DIVISIONS AND

GENRE OF
LITERATURE
DIVISIONS
•PROSE
OF
•POETRY
LITERATURE
 PROSE
- also called as “ordinary writing“.
- made up of sentences and paragraphs, without any
metrical (or rhyming) structure.
 TYPES
OF PROSE

PROSE DRAMA
- consist of entirely dialogues in prose, and is meant to be act on stage.

1. Essay– a short literary composition in which the author shares his thoughts feelings,
experiences, or observations on some aspects of life that has interested him.

2. Prose Fiction– something invented, imagined, or feigned to be true.

Types:
• Novel – a long fiction narrative with a complicated plot.
• Short Story – a fictitious narrative compressed into one unit of time,
place and action.
 TYPES
OF PROSE

3. Biography and Autobiography

• Biography– a story of a certain person’s life written by another who knows
the subject well.
• Autobiography– a written account of man’s life written by himself.

4. Letter– a personal written or printed message addressed to a person or organization.

5. Diary– a daily written record of own experiences, thoughts, activities or observations.

6. Journal– a magazine or periodical especially of serious or learned nature.

 POETRY

- a literature that evokes a concentrated imaginative awareness of

experience or a specific emotional response through language
chosen and arranged for its meaning, sound, and rhythm.
 TYPES
OF POETRY
Types:
NARRATIVE • Metrical Poem- tells a story of adventure, love and chivalry.

• Metrical Tale– a narrative poem consisting usually a single

POETRY series connective events that are simple, and generally do not
form a plot.

a poem that tells a story using poetic
flair
• Ballad– a short narrative poem telling a single incident in simple
meter and stanzas. It is meant to be sung.
• Popular ballad – a ballad of wide workman ship telling some
simple incidents of adventure, cruelty, passion, or superstition,
an incident that shows the primary instincts of man influenced
by the restraint of modern civilization.
 TYPES
OF POETRY
Types:
NARRATIVE •Modern or artistic– created by poet in
imitation of the folk ballad, makes use of
POETRY many of its devices and conventions.

a poem that tells a story using poetic •Metrical Allegory– an extended narrative that
carries a second meaning along worth the
flair surface story.
 TYPES
OF POETRY
LYRIC Types:
• Ode- a dignified and elaborately structured lyric poem praising
POETRY and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or
describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally.

it expresses the author’s thoughts,
feelings, moods and reflections in
musical language
• Elegy– written in elegiac couplets, that expresses sorrow or
lamentation, usually for one who has died.
• Song– a lyric poem in a regular metrical pattern set to music.
• Sonnet– a lyric poem containing four iambic pentameter lines,
and a complicated rhyme.

DRAMATIC
POETRY
written in verse and is meant to be
spoken or acted out, usually to tell a
story or portray a situation
TYPES
OF POETRY
Types:
• Comedy- lighter in tone and the purpose is to make the
audience laugh.
• Tragedy – have darker themes, such as disaster, pain, and
death.
• Farce - a nonsensical genre of drama, which often
overacts or engages slapstick humor.
• Melodrama- an exaggerated drama, which is sensational
and appeals directly to the senses of the audience.
 TYPES
OF POETRY
DRAMATIC Types:

POETRY • Thriller/Action- a drama with dark, engrossing, and suspenseful

plot.

• Crime Drama– focuses on crimes and the efforts of police

written in verse and is meant to be
officers and detectives to solve it.
spoken or acted out, usually to tell a
• Romance– about human relationships and the various conflicts
story or portray a situation and complications that emerge from them.

• Historical Drama- the story takes place in the past.

 TYPES
OF POETRY
DRAMATIC Styles:

POETRY • Dramatic Monologue- is a literary device that is used

when a character reveals his or her innermost thoughts and
feelings, those that are hidden throughout the course of the
written in verse and is meant to be story line, through a poem or a speech.

spoken or acted out, usually to tell a • Soliloquy- is the act of speaking while alone, especially
when used as a theatrical device that allows a character’s
story or portray a situation thoughts and ideas to be conveyed to the audience.
 TYPES
OF POETRY

HUMOROUS • a kind of poetry that the writer doesn't intend to be taken

seriously, and which raises a smile, or even a laugh,
POETRY from the reader.
LITERARY GENRES
 SHORT STORY
- a brief fictional narrative work that is shorter than a novel and usually written in prose.

What makes a good short story?

• A short story is a piece of prose fiction which can be read
at a single sitting.
• It ought to combine matter-of-fact description with poetic
atmosphere.
• It ought to present a unified impression of temper, tone,
color, and effect.
• It mostly shows a decisive moment of life.
• There is often little action, hardly any character
development, but we get a snapshot of life.
• Its plot is not very complex but it creates a unified
impression and leaves us with a vivid sensation rather
than a number of remembered facts.
 Characters
Characterization
ELEMENTS OF Style
Point of View
Irony
Plot
FICTION Setting
Theme
Tone and Mood
Symbolism
 CHARACTERS

- the emotional, mental, and social qualities to

distinguish one entity from another like people, animals, spirits,
automatons, furniture, and other animated objects
(Dr. Hallet, Elements of Fiction).
 CHARACTERS
TYPES FUNCTIONS
One-dimensional or They are usually the extras in the story. Protagonists The main character in the story.
Flat Characters
Two- Dimensional Characters They are used as vessels to carry out the Antagonist The opposing character in the story.
story. Usually, they cause struggles or
conflicts in the story.
Round Characters Fully-developed characters. They are Confidents The conspirators or side-kicks of the
prone to change. protagonist. They are usually peers or
the best friends of the main character.
Static Characters These characters never change, even Foils The mirror or backdrop of the main
from the beginning to the end of the character in the story, in which they
story. both have the same struggles but
different results.
Dynamic Characters They are developing characters. They
change or develop through the story.
Stock Characters Borrowed characters.

Stereotypes Characters who show common

judgements of qualities.
Universal Characters Characters with traits and problems
common to all humanity.
Individual Characters They are unusual of strange characters.
 CHARACTERIZATION

- how the writer reveals the characters in the story.

• ANTHROPOMORPHIC
CHARACTERIZATION
- writer turns divines, powerful beings, animals, things, and natural
phenomena as people.
 CHARACTERIZATION

PROCESS
Expository or Direct Characters are described or explained by the
Presentation narrator of the story.
Dramatic or Indirect Characters are revealed what kind are they
Presentation through actions. It can be through:
✔ His or her own actions, behavior, speech,
and recorded thoughts; and
✔ Qualities that are apparent by what other
characters say about him or her.
 STYLE

- verbal identify of the writer.

- how the writer creatively deliver the story by choosing the best words
or phrases he or she thinks that suit best.
 STYLE

Diction The writer’s word choice.

Sentence Structure Simple or complex sentences, according to what the writer chooses.

Syntax Sentence pattern of language; grammatical or ungrammatical arrangement of words.

Language The abstract or concrete way of writing the story.

Dialogue Either the story has more dialogues than description, or dialogues limited only to characters.

Imagery Sensory details such as similes, metaphors, and onomatopoeias. It includes:

1. Visual 4. Tactile
2. Aural 5. Gustatory
3. Olfactory

Allegory The symbols, characters, and events come to represent a different metaphysical, political, or social
situation.
Symbols Concrete objects or images that have important meanings.
✔ Established (General) - the symbols have universal meaning.
✔ Private (Personal) - the symbols have particular meaning.
Motifs Helps in developing the theme of the story.
 POINT OF VIEW

- refers to who tells the story, how it is told, or

whose life even is centered in the story.

TYPES
First Person (I, we) The character tells the story.
Second Person (you) The reader is the character of the
story.
Third Person (he, she) The story reveals different
characters.
• NARRATIVE
- VOICE
describes the situation and reveals the characters in the story.
- done by authors

TYPES
Omniscient The story is told by the third person. The narrator’s knowledge and control are
unlimited.
Limited Omniscient The story is told by the third person, but with limited knowledge about the past
happenings before the story.
Objective or Dramatic The opposite of omniscient. It relies on the external action and dialogues, and does
not give opportunity to interpretations of the story..
Framed Narrative It reveals whose point of view it is. It also tells the beginning of everything in the
story, or the origin of something.
First Person The story is told by the character of the story.
✔ Interior Monologue- overheard thoughts of the character.
✔ Subjective Narration- the sharing of his or her side to the readers to assume values
or views the readers do not presume.
✔ Detached Autobiography- reflection or flashing back of the past self or story.
✔ Memoir or Observer Narration- the eye-witness of the story.
 IRONY

- the use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its

literal meaning.

KINDS
Verbal Irony What is said is opposite to what is really meant.

Dramatic Irony What the character believes is opposite to what

truth the reader knows.
Situational Irony What happened is opposite to what is expected
to happen.
 PLOT
- the series of events and actions that occur in a story.
Structure:
CLIMAX
• Exposition- It is the use of an object, person, situation or word to represent something
else, like an idea, in literature.

• Rising Action - the characters are in crisis and events leading up to facing the conflict
begin to unfold. The story becomes complicated.
RISING FALLING
• Climax- at the peak of the story, a major event occurs in which the main character
faces a major enemy, fear, challenge, or other source of conflict. ACTION ACTION

• Falling Action- the story begins to slow down and work towards its
end, tying up loose ends.
RESOLUTION/
EXPOSITION DENOUMENT
• Resolution/Denouement- like a concluding paragraph that resolves any remaining
issues and ends the story.
 PLOT
A. Conflict – the opposition of forces or characters.
Types:
1. Man vs. Man 3. Man vs. Nature
2.Man vs. Society 4. Man vs. Self

B. Flashback- shows the past event which causes the story or event to happen.

C. Foreshadowing- shows hints of future event that will happen because of the present story or event.

D. Resolution- the ending of the story.

Types:
• Happy ending
• Tragic ending
• Open-ending/Lack of or Partial Resolution/Indeterminate

E. Deus ex Machina (God from the Machine) - it is when someone or something appears out of the
blue to help the character to overcome a difficulty (Dr. Hallet, Elements of Fiction)
 SETTING
- refers to when (time) and where (place)
the story happened.
TONE/MOOD
- Tone is the narrator’s attitude toward his
subject and the audience.
- Mood is the atmosphere of the story. It may
be happy, sad, or tragic.
THEME
- central or main idea of the story.
SYMBOLISM
- it is the use of an object, person,
situation or word to represent something
else, like an idea.
ELEMENTS OF Form
Lines
Stanzas
Rhyme
POETRY Rhythm
Euphony
• Form- the physical structure of the poem- the length of the lines, their rhythms, their system
of rhymes and repetition.

• Lines- the vehicle of the author’s thoughts and ideas; the building blocks to create a poem.

• Stanzas- the grouping of the lines.

• Rhyme- is the sonic imitation usually of end syllables of words.

Types:
1. End Rhyme –the rhyme takes place at the end of a line.
2. Internal Rhyme -rhyming takes place somewhere within the line and not at the end.

• Pattern- the accurate arrangement and development of material (in both visual and aural
form) components of words in specific repetitive or serial forms.

• Rhythm- the beat, flow, or pace of a poem.

• Euphony- the combination of agreeable and melodious sounds which make a poem pleasant
to listen to.
 OTHER ELEMENTS:

• Speaker- The poem’s speaker is the person who is addressing the reader.

• Content- the subject of the poem.

• Theme- is the meaning of the poem – the main idea that the poet is trying to communicate.

• Shape and Form- the actual shape and form of poems can vary dramatically from poem to
poem.

• Mood or Tone- is the feeling that the poet creates and that the reader senses through the poet’s
choice of words, rhythm, rhyme, style and structure.

• Imagery-refers to the “pictures” which we perceive with our senses.

• Diction- is the poet’s choice of words. The poet chooses each word carefully so that
both its meaning and sound contribute to the tone and feeling of the poem.
 POETIC DEVICES

• Alliteration - the purposeful repetition of a consonant sound in two or more

consecutive words, usually at the beginning of such words.

• Repetition
Types:
1. Anaphora - The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive
lines or stanzas.
2. Anadiplosis - The repetition of a word or phrase at the end of one line and at
the beginning of the next; or, at the end of the last line in a stanza or verse,
and at the beginning of the next stanza.

• Onomatopoeia - The use of words which imitate the sounds they stand for.

• Inversion
Types:
1. Anastrophe- inversion of conventional word order.
2. Hysteron-Proteron- inversion of natural or rational order.
 POETIC DEVICES
• Figures Of Speech
Types:
1. Simile- comparing two things using the words “like” or “as”.
2. Metaphor- comparing two things that aren't alike but do have something in
common.
3. Personification- an idea or thing is given human attributes and/or feelings or
is spoken of as if it were human.
4. Hyperbole- exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect; it's an extravagant
statement.
5. Understatement- use to make a situation seem less important than it really is.

• Imagery - The use of language, sensory language, language which stimulates the
reader’s imagination.

• Variety- The use of variety in length of lines, rhythm, rhyme, distribution of lines
and words, and anything else which adds to the EFFECTIVENESS of the poem.
 FORMS OF POETRY
• Limerick- a type of poem that is consist of five lines and intended to be humorous.

• Haiku- a type of poem that is consist of three lines but rich with meanings and emotions.

• Ballad- it tells a story and happens to be quite lengthy.

- Ballad Stanza- contains four lines.

• Free Verse- used by poets to make the poem fit the contents and to express the mood or feeling
of his intentions or purposes.
Characteristics:
- the indention and length of the lines are irregular.
- it does uses rhythm, but it seldom uses end rhyme nor regular stanzas.
- capitalization of the first letter in each line and proper nouns is unorthodox or conveniently
changed.
- punctuation is equally affected, and the distribution of the lines and words is entirely in the
hands of the writer.
 Prepared by: Catipay, Grace Angela
Dela Luna, Guila Mae
Del Rosario, Giel Joy
THANK YOU FOR Dumalaog, Espiranza
LISTENING! Jimenez, Hasmine

BSE-ENG 2B