FUNCTION

Contents
Topic Page No.
Theory
01 - 12

Exercise - 1
13 - 16
Exercise - 2
16 - 17
Exercise - 3
17 - 18

Exercise - 4
19 - 24
Answer Key 34 - 35

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 Function 1
INTRODUCTION :
A function is like a machine which gives unique output for each input that is fed into it. But every machine is designed for
certain defined inputs for eg. a juicer is designed for fruits & not for wood. Similarly functions are defined for certain
inputs which are called as its "domain" and corresponding outputs are called "Range".
General Definition :
Definition-1 :
Let A and B be two sets and there exists a rule or manner or correspondence ‘ f ’ which associates each element of A,
a unique element in B. Then f is called a function or mapping from A to B. It is denoted by the symbol
f
f : A  B or A  B
which reads ‘ f ’ is a function from A to B’ or ‘f maps A to B, If an element a  A is associated with an element b 
B then b is called ‘the f image of a’ or ‘image of a under f ’ or ‘the value of the function 'f ' at a’. Also 'a' is called
the pre-image of b or argument of b under the function f. We write it as b = f (a) or f : a  b or f : (a, b)
f f f f
A B A B A B A B
a p a p a p a p
b q b q b q q
b
c r c r c r c r
d s d s d s d s
Function Not a function Function t
Not a function
As a particular type of relation, we can define a function as follows :
Definition-2 :
A relation R from a set A to a set B is called a function if
(i) each element of A is associated with some element of B.
(ii) each element of A has unique image in B.
Thus a function ‘ f ’ from a set A to a set B is a subset of A × B in which each 'a' belonging to A appears in one and
only one ordered pair belonging to 'f '.
Note : (1) Every function is a relation but every relation is not necessarily a function.
(2) A function is also called a mapping.
Domain, Co-domain & Range of A Function :
Let f : A  B, then the set A is known as the domain of f & the set B is known as codomain of f. The set of all 'f '
images of elements of A is known as the range of f . Thus :
Domain of f = {a  a  A, (a, f(a))  f}
Range of f = {f(a)  a  A, f(a)  B, (a, f (a) )  f}
(1) It should be noted that range is a subset of codomain .
(2) If only the rule of function is given then the domain of the function is the set of those real numbers, where function
is defined.
(3) For a continuous function, the interval from minimum to maximum value of a function gives the range.
(4) Let f and g be function with domain D1 and D2 then the functions
f + g, f – g, fg, f g are defined as
(f + g)(x) = f (x) + g (x); Domain D1  D2
(f – g)(x) = f (x) – g (x); Domain D1  D2
(f g)(x) = f (x) · g (x); Domain D1  D2

f  f (x )
  (x) = ; Domain = {x  D1  D2 | g (x)  0}
g g(x)
 

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 2 Mathematics for JEE Main & Advanced
Graphical Representation of a function :
The equation y = f(x) represents a function if a straight line drawn parallel to y-axis in its domain cuts the graph of y = f(x)
at only one point.
Rule for finding Domain :
(i) Expression under even root (i.e. square root, fourth root etc.)  0.
(ii) Denominator  0
(iii) If domain of y = f(x) & y = g(x) are D1 & D2 respectively then the domain of f(x) ± g(x) or f(x) · g(x) is D1  D2
f (x )
(iv) Domain of is D1  D2 – {g(x) = 0}.
g(x)
IMPORTANT TYPES OF FUNCTIONS:
(i) Polynomial Function:
If a function f is defined by f (x) = a0 xn + a1 xn1 + a2 xn2 + ... + an1 x + an where n is a non negative integer and a0,
a1, a2, ..., an are real numbers and a0  0, then f is called a polynomial function of degree n. A polynomial function is
always continuous.
NOTE: (a) A polynomial of degree one with no constant term is called an odd linear function
i.e. f(x) = ax , a  0
(b) There are two polynomial functions , satisfying the relation ;
f(x).f(1/x) = f(x) + f(1/x) . They are :
(i) f(x) = xn + 1 &
(ii) f(x) = 1  xn , where n is a positive integer.
(c) A polynomial of odd degree has its range (– , ) but a polynomial of degree even has a range which is always
subset of R.
(ii) Algebraic Function:
A function f is called an algebraic function if it can be constructed using algebraic operations such as addition,
substraction, multiplication, division and taking roots, started with polynomials.

x 4  16 x 2 3
e.g. f (x) = 2
x 1 ; g (x) =
x x
+ (x – 2) × x 1
Note that all polynomial are algebraic but the converse is not true. Functions which are not algebraic are known as
transcedental function.
(iii) Fractional Rational Function:
g(x)
A rational function is a function of the form. y = f (x) = , where g (x) & h (x) are polynomials & h(x)  0. The
h( x )
domain of f (x) is set of real x such that h (x)  0.

2x 4  x 2  1
e.g. f (x) = ; D = {x | x  ± 2}
x2  4

(iv) Exponential Function:

A function f(x) = ax = ex ln a (a > 0 , a  1, x  R) is called an exponential function. f (x) = ax is called an exponential
function because the variable x is the exponent. It should not be confused with power function. g (x) = x2 in which
variable x is the base.
0<a<1 a>1

y = ax

Note : For f (x) = ex domain is R and range is R+.

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 Function 3
(v) Logarithmic function:
y = logax, x > 0, a > 0, a  1

a>1

y = loga x
Domain : R  or (0, )
1
Range : R or (, )

0<a<1

(vi) Absolute Value Function:

A function y = f (x) = x is called the absolute value function or Modulus function. It is defined as:

 x if x  0
y = x 
  x if x  0
For f (x) = | x |, domain is R and range is R+  {0}.

1 |x|
For f (x) = or , domain is R – {0} and range is R+.
|x| x2
Note : | x|  x,  x  R
(vii) Signum Function:
A function y= f (x) = Sgn (x) is defined as follows :

 1 for x  0 1 1
  , x0
y = f (x) =  0 for x  0 =  x
  1 for x  0  0, x0

Note that Sgn(Sgn x) = Sgn x;

Domain is R and range is {–1, 0, 1}.
(viii) Greatest Integer Or Step Up Function :
The function y = f (x) = [x] is called the greatest integer function where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than
or equal to x . Note that for :
1  x < 0 ; [x] =  1 0x< 1 ; [x] = 0
1x< 2 ; [x] = 1 2x < 3 ; [x] = 2 and so on.
For f (x) = [x], domain is R and range is I.
Properties of greatest integer function :
(a) [x]  x < [x] + 1 and x  1 < [x]  x , 0  x  [x] < 1
(b) [x + m] = [x] + m if m is an integer.

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 4 Mathematics for JEE Main & Advanced

(c) [x] + [y]  [x + y]  [x] + [y] + 1

(d) [x] + [ x] = 0 if x is an integer =  1 otherwise.
(ix) Fractional Part Function :
It is defined as : g (x) = {x} = x  [x].
e.g. the fractional part of the number 2.1 is
2.1 2 = 0.1 and the fractional part of  3.7 is 0.3. The period of this function is 1 and graph of this function is as
shown.
For f (x) = {x}, domain is R and range is [0, 1)
1
For f (x) = , domain is R – I, range is (1, )
{x}
y graph of y={x}
1

x
–1 O 1 2 3

Note : {x + n} = {x}
(a) Identity function :
The function f : A  A defined by f(x) = x  x  A is called the identity of A and is denoted by IA.

y=x

(b) Constant function :

A function f : A  B is said to be a constant function if every element of A has the same f image in B. Thus f : A
 B ; f(x) = c ,  x  A , c  B is a constant function.

(0, c)
y=c
x

e.g. f (x) = [{x}]; g(x) = sin 2x + cos2x; h (x) = sgn(x2 – 3x + 4) etc.

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 Function 5
Domain and Range of important trigonometric functions :
Function (f) Domain (Df) Range (Rf)
sin R [–1, 1]
cos R [–1, 1]
cosec R – n (–, –1]  [1, )

sec R – (2n + 1) (–, –1]  (1, )
2

tan R – (2n + 1) R
2
cot R – n R
RANGE :
Range of y = f(x) is the collection of all outputs f(x) corresponding to each real number of the domain.
To find the range of function
(i) First of all find the domain of y = f(x).
(ii) If domain is a set having only finite number of points, then range is the set of corresponding f(x) values.
(iii) If domain of y = f(x) is R or R– {Some finite points}, then express x in terms of y. From this find y for x to be defined
or real or form an equation in terms of x & apply the condition for real roots.
Note : For a continuous function interval from least to greatest value gives its range.
EQUAL OR IDENTICAL FUNCTIONS :
Two functions f & g are said to be equal if
(i) The domain of f = the domain of g. i.e. Df = Dg
(ii) The range of f = the range of g and i.e. Rf = Rg
(iii) f(x) = g(x) , for every x belonging to their common domain.
1 x
e.g. f (x) = & g(x) = 2 are identical functions.
x x
NOTE : Functions are also equal if their graphs are same
CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS :
One-One Functions (Injective Mapping) :
A function f : A  B is said to be a oneone function or injective mapping if different elements of A have different f
images in B. Thus for x1, x2  A & f(x1), f(x2)B,
f(x1) = f(x2)  x1 = x2 or x1  x2  f(x1)  f(x2).
Examples: f : R  R, f (x) = x3 + 1 ; f (x) = e – x ; f (x) = ln x are all one-one functions.
Remember that a linear function is always one-one.
Diagramatically an injective mapping can be shown as

OR

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 6 Mathematics for JEE Main & Advanced

one-one function one-one function

NOTE:
(i) A continuous function which is always increasing or decreasing in whole domain, then f(x) is oneone.
(ii) A function is one to one if and only if a horizontal line intersects its graph at most once.
Many-One Functions (Not Injective) :
A function f : A  B is said to be a many one function if two or more elements of A have the same f image in B.
Thus f : A  B is many one if for;
x1, x2  A , f(x1) = f(x2) but x1  x2.
Examples : R  R f (x) = [ x ] ; f (x) = | x | ; f (x) = ax2 + bx + c ; f (x) = sin x are all examples of many
one function.
Diagramatically a many one mapping can be shown as

OR

many-one function many-one function

NOTE:
(i) Any continuous function which has atleast one local maximum or local minimum, is manyone. In other words, if
a line parallel to xaxis cuts the graph of the function at atleast at two points, then f is manyone.
(ii) If a function is oneone, it cannot be manyone and vice versa. if f : A  B
Number of One One mappings + Number of Many One mappings = Total number of mappings from A  B
Onto Functions (Surjective Mapping) :
If the function f : A  B is such that each element in B (codomain) is the f image of atleast one element in A, then we
say that f is a function of A 'onto' B. Thus f : A  B is surjective iff  b  B,  some a  A such that f (a) = b.
f : R  R f (x) = 2x +1; f : R  R+ f (x) = ex; f : R+  R f (x) = ln x are examples of onto functions.
Diagramatically surjective mapping can be shown as

OR

Note that:
(a) if range = codomain, then f (x) is onto.
(b) Any polynomial of degree odd defined on R is onto.
(c) if co-domain of f is not given then it is taken to be R.

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 Function 7
Into Functions :
If f : A  B is such that there exists atleast one element in codomain which is not the image of any element in domain,
then f(x) is into.
e.g. f : R  R f (x) = [x], | x |, sgn x, f (x) = ax2 + bx + c are all examples of into functions.
Diagramatically into function can be shown as

OR

Note :
If a function is onto, it cannot be into and vice versa . (b) A polynomial of degree even defined from R  R will
always be into
Thus a function can be one of these four types :
(a) oneone onto (injective & surjective) (I  S)

(b) oneone into (injective but not surjective) (I  S )

(c) manyone onto (surjective but not injective) (S  I )

(d) manyone into (neither surjective nor injective) ( I  S )

Note :
If f is both injective & surjective, then it is called a Bijective mapping. The bijective functions are also named as
invertible, non singular or biuniform functions.
Some important points to remember :
If x, y are independent variables, then :
(i) f(xy) = f(x) + f(y)  f(x) = k ln x or f(x) = 0.
(ii) f(xy) = f(x) · f(y)  f(x) = xn , n  R
(iii) f(x + y) = f(x) · f(y)  f(x) = akx.
(iv) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)  f(x) = kx, where k is a constant.

FUNCTIONAL EQUATIONS :
COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS :
Let f : A  B & g : B  C be two functions. Then the function gof : A  C defined by (gof) (x) = g (f(x))  x  A is called
the composite of the two functions f & g. Diagramatically

x f (x)
     g (f(x)).
Thus the image of every x  A under the function gof is the gimage of the fimage of x. Note that gof is defined only if
 x  A, f(x) is an element of the domain of g so that we can take its
gimage. Hence for the product gof of two functions f & g, the range of f must be a subset of the domain of g.

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 8 Mathematics for JEE Main & Advanced
h

A B C
f g
x f(x) h(x)

g{f (x)} = h(x)

Note that gof in general is not equal to fog.
Properties of Composite Functions :
(i) The composite of functions is not commutative i.e. gof  fog .
(ii) The composite of functions is associative i.e. if f, g, h are three functions such that
fo (goh) & (fog) oh are defined, then fo (goh) = (fog) oh.
Associativety : f : (N)  I0 f(x) = 2x

1
g : I0  Q g(x) =
x
1

h:Q R h(x) = ex
(hog)of = ho(gof) = e2x
(iii) The composite of two bijections is a bijection i.e. if f and g are two bijections such that gof is defined, then gof is
also a bijection.
Homogeneous Functions :
A function is said to be homogeneous with respect to any set of variables when each of its terms is of the same degree
with respect to those variables. For example 5x2 + 3y2 – xy is homogeneous in x & y.
x  y cos x x y y x
f (x, y) = is not a homogeneous function and f (x, y) = ln  ln ; x 2  y 2 + x; x + y
y sin x  x y x x y
y
cos are homogeneous functions of degree one.
x
Bounded Functions :
A function is said to be bounded if f(x)  M , where M is a finite quantity.
e.g. f (x) = sin x is bounded in [–1, 1]

Implicit & Explicit Functions :

A function defined by an equation not solved for the dependent variable is called an IMPLICIT FUNCTION. For eg. the
equation x3 + y3 = 1 defines y as an implicit function. If y has been expressed in terms of x alone then it is called an
EXPLICIT FUNCTION . For ex : y = x3 + 6x2 – 12x + 7 defines y as on explicit function of x.

Odd & Even Functions :

Suppose a function f is defined on the symmetric interval (–a, a) then
(1) If f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of ‘f’ then f is said to be an even function.
e.g. f (x) = cos x ; g (x) = x² + 3.
(2) If f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of ‘f’ then f is said to be an odd function.
e.g. f (x) = sin x; g (x) = x3 + x.

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 Function 9

2
y=x y = x3 y=x
y = cos x
O O O O

Odd functions (Symmetric about origin) Even functions (Symmetric about y-axis)
NOTE :
(a) f (x)  f (x) = 0 => f (x) is even & f (x) + f (x) = 0 => f (x) is odd .
(b) A function may neither be odd nor even .
(c) Inverse of an even function is not defined and an even function can not be strictly monotonic
(d) Every even function is symmetric about the yaxis & every odd function is symmetric about the origin.
(e) Every function defined on symmetric interval (– a, a) can be expressed as the sum of an even & an odd function.
f ( x )  f (  x ) f ( x)  f (  x) x 2x  2x 2x  2x
e.g. f ( x )   2 = +
2 2 2 2

EVEN ODD EVEN ODD

(f) The only function which is defined on the entire number line & is even and odd at the same time is f(x) =0. Any non
zero constant is even.
(g) If f and g both are even or both are odd then the function f.g will be even but if any one of them is odd then f.g will
be odd .
f (x) g (x) f (x) + g (x) f (x) - g (x) f (x).g (x) f(x) / g(x) (gof )(x) (f o g) (x)
odd odd odd odd even even odd odd
even even even even even even even even
odd even neither odd nor even neither odd nor even odd odd even even
even odd neither odd nor even neither odd nor even odd odd even even

INVERSE OF A FUNCTION :
Let f : A  B be a oneone & onto function, then their exists a unique function
g : B  A such that f(x) = y  g(y) = x,  x  A & y  B. Then g is said to be inverse of f.
Thus g = f1 : B  A = {(f(x), x)  (x, f(x))  f}.
Consider a one-one onto function with domain A = {a, b, c} & range B = {1, 2, 3}
f f –1
A B B A
a 1 1 a
b 2 2 b
c 3 3 c

Domain of f = {a, b, c} = Range of f–1

Range of f = {1, 2, 3} = Domain of f–1
Note : (a) Only one-one onto functions (i.e., Bijections) are invertible.
(b) To find the inverse
Step-1: write y = f (x)
Step-2: solve this equation for x in terms of y (if possible)
Step-3: To express f –1 as a function of x, interchange x and y.

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 10 Mathematics for JEE Main & Advanced
Properties of Inverse of a Function :
(i) The inverse of Bijection is unique.
(ii) The inverse of Bijection is also bijection.
(iii) If f : A  B is Bijection & g : B  A is inverse of f, then
fog = IB & gof = IA
(iv) If f : A  B and g : B  C are two bijections, then gof : A  C is a bijection and
(gof)–1 = f–1og–1
(v) fog  gof but if fog = gof then either f–1 = g or g–1 = f also
(fog) (x) = (gof) (x) = x
(vi) The graphs of f & g are the mirror images of each other in the line y = x. As shown in the figure given below a point
(x , y ) corresponding to y = x2(x>0) changes to (y, x) corresponding to y   x , the changed form of x = y .

PERIODIC FUNCTIONS:
A function f(x) is called periodic if there exists a positive number T(T > 0) called the period of the function such that f (x
+ T) = f(x) , for all values of x within the domain of x.
e.g. The function sin x & cos x both are periodic over 2 & tan x is periodic over .
Graphically :
If the graph repeats at fixed interval then function is said to be periodic and its period is the width of that interval.
For example graph of sin x repeats itself at an interval of 2
,1
2

0  2

f (x) = sin x
Properties of periodic function :
(a) f (T) = f (0) = f (T) , where ‘T’ is the period.
(b) Inverse of a periodic function does not exist.
(c) Every constant function is always periodic, with no fundamental period .
(d) If f (x) has a period T & g (x) also has a period T then it does not mean that f (x) + g (x) must have a period
T. e.g. f (x) =| sin x | + | cos x |; sin 4x + cos4x
1
(e) If f(x) has a period p, then and f (x) also has a period p.
f (x)
(f) If f (x) and g (x) are periodic then f (x) + g (x) need not be periodic.
e.g. f (x) = cos x and g (x) = { x }
(g) if f(x) has a period T then f(ax + b) has a period T/a (a > 0).
(h) if period of f(x) is T 1 and g(x) is T 2 then period of f ± g , f · g, f/g is T = L.C.M. (T 1, T 2) provided
there does not exist any positive real less than T after which value repeats.

 a c  L.C.M (a , c)
Note : (1) L.C.M.  ,  = .
 b d  H.C.F (b, d )
(2) L.C.M. of rational with irrational is not possible.
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 Function 11
SOME GRAPHICAL TRANSFORMATIONS :
Consider the graph y = f(x) shown alongside.
Y
y = f (x)

X
O

(i) Graph of y –  = f (x – ) is drawn by shifting the origin to (, ) & then translating the graph of y = f(x) w.r.t. new
axes
Y
y –  = f(x – )

(,)
X
O

(ii) The graph of y = – f(x) is the mirror image of f(x) in X-axis.

Y
y = – f(x)

X
O

(iii) y = |f (x)| is mirror image of negative portion of y = f(x) in X-axis.

(iv) y = f (| x |) is drawn by taking the mirror image of positive x-axis graph in y-axis.
Y

y = |f (x)|

X
O

y = f (| x |)

X
O

(v) The graph of |y| = f(x) is drawn by deleting those portions of the graph y = f(x) which lie below the X-axis and then
taking the mirror image of the remaining portion in the X-axis, as shown alongside.
Y

|y| = f(x)

O X

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 12 Mathematics for JEE Main & Advanced
Y
x = f (y)
y=x

y = f (x)

(vi) x = f(y) is drawn by taking mirror image of

X
O

y = f(x) in the line y = x.

(vii) y = f(–x) is drawn by taking the mirror image of y = f(x) in Y-axis.

Y

y = f(–x)

X
O

Definition :
A binary composition (or operation) in a set S is a mapping from S × S to S.
The word binary is used since for two elements of a set S there exists a unique element in S, i.e. (a, b) is mapped on
some element of S.
Examples :
(1) Ordinary addition of numbers, i.e. +, is a binary operation in any set of numbers.
Addition is a binary operation in the set of natural numbers since the sum of any two natural numbers is also a
natural number. Similar is the case for integers, rationals, reals and complex numbers.
(2) Ordinary multiplication, i.e. ×, is a binary operation in the set N, Z, Q, R and C.
(3) Ordinary subtraction of numbers, i.e. –, is a binary operation in Z, Q and R. But it is not binary in N, since 5 – 6
 N.
(4) Division of numbers, i.e. ÷, is a binary operation in Q0 (non-zero rationals), R0 (non-zero reals) and C0 (non zero
complex numbers). But it is not binary in N and Z.
Laws of Binary Operation :
Let * be a binary operation defined in S, then
(i) * is said to be commutative if  a, b,  S,
(ii) * is said to be associative if  a, b, c  S,
a * (b * c) = (a * b) * c
Example :
(1) (a) Ordinary addition and multiplication of numbers over the set of real numbers are commutative and associative
but subtraction is neither commutative nor associative.
(b) Ordinary multiplication of numbers is distributive w.r. to addition of numbers.
(c) Additive identity is 0 (zero) and multiplicative identity is 1 (one).
1
(d) Additive inverse of a is –a and multiplicative inverse of a is .
a
(2) Division of numbers is neither commutative nor associative.

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 Function 13
EXERCISE -1(SINGLE CORRECT) RANGE
DOMAIN 8. Range of f(x) = 4 + 2x + 1 is
x

 log 0.3 ( x  1) (A) (0, ) (B) (1, ) (C) (2, ) (D) (3, )
1. The domain of the function f(x)= is
x2  2x  8 9. Range of f(x) = log { 2 (sin x –cos x) + 3} is
5
(A) (1, 4) (B) (–2, 4) (C) (2, 4) (D) [2, )
2. The domain of the function  3
(A) [0, 1] (B) [0, 2] (C) 0, (D) None
 2
  1  
f(x) = log1/2   log 2  1  4   1 is
  x  10. The range of the function f(x) = log 2 ( 2– log2 (16
2
(A) 0 < x < 1 (B) 0 < x  1 sin x + 1)) is
(C) x  1 (D) null set (A) (–, 1) (B) (–, 2) (C) (–, 1] (D) (–, 2]
2
3. If q – 4 p r = 0, p > 0, then the domain of the function, 11. If [2 cos x] + [sin x] = –3, then the range of the func-
3 2
f(x) = log (px + (p + q) x + (q + r) x + r) is
tion, f(x) = sin x + 3 cos x in [0, 2] is (where [ * ]
 q 
(A) R –   dentoes greatest integer function)
 2p
(A) [–2, –1) (B) (–2, –1]
  q  (C) (–2, –1) (D) [–2, –
(B) R –  (, 1]   2 p   3)
  
12. Let f be a real valued function defined by f(x) =
  q  e x  e | x|
(C) R–  (, 1]   2 p   then the range of f(x) is
   e x  e| x|
(D) none of these
 1
(A) R (B) [0, 1] (C) [0, 1) (D) 0, 
4. The domain of the function log1/3 log 4 ([ x]2  5) is  2
(where [x] denotes greatest integer function) sin 2 x  4 sin x  5
(A) [–3, –2)  [3, 4) (B) [–3, –2)  (2, 3] 13. If f(x) = , then range of f(x) is
2 sin 2 x  8 sin x  8
(C) R – [–2, 3) (D) R – [–3, 3]
1  5  5  5 
5. Find domain of the function f(x) = (A)  ,   (B)  ,1 (C)  ,1 (D)  ,  
2  9  9  9 
 2x  1 
 log x  4  log 2  EQUAL FUNCTIONS
2  3 x 
14. Which one of the following pair of functions are iden-
(A) (–4, –3)  (4, ) (B) (– , –3)  (4, ) tical ?
(C) (– , – 4)  (3, ) (D) None of these (ln x)/2
(A) e and x
6. Domain of the function –1 –1
(B) tan (tan x) & cot (cot x)
 | tan x |  tan x  2 4 2 4
f(x) = log2x   , x  R, is : (C) cos x + sin x and sin x + cos x
 2x 
|x|
(A) R – {n + /2, n  Z} (D) and sgn (x) where sgn(x) stands for signum
(B) R+ – {n + /2, n  W} x
(C) R+ – {n + /2, n  Z, 1/2} function.
(D) None of these
15. Let f(x) = sin2(x/2) + cos2(x/2) and g(x) = sec2x – tan2x.
7. Domain of the function The two function are equal over the set :
f(x) = (A) 
 3    
loge  log|sin x| (x 2  8x  23)   (B) R –  x : x  (2n  1) , n  Z 
 log 2 | sin x |   2 
is given by (C) R
(A) (3, 5) (B) (3, )  ( 5) (D) None of these
(C) (3, ) (3/2, 5) (D) None of thes

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 14 Mathematics for JEE Main & Advanced
3 2
16. Which of the following pair of functions is identical ? 26. Let f : R  R be a function defined by f(x) = x + x +
(A) x/x, 1 (B) ln(x2), 2ln(x) 3x + sin x. Then f is
(A) one – one & onto (B) one – one & into
(C) (x 2 ), x (D) (x 2 ) , max.{x, –x} (C) many one & onto (D) many one & into
SPECIAL FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS 4a  7 3 2
27. If f(x) = x + (a – 3) x + x + 5 is a one–one
3
17. If f(x)=2 sin2+4 cos (x+) sin x. sin +cos (2x+2)
function, then
  (A) 2  a  8 (B) 1  a  2
then value of f2(x) + f2   x  is
4  (C) 0  a  1 (D) None of these
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) x2
28. Function f : (– , 1)  (0, e5] defined by f(x) =
18. Total number of solution of 2cos x = |sin x| in [–2, 5] 2

is equal to : e(x 3 x  2)
is
(A) 12 (B) 14 (C) 16 (D) 15 (A) many one and onto (B) many one and into
(C) one one and onto (D) one one and into
19. The sum
1 1 1  1 2  1 3  29. Let f: (e, )  R be defined by f(x) = ln (ln(ln x)),
 2    2  2000    2  2000    2  2000  then
(A) f is one one but not onto
 1 1999  (B) f is onto but not one – one
......    is equal to
 2 2000  (C) f is one–one and onto
(where [ * ] denotes the greatest integer function) (D) f is neither one–one nor onto
(A) 1000 (B) 999 (C) 1001 (D) None
30. If f(x) = 2[x] + cos x, then f: R  R is (where [ * ]
20. y = 2 [x] + 3 & y = 3 [x – 2] + 5 then [x + y] = ? denotes greatest integer function)
(A) 0 (B) 15 (C) 30 (D) 45 (A) one–one and onto (B) one–one and into
21. How many Roots does the following equation posses (C) many–one and into (D) many–one and onto
3|x|(2 – |x|) = 1.
31. If the real-valued function f(x) = px + sinx is a bijective
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 function, then the set of all possible values of p  R is
22. If f(x) = min{|x – 1|, |x|, |x + 1|}, then : (A) R – {0} (B) R
(A) f is odd (B) f is even (C) (0, ) (D) None of these
(C) f is periodic (D) None of these
32. Let S be the set of all triangles and R+ be the set of
23. The number of solution(s) of the equation [x] + 2{–x} positive real numbers. Then the function, f : SR+,
= 3x, is/are (where [ * ] represents the greatest inte- f() = area of the , where S is
ger function and { * } denotes the fractional part of x) (A) injective but not surjective
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 0 (B) surjective but not injective
(C) injective as well as surjective
CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS
(D) neither injective nor surjective
2
24. The function f : [2, )  Y defined by f(x) = x – 4x +
EVEN, ODD FUNCTIONS
5 is both one–one & onto if
(A) Y = R (B) Y = [1, )  1  sin x 
(C) Y = [4, ) (D) Y = [5, ) 33. The function f(x) = log   is
 1  sin x 
25. Let f : R  R be a function defined by f(x) = (A) even (B) odd
2
2x  x  5 (C) neither even nor odd (D) both even & odd
then f is
7 x 2  2 x  10 34. It is given that f(x) is an even function and satisfy the relation
(A) one – one but not onto
xf ( x 2 )
(B) onto but not one – one f(x) = then the value of f(10) is
2  tan 2 x. f ( x 2 )
(C) onto as well as one – one
(D) neither onto nor one – one (A) 10 (B) 100
(C) 50 (D) None of these
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 Function 15
35. Let f(x + y) + f(x – y) = 2f(x)f(y)  x, y  R, f(0)  IMPLICIT , EXPLICIT FUNCTIONS
0. Then f(x) is : 44. Which of the following is implicit functions
(A) even (B) odd (C) periodic (D) none (A) y = x3 + 4x2 + 5x
(B) x + y = 1
36. Let f(x) = |x – 2|+ |x – 3| + |x – 4| and g(x) = f(x + 1).
Then g is : (C) y = 1 – x
(A) periodic (B) even (D) None of thes
(C) odd (D) neither even nor odd FUNCTIONAL EQUATIONS

 x 2  1  1 2 1
3
37. If g : [–2, 2]  R where g(x)=x +tan x +  p  be 45. If y = f (x) satisfies the condition f  x   =x + 2
   x x
an odd function , then the value of the parameter P is (x  0) then f(x) equals
2 2
(A) –5 < P < 5 (B) P < 5 (A) – x + 2 (B) – x – 2
2 2
(C) P>5 (D) None of these (C) x + 2 (D) x – 2

PERIODIC FUNCTIONS 46. If f(x) = a(xn + 3); f(1) = 12, f(3) = 36; then f(2) is
38. Fundamental period of f(x) = sec (sin x) is equal to
(A) /2 (B) 2 (A) 18 (B) 24
(C)  (D) a periodic (C) 21 (D) 27
 x 
39. The period of sin [x] + cos + cos [x], where 47. If f(x + 1) + f(x – 1) = 2f(x) and f(0) = 0, then f(n), n 
4 2 3
N is :
[x] denotes the integral part of x is (A) nf(1) (B) {f(1)}n
(A) 8 (B) 12
(C) 0 (D) none
(C) 24 (D) Non–periodic
INVERSE FUNCTIONS
40. Let f(x) = x (2 – x), 0  x  2. If the definition of ‘f’ is
48. Let f(2, 4)  (1, 3) be a function defined by f(x) = x –
extended over the set, R – [0, 2] by f(x + 2) = f(x), then
‘f’ is a  x –1
(A) periodic function of period 1  2  , then f (x) is equal to (where [ * ] denotes the
 
(B) non-periodic function
greatest integer function)
(C) periodic function of period 2
(D) periodic function of period 1/2 x
(A) 2x (B) x +  
2
| sin x |  | cos x |
41. The period of f(x) = is : (C) x + 1 (D) x – 1
| sin x  cos x |
(A) /2 (B)  49. Let f : [–1, )  [–1, ) be given by f(x) = (x + 1)2 –
(C) 2 (D) None 1. Then the set S such that S = {x : f(x) = f–1(x)} is
given by.
42. If f(x) = sin [a] x has  as its fundamental period then (A) 0 (B) {–1}
(C) {0, –1} (D)None
(where [ * ] denotes the gratest integer function)
(A) a = 1 (B) a = 9 ALGEBRA OF FUNCTIONS
2
(C) a  [1, 2) (D) a  [4, 5) 50. A function f : R  R satisfies the condition, x f(x) +
4
f(1 – x) = 2x – x . Then f(x) is
43. The fundamental period of function f(x) = [x] + 2 2
(A) – x – 1 (B) –x + 1
2 4
 1  2 (C) x – 1 (D) – x + 1
 x  3    x  3  – 3x + 15
   
51. Let f(x) = |x – 1|. Then :
(A) 1/3 (B) 2/3
(A) f(x2) = (f(x))2 (B) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)
(C) 1 (D) Non–periodic
(C) f(|x|) = |f(x)| (D) None of these

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 16 Mathematics for JEE Main & Advanced
COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS EXERCISE -2 (MULTIPLE TYPE)
1. Let f : [–1, 1]  [0, 2] be a linear function which is
1 if x0 onto then f(x) is/are

0 if x0
52. Let g(x) = 1 + x – [x] and f(x) =  , (A) 1 – x (B) 1 + x
 1 if x0 (C) x – 1 (D) x + 2

then  x, fog(x) equals (where [ * ] represents greatest 2. In the following functions defined from [–1, 1] to[–1,
integer function). 1] the functions which are not bijective are
(A) x (B) 1 2
–1 –1
(C) f(x) (D) g(x) (A) sin (sin x) (B) sin (sin x)

x 3
(C) (sgn x ) ln e (D) x sgn x
53. Let f: [0, 1]  [1, 2] defined as f(x) = 1 + x and g :
[1, 2]  [0, 1] defined as g(x) = 2 – x then the 3. A function ‘f’ from the set of natural numbers to inte-
composite function gof is
(A) injective as well as surjective n 1
 2 , when n is odd
(B) Surjective but not injective gers defined by f(n)= 
(C) Injective but non surjective n , when n is even
(D) Neither injective nor surjective  2
is.
1  x : 0  x  2
54. Let f(x) =  . Then (fof)(x) = 0 for : (A) one–one (B) many–one
3  x : 2  x  3
(C) onto (D) into
(A) x = –2, 2, 4 (B) x = –2
(C) x = 2 (D) None of these  1 x 
4. Let f(x) =   , 0  x  1 and g(x) = 4x (1 – x), 0
 1 x 
MIXED PROBLEMS  x  1. then
55. If f(x) = sin44x – cos44 & g(x) = sinx + cosx. Then
1  4x  4x2
    (A) fog = ,0x1
general solution of f(x) =  g    is 1  4x  4x2
  10  
1  4 x  4 x2 1
(A) (2n + 1)/2 (B) n/2 (B) fog = , x1
(C) n (D) Not
1  4x  4x2 2
8 x (1  x )
(C) gof =
(1  x ) 2 , 0  x  1
8 x (1  x )
(D) gof =
(1  x ) 2 , 0  x  1
5. If ‘f’ and ‘g’ are bijective functions and gof is de-
fined then gof must be
(A) injective (B) surjective
(C) bijective(D) into only
4 4
6. The period of the function f(x) = sin 3x + cos 3x is
(A) /6 (B) /3
(C) /2 (D) /12
7. If f : R  [–1, 1], where f(x) = sin /2 [x], (where [*]
dentoes the greatest integer function) then
(A) f(x) is onto (B) f(x) is into
(C) f(x) is periodic (D) f(x) is many one

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 17 Function
sin  [ x] EXERCISE-3 (INTERGER TYPE)
If F(x) = 1. If f(x) = 4x 3 – x 2 – 2x + 1 and g(x) =
8.
{x} , then F(x) is (where {*} denotes
fractional part of function and [*] denotes greatest in- Min.{ f (t ) : 0  t  x} ; 0  x  1
teger function)  then find
 3 x ; 1 x  2
(A) periodic with fundamental period 1 the value of  if 2 = g(1/4) + g(3/4) + g(5/4)
(B) even
2. Find the number of integral values of x in [–, ] which
(C) range is singleton satisfies the domain of f(x)
 { x}  = log 2 {4sin 2 x  2 3 sin x  2 sin x  3  1}
(D) identical to sgn  sgn  – 1,
 { x} 
 1 e
(where { * } denotes fractional part of function and 3. If f(x) = x n2x – x   ,  and range of f(x) is
[ * ] denotes greatest integer function and sgn (x) is a  2e 2 
signum function)  1 
2  a ,b  , then value of a + b is
9. Function f(x) = sin x + tan x + sgn (x – 6x + 10) is  
(A) periodic with period 2 4. Mumber of solutions of the equation
(B) periodic with period   

(C) Non–periodic  (sin 2 x)n  (cos2 x) n  4 in (0, 2) will be

n0 n0
(D) periodic with period 4
 x
10. Which of the following functions are periodic ? 5. Find the period of f(x) = sin [ x]  cos , where [.]
4 2
(A) f(x) = sgn (e–x)
denotes greatest integer function.
(B) f(x) =
6. Suppose f and g both are linear function with f(x) = –
1 if x is a rational number 2x + 1 and f(g(x)) = 6x – 7 and slope of y = g(x) be m
 then 3 - m is equal to
0 if x is an irrational number
2
2 sin x  2 sin x  3
8 8 7. If range of f(x) = 2 is [p, q] then
(C) f(x) =  sin x  sin x  1
1  cos x 1  cos x
6p –3 q equals
 1  1
(D) f(x) =  x     x   + 2 [–x] 2F (n)  1
 2  2 8. If F(n + 1) = , n = 2, ......& F(1) = 2 then
(where [ * ] denotes greatest integer function) 2
F (101)
equals
26
9. Number of solution for | x – 2 | = [–2 ] is ( [–2 ]
denotes greatest integer)
10. The number of elements in the range of
2 
f(x) = [x] + [2x] +  x  + [3x] + [4x] + [5x] for 0 
3 
x < 3 is ....
11. If f(x) is a function such that f(x – 1) + f(x + 1) = 3
250

f(x) and f(5) = 8, then  f (5  12r)  ...

r 0

12. Let f(x)=([a]2 – 5[a]+4) x3 – (6{a}2 – 5{a} + 1)x – sgn

x. (tan x) be an even function for  x  R. If S be the
sum of all possible values of 'a' then [S] is (Here [.] &
{} represent greatest integer & fractional part func-
tions respectively.)

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 18 Mathematics for JEE Main & Advanced
13. Let f(x) be a function such that f(x – 1) + f(x + 1) = Comprehension-1
49

 f (5  12r)  x 2  1, 1  x  1
3 f(x) x  R . If f(5) = 100, then Consider the function f(x) =   n x ,
r 0
 1 x  e
14. The period of the function Let f1(x) = f(|x|)
cos 4 4x 100{ x} f2(x) = |f(|x|)|
 2  x  2  x  
f(x) =  sec    tan    f3 (x) = f(–x)
  10   10   Now answer the following questions.
(where {.} denotes fractional part function) is  , then 1. Number of positive solution of the equation
( /2) is equal to 2f2 (x) – 1 = 0 is (are)
15. Let g(x) be a function such that g(a + b) = g(a). g(b) (A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1
 ab  R. If zero is not an element in range of g,
then g(x). g(–x) is equal to 2. Number of integral solution of the equation
MATRIX MATCH f1 (x) = f2(x) is (are)
1. The graph of the function y = f(x) is as follows. (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
y 3. If f4 (x) = log27 (f3(x) + 2), then range of f4(x) is
1
–2 –1 1 
O 1 2
x
(A) [1, 9] (B)  ,  
–1 3 
Match the function mentioned in Column-I with the  1
respective graph given in Column-II. (C)  0,  (D) [1, 27]
 3

Column – I Column – II
y

1
–2 –1 1 2
(A) y = |f (x) | (P) O
x

–1

(B) y = f(|x|) (Q) –2 –1 O 1 2

x

–1

1
(C) y = f(–|x|) (R) –2 –1 O 1 2
x

–1

1 1
(D) y = (|f(x)| – f(x)) (S) –2 –1 O 1 2
x
2 –1

2. Column - I contains functions and column II

contains their natural domains. Exactly one entry of
column II matches with exactly one entry of column I.
Column – I Column – II
–1  x 1
(A) f(x) = sin   (P) (1, 3)  (3, )
 x 
 x 2  3x  2 
(B) g(x) = n   (Q) (–, 2)
 x 1 
1
 1
(C) h(x) =  n  x  1 
 (R)  ,  
 2   2 

(D)  (x) = n  x2  12  2x  (S) [–3, –1)[1, )

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 Function 19
EXERCISE-4A 8. Let f : R  R be a function defined by f (x) = Min {x
+1, |x| + 1}. Then which of the following is true ?
sin 1 ( x  3) [AIEEE 2007]
1. The domain of the function f (x) = is
9  x2 (1) f (x) is not differentiable at x = 1
[AIEEE 2004] (2) f (x) is differentiable everywhere
(1) [1, 2) (2) [2, 3) (3) [1, 2] (4) [2, 3] (3) f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0
(4) f (x)  1 for all x  R
2. The range of the function f(x) = 7–xPx–3 is-
[AIEEE 2004] 9. Let f : N Y be a function defined as f(x) = 4x + 3
(1) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} (2) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} where Y =  y  N : y = 4x + 3 for some x  N . So
(3) {1, 2, 3} (4) {1, 2, 3, 4} that f is invertible and its inverse is [AIEEE 2008]
3y  4 y3
3. If ƒ : R S defined by ƒ(x) = sinx – 3 cos x + 1 is (1) g(y) = (2) g (y) = 4+
3 4
onto, then the interval of S is- [AIEEE 2004]
y3 y 3
(1) [–1, 3] (2) [–1, 1] (3) [0, 1] (4) [0, –1] (3) g(y) = (4) g(y) =
4 4
4. Let ƒ : (–1, 1) B, be a function defined by ƒ(x) =
10. For real x, let f(x) = x3 + 5x + 1, then :-
2x [AIEEE 2009]
tan–1 1 x 2 , then ƒ is both one-one and onto when B
(1) f is one-one and onto R
is the interval- [AIEEE 2005] (2) f is neither one-one nor onto R
(3) f is one-one but not onto R
          (4) f is onto R but not one-one
(1)   ,  (2)   ,  (3)  0,  (4)  0, 
 2 2  2 2  2  2
11. Let f(x) = (x + 1)2 – 1, x  –1. [AIEEE 2009]
5. A real valued function ƒ(x) satisfies the function Statement–1 : The set {x : f(x) = f–1(x)} = {0, –1}.
equation ƒ(x – y) = ƒ(x)ƒ(y) –ƒ(a – x)ƒ(a + y) where a Statement–2 : f is a bijection.
is a given constant and ƒ(0) = 1, ƒ(2a – x) is equal to (1) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is false.
[AIEEE 2005] (2) Statement–1 is false, Statement–2 is true.
(1) ƒ(1) + ƒ(a – x) (2) ƒ(–x) (3) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true ;
(3) –ƒ(x) (4) ƒ(x) Statement–2 is a correct explanation for Statement–1.
(4) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true ;
3 x 2  9 x  17 Statement–2 is not a correct explanation for statement–1.
6. If x is real, the maximum value of is-
3x 2  9 x  7 1
[AIEEE 2006] 12. The domain of the function f(x) = is :-
| x | x
17 1 [AIEEE 2011]
(1) 41 (2) 1 (3) (4) (1) (–, 0) (2) (–, ) – {0}
7 4
(3) (–, ) (4) (0, )
   
7. The largest internal lying in  ,  for which the 13. Let f be a function defined by f(x) = (x – 1)2 + 1, (x > 1)
 2 2 [AIEEE 2011]
function is defined, Statement - 1 : The set  x : f ( x)  f 1 ( x)  1,2
  x2 1  x   Statement - 2 : f is bijection and f 1 ( x)  1  x  1 ,
 f ( x)  4  cos  2  1   log (cos x )  is
    x > 1.
[AIEEE 2007] (1) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is false.
(2) Statement–1 is false, Statement–2 is true.
      (3) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true ;
(1)   ,  (2)   , 
 2 2  4 2 Statement–2 is a correct explanation for Statement–1.
(4) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true ;
  Statement–2 is not a correct explanation for statement–1.
(3) 0,  (4) [0, ]
 2

Head Office :- Plot No. 46, In front of Skyline Apartments, Corner Building, Rajeev Gandhi nagar, Kota (Raj.) Pin code : 324005
 20 Mathematics for JEE Main & Advanced
14. If f : R  R is a function defined by f(x) = [x] EXERCISE-4B
 2x  1 1. The domain of the definition of the function
cos   , where [x] denotes the greatest integer
 2  1
function, then f is : [AIEEE 2012] f x  
4  x2
 
 log 10 x 3  x is[Online - 2019Main]
(1) continuous only at x = 0.
(A) (–1, 0)  (1, 2)  (3,  )
(2) continuous for every real x.
(B) (–2, –1)  (–1, 0)  (2,  )
(3) discontinuous only at x = 0.
(C) (–1, 0)  (1, 2)  (2,  )
(4) discontinuous only at non-zero integral values of x.
(D) (1, 2)  (2,  )
15. If X = {4n – 3n – 1 : n N} and Y = {9(n – 1) : n  N},
2. Let f(x) = ax (a > 0) be written as f(x) = f1(x) + f2(x),
where N is the set of natural numbers, then X  Y is
where f1(x) is an even function and f2(x) is an odd
equal to : [Main 2014]
function. Then f1(x + y) + f1(x – y) equals
(1) N (2) Y – X
[Online - 2019Main]
(3) X (4) Y
(A) 2f1(x + y). f2(x – y) (B) 2f1(x + y). f1(x – y)
(C) 2f1(x).f2(y) (D) 2f1(x).f1(y)
1
16. If f  x   2f    3x , x  0 and S = { x  R : f (x)
x  3
= f (–x)}; then S : [Main 2016] 3. For x   0,  , let f(x) = x , g(x) = tanx and h(x) =
 2
(1) contains exactly one element.
(2) contains exactly two elements.
1 x 2 
(3) contains more than two elements If (x) = (hof)og)(x), then    is equal to
1 x 2 3
(4) is an empty set.
[Online-2019Main]
17. For x  R, f (x) = |log2 – sinx| and g(x) = f(f(x)), then:
[Main 2016]  11
(A) tan (B) tan
(1) g' (0) = cos (log2) 12 12
(2) g' (0) = – cos(log2)
7 5
(3) g is differentiable at x = 0 and g'(0) = – sin(log2) (C) tan (D) tan
12 12
(4) g is not differentiable at x = 0
4. Let f(x) x 2 , x  R. For any A  R, define
 1 1 g(A) = {x  R: f(x)  A}. If S = [0, 4], then which one
18. The function f : R    ,  defined as f(x) = of the following statemetns is not true?
 2 2
[Online -2019Main]
x (A) f(gS)) = S (B) g(fS))  S
, is : [Main 2017]
1 x2 (C) g(f(S)) = g(S) (D) f(g(S)) = f(S)
(1) neither injective nor surjective.
10
(2) invertible
(3) injective but not surjective 5. Let  f a  k  = 16(2
k 1
10
– 1), where the function f
(4) surjective but not injective.
satisfies f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) for all natural numbers x, y
1 1 and f(1) = 2. Then, the natural number ‘a’ is
19. Let f(x) = x2 + 2 and g(x) = x – , x  R – {–1, [Online - 2019Main]
x x
(A) 2 (B) 4
f (x)
0, 1}. If h(x) = , then the local minimum value (C) 3 (D) 16
g(x)
of h(x) is : [Main 2018]  1 x   2x 
6. If f(x) =   , |x| < 1, then f  2
 is equal to
(1) –3 (2) 2 2  1 x   1 x 
[Online - 2019Main]
(3) 2 2 (4) 3 (A) 2f(x) (B) 2f(x2)
(C) (f(x))2 (D) –2f (x)

Head Office :- Plot No. 46, In front of Skyline Apartments, Corner Building, Rajeev Gandhi nagar, Kota (Raj.) Pin code : 324005
 Function 21

1 13. Let A = {x  R : x is not a positive integer}. Define a

7. For x  R– {0, 1}, let f1(x) = , f (x) = 1 – x and f3(x)
x 2 x
function f : A  R as f(x) = , then f is
1 x 1
= be three given functions. If a function, J(x) [Online - 2019Main]
1 x
satisfies (f2.J.f1) (x) = f3(x), then j(x) is equal to (A) injective but not surjective
[Online - 2019Main] (B) not injective
(C) surjective but not injective
1
(A) f2(x) (B) f3(x) (C) f1(x) (D) f (x) (D) neither injective nor surjective
x 3
8. If the function f : R – {1, –1}  A defined by x
14. The function f : N  N defined by f (x)  x  5   ,
5
x2
f x   , is surjective, then A is equal to where N is set of natural numbers and [x] denotes the
1 x2
greatest integerless than or equal to x, is :
[Online - 2019Main]
[Online April 9, 2017]
(A) R – {–1} (B) [0,  ]
(C) R – [ –1, 0) (D) R – (–1, 0) (A) one-one and onto
(B) one-one but not onto
9. Let a function f : (0,) –– (0,) be defined by f(x) = (C) onto but not one-one
1 (D) neither one-one nor onto
1 . Then, f is [Online - 2019Main]
x
15. Let f(x) = 210.x+1 and g(x) = 310 . x –1. If (fog)(x) = x,
(A) injective only
then x is equal to [Online April 8, 2017]
(B) both injective but it is surjective
(C) not injective but it is surjective 310  1 210  1
(D) neither injective nor surjective (A) (B)
310  210 210  310
10. The number of functions f from {1, 2, 3, .....20} onto
{1, 2, 3, ..., 20} such that f(k) is a multiple of 3, 1  310 1  210
whenever k is a multiple of 4, is (C) (D)
2  310
10
310  210
[Online - 2019Main]
(A) (15)! × 6! (B) 56 × 15 16. Let A = {x1, x2 , ............ , x7} and B = {y1, y2, y3} be
(C) 5! × 6! (D) 65 × (15)! two sets containing seven and three distinct elements
x respectively. Then the total number of functions f : A
11. Let f : R  R be defined by f(x) = x  R. Then,  B that are onto, if there exist exactly three elements
1 x2
x in A such that f(x) = y2, is equal to :
the range of f is [Online -2019Main]
[Online April 11, 2015]
 1 1 (A) 14. C3 (B) 16. C3 (C) 14.7C2 (D) 12.7C2
7 7
(A)  ,  (B) (–1, 1) – {10}
 2 2
| x | 1
17. Let f : R  R be defined by f (x)  then f is :
 1 1 | x | 1
(C) R –  ,  (D) R – [–1, 1]
 2 2 [Online April 19, 2014]
12. Let N be the set of natural numbers and two functions (A) both one-one and onto(B) one-one but not onto
f and g be defined as f, g : N –– N such that (C) onto but not one-one (D) neither one-one nor onto

n 1 18. Let P be the relation defined on the set of all real num-
; if n is odd
 2 bers such that [Online April 9, 2014]

f(n) =  n 2 2
P = {(a, b) : sec a – tan b =1}. Then P is
; if n is even
 2 (A) reflexive and symmetric but not transitive
(B) reflexive and transitive but not symmetric
and g(n) = n – (–1)n. Then, fog is [Online - 2019Main]
(C) symmetric and transitive but not reflexive
(A) one-one but not onto (B) onto but not one-one
(C) both one-one and onto(D) neither one-one nor onto (D) an equivalence relation

Head Office :- Plot No. 46, In front of Skyline Apartments, Corner Building, Rajeev Gandhi nagar, Kota (Raj.) Pin code : 324005
 22 Mathematics for JEE Main & Advanced
19. let R = {(x, y) : x, y  N and x2 – 4xy + 3y2 = 0}, where EXERCISE-4C
N is the set of all natural numbers. Then the relation R 1. Let f(x) = sinx + cosx, g(x) = x2–1. Thus g(f(x)) is
is [Online April 23, 2013]
invertible for x  [JEE 2004]
(A) reflexive but neither symmetric nor transitive.
(B) symmetric and transitive      
(A)  – , 0  (B)  – , 
(C) reflexive and symmetric  2   2 
(D) reflexive and transitive     
(C)  – ,  (D) 0, 
20. Let R = {(3, 3) (5, 5), (9, 9), (12, 12), (15, 12), (3, 9),  4 4  2
(13, 12), (3, 5)} be a relation on set A = {3, 5, 9, 12}.
Then R is [Online April 22, 2013] 2. If functions f (x) and g (x) are defined on R  R such
(A) reflexive, symmetric but not transitive that
(B) symmetric, transitive but not reflexive 0 , x  rational 0 , x  irrational
(C) an equivalence relation f(x) =  , g(x) =  ,
(D) reflexive, and transitive but not symmetric x, x  irrational  x, x  rational
then (f – g) (x) is - [JEE 2005]
21. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and R : A  A be the relation
(A) one-one and onto
defined by R = {(1, 1), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 2)}. The cor-
rect statement is [Online April 9, 2013] (B) neither one-one nor onto
(A) R does not have an inverse (C) one-one but not onto
(B) R is not a one to one function (D) onto but not one-one
(C) R is an onto function
(D) R ios not a function 3. Let f(x) = x2 and g(x) = sinx for all xR. Then the
set of all x satisfying (ƒ o g o g o ƒ) (x) = (g o g
22. If P(S) denotes the set of all subsets of a given set S,
then the number of one-to-one functions from the set o ƒ) (x), where (ƒ o g) (x) = ƒ(g(x)), is-
S = {1, 2, 3} to the set P(S) is[Online May 19, 2012] [JEE 2011]
(A) 24 (B) 8 (C) 336 (D) 320 (A) ± n , n  0,1, 2, ....
+
23. If A = {x  z : x < 10 and x is a multiple of 3 of 4}, (B) ± n , n  1, 2, ...
where z+ is the set of positive integers, then the total
number of symmetric relations on A is 
(C) + 2n , n  {...., –2, –1, 0,1, 2,.....}
[Online May 12, 2012] 2
(A) 2 5
(B) 2 15
(C) 210 (D) 220 (D) 2n , n  {...., –2, –1,0,1,2,.....}

24. Let A and B be non empty sets in R and f : A  B is 4. The function ƒ : [0,3]  [1,29], defined by ƒ(x) = 2x3 –
the bijective function. [Online May 26, 2012]
15x2 + 36x + 1, is : [JEE 2012]
Statement 1 : d is an onto function
Statement 2 : There exists a function g : B  A such (A) one-one and onto
that fog = IB . (B) onto but not one-one
(A) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
(B) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true ; State- (C) one-one but not onto
ment -2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1. (D) neither one-one nor onto
(C) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
(D) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true ; State- 2
ment -2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1. 5. Let ƒ : (–1,1)  IR be such that ƒ(cos4  )=
2 – sec 2 
for
    1 
   0,    ,  . Then the value(s) of ƒ   is (are)-
 4  4 2  3 
[JEE 2012]
3 3
(A) 1 – (B) 1 +
2 2
2 2
(C) 1 – (D) 1 +
3 3

Head Office :- Plot No. 46, In front of Skyline Apartments, Corner Building, Rajeev Gandhi nagar, Kota (Raj.) Pin code : 324005
 Function 23
6. For every pair of continuous functions f, g : [0, 1]    
R such that max {f(x) : x  [0, 1]} = max {g(x) : 9. Let f(x) = sin  sin  sin x   for all x  R and g(x)
 6  2 
x  [0, 1]}, the correct statement(s) is (are) :

[JEE Ad. 2014] = sin x for all x  R. Let (fog) (x) denote f(g(x))
2
(A) (f(c))2 + 3f(c) = (g(c))2 + 3g(c) for some c  [0, 1] and (gof) (x) denote g(f(x)). Then which of the follow-
(B) (f(c))2 + f(c) = (g(c))2 + 3g(c) for some c  [0, 1] ing is (are) true ? [JEE Ad. 2015]
(C) (f(c))2 + 3f(c) = (g(c))2 + g(c) for some c  [0, 1]
 1 1
(D) (f(c))2 = (g(c))2 for some c  [0, 1] (A) Range of f is   , 
 2 2
1 1
7.
  
Let f :   ,   R be given by f(x) = (log(sec x + (B) Range of fog is   , 
 2 2  2 2

tan x))3. Then, [JEE Ad. 2014] f x 

(C) Lim 
(A) f(x) is an odd function x 0 gx 6
(B) f(x) is a one-one function (D) There is an x  R such that (gof) (x) = 1
(C) f(x) is an onto function 10. Let f : R  R, g : R  R and h : R  R be differen-
(D) f(x) is an even function tiable functions such that f(x) = x3 + 3x + 2 , g(f(x))
= x and h (g(g(x))) = x for all x  R . Then
8. Let f1 : R  R, f2 : [0,  )  R, f3 :R  R and f4 : R [JEE Ad. 2016]
[0,  ) be defined by [JEE Ad. 2014]
1
(A) g'(2) = (B) h' (1) = 666
15
 x if x  0
f1  x    x ; (C) h(0) = 16 (D) h(g(3)) = 36
e if x  0
11. Let f : R  (0, 1) be a continuous function. Then,
which of the following function(s) has(have) the value
sin x if x  0
f2 (x) = x2 ; f3  x    ; zero at some point in the interval (0, 1) ?
x if x  0
[JEE Ad. 2017]
x
 f 2  f1  x   if x  0 (A) ex –  0
f(t) sin t dt
f4  x   
 f 2  f1  x    1 if x  0 
(B) f(x) + 2 f(t) sin t dt
0
List - I List - II

(p) f4 is (1) onto but not one-one (C) x – 2
x
f(t) cos t dt
(q) f3 is (2) neither continuous nor one-one

0

(r) f2 o f1 is (3) differentiable but not one-one (D) x9 – f(x)

(s) f2 is (4) continuous and one-one 12. Let f : R  R and g : R  R be two non-constant
Codes : differentiable functions. If f’(x) = (e(f(x)) – g(x)) g’(x) for
p q r s all x  R, and f(1) = g(2) = 1, then which of the
(A) 3 1 4 2 following statement(s) is (are) TRUE ?

(B) 1 3 4 2 [JEE Ad. 2018]

(C) 3 1 2 4 (A) f (2) < 1 – loge2

(B) f (2) > 1 – loge2
(D) 1 3 2 4
(C) g (1) > 1 – loge2
(D) g (1) < 1 – loge2

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 24 Mathematics for JEE Main & Advanced

 x 
13. Let E1  x  R : x  1and  0 and
 x  1 

   x  
E2  x E1 : sin1  loge    isarealnumber
   x  1  

[JEE Ad. 2018]

(Here, the inverse trigonometric function sin –1x as-

  
sumes values in   ,  .) Let f : E1 · R be the
 2 2

 x 
function defined by f(x) = loge   and g : E2 ·
 x  1
R be the function defined by g(x) =

  x 
sin 1  log e  
  x 1  
LIST – I LIST–II

 1   e 
(P) The range of f is (1)  ,  ,
 1  e   e  1 
(Q) The range of g contains (2) (0, 1)
 1 1
(R) The domain of f contains (3)   , 
 2 2
(S) The domain of g is (4) (–, 0)  (0, )
 e 
(5)  ,
 e  1 

1 e 
(6) (–, 0)   , 
 2 e  1
The correct option is
(A) P  4; Q  2; R  1; S  1
(B) P  3; Q  3; R  6; S  5
(C) P  4; Q  2; R  1; S  6
(D) P  4; Q  3; R  6; S  5

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 Function 25
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE-1
1. D 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. A 6. D 7. D 8. B 9. B 10. D 11. D 12. D 13. C
14. C 15. B 16. D 17. B 18. B 19. A 20. B 21. B 22. B 23. C 24. B 25. D 26. A
27. A 28. D 29. C 30. C 31. D 32. B 33. B 34. D 35. A 36. D 37. C 38. C 39. C
40. C 41. B 42. D 43. A 44. B 45. D 46. C 47. A 48. C 49. C 50. B 51. D 52. B
53. A 54. C 55. A

EXERCISE-2
1. AB 2. BCD 3. AC 4. AC 5. ABC 6. ABC 7. BCD 8. BCD 9. AD 10. ABCD

EXERCISE-3
1. 5 2. 6 3. 2 4. 4 5. 8 6. 6 7. 4 8. 2 9. 0 10. 30 11. 2008 12. 11
13. 5000 14. 5 15. 1

MATRIX
1. A  s ; B  r ; C  p; D  q
2. A  r ; B  s ; C  p; D  q

PASSAGE - BASED
1. C 2. D 3. C

EXERCISE-4A
1. 2 2. 3 3. 1 4. 2 5. 3 6. 1 7. 3 8. 2 9. 4 10. 1 11. 4
12. 1 13. 2 14. 2 15. 4 16. 2 17. 1 18. 4 19. 3

PART-B
1. C 2. D 3. B 4. C 5. C 6. A 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. A 11. A
12. B 13. A 14. D 15. D 16. A 17. D 18. C 19. C 20. D 21. D 22. B
23. C 24. D

PART-C
1. C 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. AB 6. AD 7. ABC 8. D 9. ABC 10. BC
11. C, D12. B, C 13. A

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