−x), reflect the

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Functions October 22, 2020 36 / 49

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Functions October 22, 2020 37 / 49

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Functions October 22, 2020 38 / 49

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Functions October 22, 2020 39 / 49

One-to-one function Not one-to-one function

The graph of f and f −1 is symmetric about the line y =

Inverse trigonometric function y = arcsin x

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Functions October 22, 2020 43 / 49

Inverse trigonometric function y = arccos x