MEN220 Fluid Mechanics

Lecture 3

Fluid as a continuum
Velocity field; timeline, pathline, streamline, streakline
Stress field

Chan Byon
School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering
Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology

Fluid Mechanics MEN220

Chapter 2
Fundamental Concepts
 Main Topics
 Fluid as a continuum
 Velocity field
 Stress field
 Viscosity
 Surface tension
 Description and classification of fluid motions

Fluid as a Continuum

4
 Fluid as a Continuum
 Continuum
   lim m
V V  V

 Density is a point function,    ( x, y, z , t )

 Its variation in properties is so smooth that can
used to analyze the substance
 The continuum assumption breaks down
• The mean free path of the molecules becomes the same order of
magnitude as the physical size of the system (Knudsen number~1)

 Specific gravity,
 Specific weight,  = mg/V =

Velocity Field
 Velocity field
 A point function,

 Vector quantity,

 Steady flow
 Properties at every point in a flow field do not change with time

 Mathematically,

6
 Velocity Field

 One-, two-, and three-dimensional flows

 The of required to specify the velocity field
 Fully developed pipe flow

  r 2 
u  umax 1    
  R  

 Uniform flow at a cross section

 Simplify the analysis by assuming a uniform flow at a given cross
section
 Useful in integral approach (Ch. 4)
 Uniform flow field

Velocity Field
 Pathlines, streaklines, streamlines, and timelines
 A pathline is the or traced out by a given fluid particle

 A streakline is the of particles that have earlier passed through a

8
 Velocity Field
 Pathlines, streaklines, streamlines, and timelines
 A streamline is a line everywhere tangent to the at a
given instant
 A timeline is the instantaneous location of a line of fluid particles
marked earlier by a prescribed location in a flow
 If marking location is normal to the flow direction, the location of the time
line shows velocity profile of the flow field

 In steady flow, the , , and are identical in

the flow field

Pathline vs. Streakline in Unsteady Flow

 Pathlines and streaklines for flow  Spiral bubble sheets form from
from the exit of an oscillating garden the surface of a marine propeller
hose

10
 Mathematical Description
 Streamlines are parallel to the velocity vector, we can write (for 2D)
dy 
 
dx streamline

 Pathline
dx  dy 
  ,  
dt particle dt particle
 Solution of these equation gives the path of a particle,
 Streakline
 Compute the pathline of a particle from the streak source at
xparticle (t )  x(t , x0 , y0 , t0 ), yparticle (t )  y (t , x0 , y0 , t0 )
 Interpret this as the position of a particle over time
 x(t , x0 , y0 ,t0 ),  y (t , x0 , y0 ,t0 )

11

Example 2.1

 Streamlines and Pathlines


 Given: V  Axiˆ  Ayˆj; A  0.3
 Find: (a) Equation of the streamlines in the xy plane
(b) Position at t = 6 s of particle located at (2,8) at t = 0
(c) Equation of pathline of particle located at (2,8) at t = 0

12
13

Normal and Shear Stress

Fn F
 n  lim ,  n  lim t
A 0 A
n A 0 A
n
n n

 Fx
 xx  lim ,
 A 0  A
x
x

 Fz
,  xz  lim
 A 0  A
x
x

14
 Stress Field
 First subscript: the on which the stress acts
 Second subscript: the in which the stress acts

 The stress at a point is specified

by the nine components

15

Stress as a Tensor quantity

 Scalar: a physical quantity that is represented by a

dimensional number ex) density…

 Vector: a bookkeeping tool to keep track of two pieces of

information (typically and ) for a physical
quantity ex) F, V…

 Tensor: tool to keep track of three pieces of information

(magnitude, direction, and ) ex) σ…

16