Nomen mihi est _________________________ Gerunds & Gerundives & Periphrastics

Gerunds/Gerundives —each time you rate yourself, you will use a different symbol so you
can see what progress you are making. 1st, use , 2nd use , 3rd use , 4th use
Initium Pars prima I got nihil. I got I get
aliquid… totum!
I can describe the characteristics of a gerund. 1 2 3 4 5 6
I can describe the characteristics of a gerundive. 1 2 3 4 5 6
I can create, decline, translate the forms of the gerund. 1 2 3 4 5 6
I can create, decline, translate the forms of the gerundive. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Pars secunda I got nihil. I got I get
aliquid… totum!
I can use a gerund in a purpose expression. 1 2 3 4 5 6
I can use a gerundive in a purpose expression. 1 2 3 4 5 6
I can describe two ways to express purpose using a gerund 1 2 3 4 5 6
or gerundive.
Pars tertia I got nihil. I got I get
aliquid… totum!
I can identify a gerund in a sentence. 1 2 3 4 5 6
I can identify a gerundive in a sentence. 1 2 3 4 5 6
I can identify the gender/number/case AND use of a gerund 1 2 3 4 5 6
or gerundive in a sentence.
Gerunds and Gerundives
Gerund Gerundive
Type of Word
Voice
Formula and English

Create the gerund and gerundive for the following verbs:

Latin Gerund Gerundive
1. arbitror, arbitrari
2. teneo, tenere
3. duco, ducere
4. sequor, sequi
5. munio, munire

English verbal in –ing

Latin gerund Latin gerundive

Both are used to express purpose in two different ways
ad + acc. = to ____________ (when to= ____________________)
ad spectandum-to watch ad spectandas vias-to watch the roads

gen + causā/gratiā= for the sake of _____________________ ing

legend causā-for the sake of reading legendorum librorum causā-for the sake of reading books

EXERCISE A: Identify whether the “ing” word is a gerund or gerundive. Identify its case and use.

1. for the sake of fleeing 5. by trusting him

2. by crossing the sea 6. about suffering

3. locations suitable for fighting 7. talking about the war was not easy

4. to hear the message 8. for the sake of catching the enemy

EXERCISE B: For the following sentences: 1) Determine if the sentence would have a gerund/gerundive, 2)
Identify the case and use of the gerund/gerundive, 3) translate just the gerund/gerundive into Latin.
STEPS TO CREATE A GERUNDIVE:
1) Put the noun modified by the gerundive/future passive participle in the right case/number – Gallus, a,
um into masculine ablative plural for ablative means --> “Gallis”
2) Create the gerundive/future passive participle – vinco, vincere, vici, victus - 3rd conjugation –>
“vinceNDus, a, um”
3) Make the gerundive/future passive participle modify the noun -> “vinceNDis”

1. Caesar won the war by conquering the Gauls.

2. The Helvetii planned to increase their territory by conquering the other Gauls.

3. Caesar chose a place suitable for fighting.

4. Caesar sailed to Britain for the sake of accomplishing a new feat.

5. He decided to sail to reach Britain before winter.

EXERCISE C: Schematize and translate the following and identify whether the sentence contains a
gerund or gerundive. Finally, give the case and use of the gerund/gerundive
STEPS:
1) Look at the “ND” word
2) Does it end in -i, -o, -um, -o?
2a) If yes, look to see whether it is the same gender, number, case as a noun it is modifying
-If it is modifying a noun, it is a gerundive
-translate it “gerundiving the noun modified” or “verbing the noun”
-If it is alone, it is a gerund
-translate it “gerunding” or “verbing”
 2b) If no, it is a gerundive
-Translate it “gerundiving the noun modified” or “verbing the noun”

1. Nuntios virorum inveniendorum causā dimisit.

2. Caesar tela virosque ad pugnandum paravit.

3. Parvum tempus faciendo itineri dedit.

4. Caesar fluminis transeundi gratiā accessit.

5. Ad eas res conficiendas rogatus est.

6. Ad laudandum venerunt.

7. Caesar ad provinciam ad servandum populum veniebat.

8. Caesar animorum confirmandorum causā viros verbis hortatus est.

Gerund-Gerundive Flip
A gerundive is a future passive participle. It is a verbal adjective which agrees with a noun in case,
number, and gender.

Look at the following example in Caesar’s De Bello Gallico, Book I.1:

ad animōs effēminandōs – literally, for courage (going/about) to be softened

Because it is awkward to translate literally, readers should often employ a “gerund-gerundive flip” and
translate the gerundive as a gerund, a verbal noun (e.g. softening), and the noun modified by the
gerundive as the gerund’s object.

Gerund-Gerundive Flip
 change ad animōs effēminandōs →
ad effēminandum animōs
and translate literally, for softening courage

Translate the gerundive and the noun modified gerundiving the noun. Ad + gerund + object is in fact
uncommon in Latin but it is an easy way to translate ad + noun + gerundive into good English.
This is a popular construction in Caesar. So, be prepared.

Periphrastics —each time you rate yourself, you will use a different symbol so you
can see what progress you are making. 1st, use , 2nd use , 3rd use , 4th use
Initium Pars quarta I got nihil. I got I get
aliquid… totum!
I can describe what an active periphrastic expresses. 1 2 3 4 5 6
I can list and identify the parts of an active periphrastic. 1 2 3 4 5 6
I can schematize and translate an active periphrastic. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Pars quinta I got nihil. I got I get
aliquid… totum!
I can describe what a passive periphrastic expresses. 1 2 3 4 5 6
I can list and identify the parts of a passive periphrastic. 1 2 3 4 5 6
I can schematize and translate a passive periphrastic 1 2 3 4 5 6
without a dative of agent.
I can schematize and translate a passive periphrastic with a
dative of agent.

Participles are ____________________________________________________

All participles have ____________________ and ______________________.

Active Passive
Present PRES STEM + NS (NOM) NTIS
(GEN) XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
3RD/IO/4TH ADD ENS, ENTIS
DECLINES LIKE 3RD DECL
ENGLISH—VERBING
Perfect 4TH PRINCIPAL PART
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX DECLINES LIKE 1ST/2ND
ENGLISH—HAVING BEEN VERBED

Future 4TH PP MINUS –US + URUS, A, UM A.K.A. GERUNDIVE

DECLINES LIKE 1ST/2ND DECLINES LIKE 1ST/2ND
ENGLISH—ABOUT TO VERB ENGLISH –(ABOUT) TO BE VERBED

The Active Periphrastic—used to express INTENTION

Formula: NOMINATIVE (NOM SUBJ) + FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE (PRED NOM) + FORM OF SUM

Translation: THE NOM IS GOING/ABOUT TO PARTICIPLE

EXERCISE A: Schematize and translate the sentences.

1. Iuppiter auxilium Herculi daturus est quod est pater Herulis.

2. Hercules ducturus milites in proelium erat ubi signum datum est.

3. Hercules Amazones petiturus est quod sui impetum magnum accipiunt.

The Passive Periphrastic—used to express OBLIGATION/NECESSITY

Type 1 (no dative): NOM (NOM SUBJ) + GERUNDIVE (PRED NOM) + FORM OF SUM

Translation: (PASSIVE) THE NOM HAS TO (MUST)/HAD TO/WILL HAVE TO BE GERUNDIVED

Type 2 (with dative): NOM (NOM SUBJ) + GERUNDIVE (PRED NOM) + FORM OF SUM + DAT AGENT

Translation: (ACTIVE) THE DATIVE HAS TO (MUST)/HAD TO/ WILL HAVE TO GERUNDIVE THE NOM

EXERCISE B: Schematize and translate the sentences.

1. Populus Thebarum servandus erat, quoniam Minyae saevi Creontem terrebant.

2. Quidam e populis iuvandi erant ubi Minyae ad eos accedebant.

3. Nuntius ad Herculem regi portandus erat.

4. Hercules dixit verba ad ducem ferenda legatis esse.