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Fundamentals of
Fluid Mechanics
(Solutions Manual)
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148E Air enters a
compressor at ambient
conditions of 15 psia and
60°F with a low velocity
and exits at 150 psia,
620°F, and 350 ft/s. The
compressor is cooled by
the ambient air at 60°F at
a rate of 1500 Btu/min.
The power input to the
compressor is 400 hp.
Determine (a) the mass
flow rate of air and (b)
the rate of entropy
generation. 7–149 Steam
enters an adiabatic nozzle
at 4 MPa and 450°C with
a velocity of 70 m/s and
exits at 3 MPa and 320
m/s. If the nozzle has an
inlet area of 7 cm2,
determine (a) the exit
temperature and (b) the
rate of entropy
generation for this
process. Answers: (a)
422.3°C, (b) 0.0361 kW/K
Special Topic: Reducing
the Cost of Compressed
Air 7–150 Compressed air
is one of the key utilities
in manufacturing
facilities, and the total
installed power of
compressedair systems in
the United States is
estimated to be about 20
million horsepower.
Assuming the
compressors to operate
at full load during one-
third of the time on
average and the average
motor efficiency to be 85
percent, determine how
much energy and money
will be saved per year if
the energy consumed by
compressors is reduced
by 5 percent as a result of
implementing some
conservation measures.
Take the unit cost of
electricity to be
$0.07/kWh. 7–151 The
energy used to compress
air in the United States is
estimated to exceed one-
half quadrillion (0.5 1015)
kJ per year. It is also
estimated that 10 to 40
percent of the
compressed air is lost
through leaks. Assuming,
on average, 20 percent of
the compressed air is lost
through air leaks and the
unit cost of electricity is
$0.07/kWh, determine
the amount and cost of
electricity wasted per
year due to air leaks. 7–
152 The compressed-air
requirements of a plant
at sea level are being met
by a 125-hp compressor
that takes in air at the
local atmospheric
pressure of 101.3 kPa and
the average temperature
of 15°C and compresses it
to 900 kPa. An
investigation of the
compressed-air system
and the equipment using
the compressed air
reveals that compressing
the air to 750 kPa is
sufficient for this plant.
The compressor operates
3500 h/yr at 75 percent
of the rated load and is
driven by an electric
motor that has an
efficiency of 88 percent.
Taking the price of
electricity to be
$0.085/kWh, determine
the amount of energy and
money saved as a result
of reducing the pressure
of the compressed air. 7–
153 A 150-hp compressor
in an industrial facility is
housed inside the
production area where
the average temperature
during operating hours is
25°C. The average
temperature outdoors
during the same hours is
10°C. The compressor
operates 4500 h/yr at 85
percent of rated load and
is driven by an electric
motor that has an
efficiency of 90 percent.
Taking the price of
electricity to be
$0.07/kWh, determine
the amount of energy and
money saved as a result
of drawing outside air to
the compressor instead of
using the inside air. 7–
154 The compressed-air
requirements of a plant
are being met by a 100-
hp screw compressor that
runs at full load during 40
percent of the time and
idles the rest of the time
during operating hours.
The compressor
consumes 35 percent of
the rated power when
idling and 90 percent of
the power when
compressing air. The
annual operating hours of
the facility are 3800 h,
and the unit cost of
electricity is $0.075/kWh.
It is determined that the
compressed-air
requirements of the
facility during 60 percent
of the time can be met by
a 25- hp reciprocating
compressor that
consumes 95 percent of
the rated power when
compressing air and no
power when not
compressing air. It is
estimated that the 25-hp
compressor runs 85
percent of the time. The
efficiencies of the motors
of the large and the small
compressors at or near
full load are 0.90 and
0.88, respectively. The
efficiency of the large
motor at 35 percent load
is 0.82. Determine the
amount of energy and
money saved as a result
of switching to the 25-hp
compressor during 60
percent of the time. 7–
155 The compressed-air
requirements of a plant
are being met by a 125-
hp screw compressor.
The facility stops
production for one hour
every day, including
weekends, for lunch
break, but the
compressor is kept
operating. The
compressor consumes 35
percent of the rated
power when idling, and
the unit cost of electricity
is $0.09/kWh. Determine
the amount of energy and
money saved per year as
a result of turning the
compressor off during
lunch break. Take the
efficiency of the motor at
part load to be 84
percent. 7–156 The
compressed-air
requirements of a plant
are met

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Appointment holder in
government
organisations of
Pakistan refers to all
those serving officials,
whose services are
accredited to the state
and Government of
Pakistan. Their
recruitment and
appointment in
respective services are
carried out as specified
in the 1973 Constitution
of Pakistan. No
distinction based on
gender, ethnic, racial,
and sectarian factors is
carried out in
appointment and
selection of appointees.
Vacancies within each
establishment for
employment of official
staff are legally
sanctioned by the
legislators and decision-
making bodies. All
organs of the state are
organized in hierarchical
order and officials
serving therein are
categorised in various
fields as per the
technical expertise
entailed by each official
post.

Contents

1Pay scales of employees

2Equivalence of Officials
based on pay scales in
Pakistan
3Equivalence of Gazetted
Officers based on pay
scales in Pakistan
4Gazetted Officers in
Pakistan
5Promotion opportunities
6References
7External links

Pay scales of
employees[edit]
Responsibilities and
tasks pertaining to each
official position vary with
the type of organisation,
in which appointees are
working. Thus, various
pay scales are
determined in
accordance with the
nature of the job and by
giving due consideration
to the competitive
environment. Each type
of pay scale may vary
with regard to amount
paid to each official
along with perks and
privileges. But
equivalence criteria
within various types of
pay scales has also
been laid down, as
stipulated in the
following table.

S.No

Basic
BPS- BPS- BPS- BPS- BPS- BPS- BPS-
1. pay
1~4 5~6 7~8 9~10 11~12 13~14 15~16
scales

Special SPS-
SPS- SPS- SPS- SPS- SPS- SPS-
2. pay 07A(Staff
01 02 03 04 05 06
scales Cadre)

Military
E-2 & E-5 &
3. pay E-1 E-4 E-7 E-8 E-9
E-3 E-6
scales

Equivalence of Gazetted Officers based on pay scales in

Pakistan[edit]
S.N Pay scale Stage Stage Stage Stage Stage Stage
Stage-5 Stage-7
o type -1 -2 -3 -4 -6 -8

BPS-
Basic pay 16 & BPS- BPS- BPS- BPS- BPS- BPS-
1. BPS-21
scale BPS- 18 19 20 22 Spec Apex
17

2. Special pay SPS-7 SPS-9 SPS- SPS- SPS-12 SPS- SPS-14 –

scales & 10 11 13
 SPS-8

Military pay O-1, 2 O-6 &

3. O-4 O-5 O-8 O-9 O-10 –
scales &3 7

Higher
O-
4. Judicial pay – – – – J-III J-II J-I
Apex
scales

Managemen
5. – – – MP-III MP-II MP-I MP-Spec –
t pay scales

State Bank
OG-1, OG-5,
6. of Pakistan OG-3, OG-6 OG-7 OG-8 Governor –
OG-2 OG-4
pay scales

National
Bank of OG-3, OG-1, Presiden
7. VP SVP EVP SEVP –
Pakistan OG-2 AVP t
pay scales

Higher
Education
TTS- TTS- TTS-
8. Commission – – TTS-II TTS-I –
III MP Spec
(HEC) pay
scales

HoM HoM
Diplomatic HoM HoM Grd- HoM
9. – – – Grd- Grd-
pay scales Grd-III II Grd-I
Spec Apex

OG-1
SSGC pay OG-6,
10. To OG-5, OG-8 DMD MD – –
scales OG-7
OG-4

11. Pakistan EG-01 EG-03 EG-05 EG-07 EG-09 To DG – –

Civil To EG To To To EG-10
Aviation -02 EG-04 EG-06 EG-08 and ADG
Authority (Serving
 Air Vice
Marshal
(BPS-21)
on
Pay scales
deputation
from
Pakistan
Air Force.)

FMU-6
(Serving
Executive
FMU- Director
Financial
1& FMU- FMU- FMU- (OG-8) on
12. Monitoring
FMU- 3 4 5 Deputatio
Unit
2 n from
State
Bank of
Pakistan.)