INDUSTRIAL HYDRAULICS

Pedro P. Cuizon, Ph.D.

Instructor, Mechatronics Dept.
OBJECTIVE:

To teach the students the fundamentals of

hydraulics, to acquaint them with the
elements currently used in the industry,
their characteristics, functions and symbols
in accordance with ISO 1219. On the
completion of the course, participants are
to be able to design, construct and
troubleshoot basic hydraulic controls
independently.
TOPIC OUTLINE:
Ø Safety precau,ons
Ø Applica,on of hydraulics
Ø Types and proper,es of hydraulic fluids
Ø H y d r a u l i c p o w e r g e n e r a , o n a n d
transmission
Ø Standard hydraulic symbols
Ø Hydraulic working elements
Ø Hydraulic valves and components
Ø Prac,cal Exercises
 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Ø  Do not work with oily hands
Ø  Remove any spilled oil immediately
Ø  Circuits may be setup and removed only when the
electric motor is switched off and the pressure of
the system has been relieved (no indication on the
pressure gauge). This will also apply to
rectification of any fault.
Ø  Keep the operating areas of the piston rods free of
obstacles
Ø  Start the power pack only when the circuit
connections has been checked by the instructor
 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

•  Do not work with oily hands

•  Remove any spilled oil immediately
•  Circuits may be setup and removed only when the
electric motor is switched off and the pressure of the
system has been relieved (no indica,on on the
pressure gauge). This will also apply to rec,fica,on of
any fault.
•  Keep the opera,ng areas of the piston rods free of
obstacles
•  Start the power pack only when the circuit
connec,ons has been checked by the instructor
What is Hydraulics?

- a science that deals with practical

applications of liquids in motion.

- from the Greek word hydro - “ water ”,

and aulos - “ pipe “.

- The transmission and control of forces

and motions by fluids.
 APPLICATION OF HYDRAULICS

➨ machine-tool ➨ vehicle manufacture

engineering ➨ aero space industry
➨ press manufacture ➨ shipbuilding/mari,me
➨ process equipment ➨ agricultural machinery
➨ military vehicles &
equipment
 COMPARISON OF SYSTEMS
CRITERIUM HYDRAULICS PNEUMATICS ELECTRICS/
ELECTRONICS
Energy Oil (liquids in general) Air Electrons
carrier
Energy Pipes, hoses, tubes, Pipes, hoses, tubes, Electrically
transmission bores bores conductive materials
(cables, etc.)
Conversion Pumps, cylinders, Compressors, Generators, batteries,
from or into hydraulic (HY) motors cylinders, pneumatic electric (E) motors,
mechanical (PN) motors magnets, solenoids,
energy linear (induction)
motors
Most important Pressure p Pressure p Voltage U
characteristic (30 . . . 400 bar) (approx. 6 bar) Electric current I
quantities flow Q flow Q
 COMPARISON OF SYSTEMS . . . continued

CRITERIUM HYDRAUL ICS PNEUMATICS EL ECTRICS /

EL ECTRONICS
Power efficiency Excellent Good Fair to g ood
Compact, reasonably Limitations thoug h, Weig ht coefficient of E -
priced components due to due to max. Operating motors is approx. 10
hig h operating press ures press ure of only 6 bar times that of HY-motors.
of up to approx. 400 bar. Electric s witch, thoug h,
Mos t simple linear has considerable
Motor= cylinder advantag es compared to
directional -control -valve.
Accuracy of Excellent Fair to g ood becaus e Very accurate by the us e
motion (this can Becaus e oil can hardly be air is compressible of s ervo or s teeping
be improved, compres s ed motor.
thoug h, in all
sys tems by
positioning
action)
 COMPARISON OF SYSTEMS . . . continued

CRITERIUM HYDRAULICS PNEUMATICS ELECTRICS/

ELECTRONICS
Efficiency Fair to good Good
Volumetric and frictional losses during primary As long as electricity is
and secondary energy conversion, as well as available as primary
with the open and closed-loop control of valves energy
Controllability Excellent Excellent For small powers:
By means of valves By means of valves Excellent,
and variable- (for small to medium For larger powers:
displacement pumps powers) Fair to good
Servo valves for By means of switches,
closed-loop techniques relays, semiconductors,
Improvements are possible in combination with variable speed motors
electrics and variable resistors,
etc.
 COMPARISON OF SYSTEMS . . . continued
CRITERIUM HYDRAULICS PNEUMATICS ELECTRICS/
ELECTRONICS
Generation of Extremely simple Extremely simple Slightly more complicated
linear By means of cylinders By means of cylinders By means of linear motors
movement
Signal linkage Pneumatic operation Electromagnetic control of
between of directional-control valves (solenoids,
hydraulic valves proportional valves), limit
systems and switches and pressure
other systems switches
 HYDRAULIC FLUIDS

What does hydraulic fluid do?

➨  transfer of hydraulic power from the pump to the hydraulic motor

or cylinder

➨  lubrica,on of moving parts, such as the sliding surfaces of pistons

and spools, bearings and switching elements, etc.

➨  protec,on of the metal surfaces actually weNed by hydraulic fluid

➨  the removal of contamina,on and dirt, abrasion, water, air, etc.

➨  the removal of heat losses which have been caused by leakage and
fric,on losses
 HYDRAULIC FLUID CLASSIFICATION

CODE DES CRIPTION

(in accordance to DIN
standards 51 524 and
51 525)
Hydraulic fluid w/o additives. Nowadays, thes e hydraulic fluids are
H hardly us ed at all in hydraulic eng ineering.
Hydraulic fluids with additives for increas ing the deg ree of protection
ag ainst rust and for increasing the res is tance to ag eing . Generally,
HL thes e hydraulic fluids are employed in hydraulic eng ineering at
press ures up to approx. 200 bar. They are adequate for the common
thermal s tress es encountered.
Hydraulic fluids with special hig h-pres s ure additives which res ult in
HLP increas ed protection ag ains t wear. Thes e hydraulic fluids are us ed in
sys tems with operating press ures above 200 bar.
Hydraulic fluids with extremely low vis cosity-temperature
HV interdependence. Remaining properties as per HLP fluids.

 HYDRAULIC FLUID CLASSIFICATION . . .
conFnued

Example of a hydraulic oil:

Hydraulic oil HL P 22

H : hydraulic oil
L : with additives to increas e corros ion protection
and/ or ag eing s tability
HL P 22 P : with additives to reduce and/ or increas e l oad
carrying abil ity
22 : vis cos ity code as defined in DIN 51517

HYDRAULIC FLUIDS

VISCOSITY:

➨ “resistance to flow “
➨ the most important property of hydraulic fluids
➨ the measure of internal fric,on of hydraulic fluids, i.e.
the resistance which must be overcome to move two
adjacent layers of liquid against each other
➨ the measure of how easily a liquid can be poured
➨ unit in SI : mm2/s or cSt (Cen,stoke)
HYDRAULIC FLUIDS
VISCOSITY STANDARDS :
Viscosity data is always referred to a certain temperature
that is:
➨  50 0C as per former DIN classifica,on. From this
temperature are derived the viscosity classes 9, 16, 25,
36, 49 and 68 (mm2/s). These numbers are used to
extend the basic designa,ons H, HL, and HLP. For
instance, HLP 36.
➨  40 0C as per the latest ISO standard. From this
temperature are derived the viscosity classes VG 10, 22,
32, 46, 68 and 100. Tolerances of approx. 10% apply both
to the DIN and ISO classifica,ons.
➨  As per SAE classifica,on. Engine and transmission oils are
sub-divided into viscosity classes. Here though, the
permiNed tolerance ranges are far larger.
HYDRAULIC FLUIDS

Ideal viscosity range Approx. 12. . . . 100 mm2/s

Standardised reference point for comparative

measurements (as per DIN) 36 mm2/s
Upper viscosity limit when starting cold Approx. 800. . . . 2000 mm2/s
(cavitation problems)
Lower viscosity limit (lubrication limit) Approx. 10 mm2/s
HYDRAULIC FLUIDS

LOW VISCOSITY MEANS: HIGH VISCOSITY MEANS:

➨  high leakage rates ➨  pressure loss due to
➨  reduced lubrica,on resistance
➨  liNle resistance to flow ➨  hard to pump
➨  easy to pump ➨  excellent lubrica,on
➨  fast reac,on to signals characteris,cs
➨  easy to bleed out ➨  difficult to bleed out
trapped air trapped air
➨  low leakage rates
➨  slow reac,on to signals
IDEAL HYDRAULIC FLUID

➨  Good lubricity ➨  Good thermal conductance
➨  No corrosion of materials ➨  Fire resistance for special
➨  Good viscosity- applica,on
temperature ➨  Non toxic
characteris,cs ➨  Cheap
➨  Good resistance to ➨  Wide availability
oxida,on and thermal ➨  Low maintenance cost
loading ➨  Easy disposal
➨  Low compressibility
➨  Minimum foaming
 Other important criterias on
selec,ng Hydraulic Fluid
o  Pour Point
o  Compressibility
o  Air separa,on capacity
o  Foaming
o  Demulsifying capacity
o  Corrosion protec,on
BASIC PHYSICAL LAWS OF HYDRAULICS

•  HYDROSTATICS : (fluids at rest)

•  Hydrosta,c Pressure

- the pressure created above the a certain level

within a liquid as a result of the weight of the liquid
mass. It is not dependent on the shape of the vessel
concerned but only on the height and density of the
column of liquid.

- can generally be ignored for the purpose of

studying hydraulics.
BASIC PHYSICAL LAWS OF HYDRAULICS
 BASIC PHYSICAL LAWS OF HYDRAULICS

HYDROSTATICS :

➨ Pressure Propaga,on
- If a force F acts on an area
A of an enclosed liquid, a
pressure p is produced
which acts throughout the
liquid (Pascal’s Law).

F=PxA
BASIC PHYSICAL LAWS OF HYDRAULICS

HYDROSTATICS :

➨ Power Transmission
- if a force F1 is applied to
an area A1 of a liquid, a
pressure P results.

- it is comparable to the
mechanical law of levers.

BASIC PHYSICAL LAWS OF HYDRAULICS

HYDRODYNAMICS :

➨ Displacement
Transmission
- if the input piston of a hydraulic
press travels a distance s1, a volume
of fluid will be displaced. This same
volume displaces the output piston
by a distance s2. If the area of this
piston is larger than that of the input
piston, the distance traveled by the
output piston will be shorter than
that of the input piston.

- it is comparable to the mechanical
law of levers.
 BASIC PHYSICAL LAWS OF HYDRAULICS

HYDRODYNAMICS :
➨ Pressure Transfer
- a fluid pressure p exerts a force F on a
1 1
surface A1 which is transferred via a piston rod to
a small piston. The force F1 thus acts on the
surface A2 and produces the fluid pressure p2.
Since the piston area A2 is smaller than the
piston area A1, the pressure p2 must be larger
than the pressure p1.

- the pressure-transfer effect (pressure

intensifica,on) is put to prac,cal use in hydraulic
pressure intensifiers and also in purely hydraulic
systems when extremely high pressures are
required which a pump cannot deliver.
BASIC PHYSICAL LAWS OF HYDRAULICS

HYDRODYNAMICS :
➨ Types of Flow

Laminar Flow - the hydraulic

fluid moves through the pipe
in ordered cylindrical layers.

Turbulent Flow - the flow
velocity of the hydraulic fluid
rises above a cri,cal speed,
the fluid par,cles at the
center of the pipe break away
to the side.
BASIC PHYSICAL LAWS OF HYDRAULICS

HYDRODYNAMICS:


➨ Diesel effect

- When the air bubbles burst, the oil displaces the bubbles. Owing to the high
pressure ajer the narrowing, very high temperatures are produced as a result of
compression of the air on the bubbles burs,ng. As with a diesel engine, this may
lead to spontaneous igni,on of the oil/air mixture in the bubbles (diesel effect)
.

 BASIC PHYSICAL LAWS OF HYDRAULICS

HYDRODYNAMICS:


➨ Cavita,on

- in a hydraulic system, if a vacuum is smaller than 0.3 bar, air dissolved in the oil is
precipitated out. When the pressure rises again due to a reduc,on of speed, the oil
bursts into the gas bubbles. This causes the erosion of small par,cles from the wall
of the pipe immediately ajer the reduced cross-sec,on, leading to material fa,gue
and ojen also to fractures. This effect is accompanied by considerable noise.

- it is a significant factor in hydraulic systems as a cause of wear in devices and
connec,ons.
 What is cavita,on
Cavitation is a description of a physical process which
can occur in fluidic media - - having negative
influence on plants and components.

This process is running in 2 steps:

1st step: Conversion from fluidic in vapourised
constitution.
2nd step: Conversion from vapourised in fluidic
constitution.
fluidic ⇒ vapourised ⇒ fluidic
 Implosion of the
Vapour bubbles
Flowdirection
In the
middle of
the pipeline

The implosion of
the vapour
full formed Flattened
bubbles results Implosion Microjet
vapour and
Targeted and is bubble deformed
pressure
depending

On the
pipelin
wall Flowdirection
Implosion of the
Vapour bubbles
At the conversion
from vapour into
fluid, the bubbles fell
inside immediately
(implosion), the
water around the
bubbles speeds up
in even less than
1/1000 of a sec..

This creates a so
called „Microjet“
which has a velocity
of v>1000 m/s and
leads directly to the
body, pipeline wall
where this gives
pressure peaks of up
to 10000 bar, where
this in the molecular
area results in
abrasion.
Typical Cavitational damage

On a Butterfly Valve

Working conditions:

•  Upstream pressureVordruck
1,2 ÷ 1,4 bar
•  Back pressure: 0,1 bar
•  Flow velocity 2,2 m/s
(related to DN)
•  Working period 2 years
•  Opening degree of the
Butterfly approx. 30°
Typical Cavitational damage

On a standard gate valve

The gate Valve was not completely

closed , so that in the remaining
cavity / slot a very high flow-velocity
occured which damaged the valve
within 3 months.
Typical Cavitational damage

On a angle seated valve

Valve for filling of a basin.

On the downstream side of the valve a – wrong
adopted – piece of pipeline was installed
which was fully under water.
Therefore on the throttling area Cavitation
occured and lead to the showed damage
within the valve.
Typical Cavitational
damage

On the piston of a
needle valve

Even with a wrong

design / lay-out of
control valves a very
heavy cavitation can be
realised so that
appropriate damages
are subject of the valves
 BASIC PHYSICAL LAWS OF HYDRAULICS

70% / 75% 25% / 30& hydraulic

HYDRODYNAMICS: power loss

➨ Input and output power

- various losses occur at the individual devices within the hydraulic control
chain. These consist essen,ally of mechanical, electrical and volumetric losses.

- ajer an installa,on has been in service for some ,me, there will be a change
in par,cular in the volumetric efficiency in the pump. As the result, for
example, of cavita,on.
STRUCTURE OF A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
STRUCTURE OF A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
HYDRAULIC POWER GENERATION &
TRANSMISSION

HYDRAULIC POWER UNIT:

•  The hydraulic power unit provides
the energy required for the
hydraulic installa,on. Its most
important components are the
reservoir (tank), drive (electric
m o t o r ) , h y d r a u l i c p u m p ,
pressure relief valve (safety
valve), filter and cooler. It may
also act as a carrier for other
devices (gauges, direc,onal
control valves).
Hydraulics – Energy supply and
cylinders
 HYDRAULIC POWER GENERATION &
TRANSMISSION

HYDRAULIC POWER UNIT:

➨ The reservoir

- contains the hydraulic fluid required to operate the installa,on. Within the
reservoir, air, water and solid maNer are separated out of the hydraulic fluid.

- the size of the reservoir will depend on the prac,cal applica,on involved; for
sta,onary systems, the volume of fluid delivered by the pump in 3 to 5
minutes can be taken as a guide. In mobile hydraulic systems, on the other
hand, the reservoir contains only the maximum quan,ty of the hydraulic fluid
required.
HYDRAULIC POWER GENERATION &
TRANSMISSION

HYDRAULIC POWER UNIT:

➨ The pump

a) Externally toothed gear

pump
- the increase in volume which
results when a tooth moves out of
the mesh produces a vacuum in the
suc,on area. The hydraulic fluid is
conveyed into the pressure area. The
hydraulic fluid is then forced out of
the tooth gaps by the meshing of the
teeth and displaced into the above
supply line.
HYDRAULIC POWER GENERATION &
TRANSMISSION

HYDRAULIC POWER UNIT:

➨ The pump

b) Internally toothed gear

pump
- the inner gear is driven by a motor.
The teeth of the inner wheel drive
the outer gear wheel. The rotary
mo,on creates a vacuum in the gaps
between the teeth, causing the
hydraulic fluid to be sucked in. On
the other side, the teeth engage
once more and oil is displaced from
the tooth chambers.
HYDRAULIC POWER GENERATION &
TRANSMISSION

HYDRAULIC POWER UNIT:

➨ The filter
- filtering of the fluid in hydraulic systems is of major
significance for their operability and service life. Metal and
seal par,cles, as well as dust and dirt in the air are prone to
contaminate the fluid, in par,cular during the running-in
period. These par,cles of various sizes must be con,nuously
removed, otherwise they will eventually block the ducts and
ports in the system, leading to extensive malfunc,ons.
Contamina,on causes substan,al wear of the moving parts in
the hydraulic system.

 HYDRAULIC POWER GENERATION &
TRANSMISSION

HYDRAULIC POWER UNIT:

FILTRATION METHODS

a) Suc,on-line filtra,on

•  the filter is installed in the
suc,on line. It protects the
pump against damage caused
by foreign maNers.
•  possibility of damage as the
result of cavita,on in the event
of blocked filters.
HYDRAULIC POWER GENERATION &
TRANSMISSION

HYDRAULIC POWER UNIT:

FILTRATION METHODS

b) Pressure line filtra,on

•  the filter is installed in the pressure
line to protect the hydraulic
equipment against foreign maNer.
This enables smaller mesh sizes to
be used.
•  a pressure-resistant housing is
r e q u i r e d , w h i c h m a k e s t h i s
configura,on more expensive.
 HYDRAULIC POWER GENERATION &
TRANSMISSION

HYDRAULIC POWER UNIT:

FILTRATION METHODS
c) Return line filtra,on

•  the oil filter is installed in the

return line to the tank which is
much easier to maintain. The
disadvantage, however, is that
contamina,on is removed from
the hydraulic fluid only ajer it
has passed through the hydraulic
components.
•  this method is ojen used.
 HYDRAULIC POWER GENERATION &
TRANSMISSION

HYDRAULIC POWER UNIT:

➨ Contamina,on indicator

- it is important that the effec,veness of a filter can be checked by a

contamina,on indicator. The contamina,on of the filter is measured
by the pressure drop; as contamina,on increases, the pressure
upstream of the filter increases. The pressure acts on a spring-loaded
piston. As the pressure increases, the piston is pushed against a spring.
- there are a number of display methods. Either the piston movement
is directly visible or it is converted into an electrical or visual indica,on
by electrical contacts.
 HYDRAULIC POWER GENERATION &
TRANSMISSION

HYDRAULIC POWER UNIT:

➨ Cooling system of hydraulic fluids

- the opera,ng temperature in hydraulic installa,ons should not
exceed 50 0C, since this would cause an unacceptable reduc,on in

viscosity, leading to premature aging of the fluid.
Water cooler

- hydraulic fluid is fed through tubes over which coolant (water) flows.
The heat which is discharged can be re-used. In comparison with air
cooling, opera,ng cost are higher due to the required coolant and the
suscep,bility to corrosion.

 HYDRAULIC POWER GENERATION &
TRANSMISSION

HYDRAULIC POWER UNIT:

➨ Cooling system of hydraulic

fluids
Air cooler

- hydraulic fluid from the return line

flows through a coiled pipe which is
cooled by a fan.

- the advantages here are simplicity of
installa,on and low opera,ng costs.
 HYDRAULIC POWER GENERATION &
TRANSMISSION

HYDRAULIC POWER UNIT:

➨ Hea,ng system of hydraulic fluids

- heaters are ojen required to ensure that the op,mum opera,ng

temperature is reached quickly. Hea,ng elements of flow pre-
heaters are used for hea,ng and pre-hea,ng hydraulic fluid.

- if the viscosity is too high, the resul,ng increase in fric,on and
cavita,on leads to greater wear.
 HYDRAULIC WORKING ELEMENTS

HYDRAULIC CYLINDERS:

➨ Single ac,ng cylinders

- single ac,ng cylinders are characterized by one working port. The
piston surface can be pressurized with hydraulic fluid. These cylinders
are returned either by the effect of external forces - indicated by the
symbol with the open bearing cap - or by a spring.
 HYDRAULIC WORKING ELEMENTS

HYDRAULIC CYLINDERS:

➨ Double ac,ng cylinders

- double ac,ng cylinders have two working ports. Hydraulic fluid is
supplied to either of two working ports in order to extend or retract these
cylinders. Double ac,ng cylinder perform work in both direc,ons.
 HYDRAULIC WORKING ELEMENTS

HYDRAULIC CYLINDERS:

➨ Double ac,ng cylinders

with end posi,on cushioning

- when the piston approaches its final posi,on, the damping piston shuts off the
direct oil-outlet. Excess pressure sets up an oil-cushion in the remaining cylinder
volume. At this stage, oil may only leave the cylinder through a controlled cross
sec,on of stream discharge.
 Symbols
Actuators

Double Forward and return stroke

acting under power
Single piston rod.

Double Double ended piston

acting rod

Cushioned Variable cushioning at

both ends.
Page 23
Hydraulic symbols
HYDRAULIC WORKING ELEMENTS

HYDRAULIC MOTORS:

- like cylinders, hydraulic motors are drive components

controlled by valves. They too convert hydraulic power into
mechanical power with the difference that they generate
rotary or swivel movements instead of linear movements.

HYDRAULIC VALVES & COMPONENTS
CLASSIFICATION OF VALVES CLASSIFICATION OF VALVES
ACCORDING TO FUNCTION ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION
u  Direc,onal Control Valves u  Poppet Valves
u  Non Return Valves u  Slide Valves
u  Flow Control Valves
u  Pressure Valves
HYDRAULIC VALVES & COMPONENTS

DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVES

- direc,onal control valves are components which direct flow

to various paths in hydraulic systems. They are used to
control the direc,on of mo,on of power components and the
manner in these stop.

➨  Important considera,ons in using direc,onal control valves

- number of switching posi,ons

- number of ports or connec,ons
- method of actua,on
- port designa,ons (normal posi,on)


HYDRAULIC VALVES & COMPONENTS
DirecFonal Control Valve Symbols
HYDRAULIC VALVES & COMPONENTS
DirecFonal Control Valve Symbols
HYDRAULIC VALVES & COMPONENTS
DirecFonal Control Valve Symbols
HYDRAULIC VALVES & COMPONENTS
DirecFonal Control Valve Symbols
HYDRAULIC VALVES & COMPONENTS
DirecFonal Control Valve Symbols
HYDRAULIC VALVES & COMPONENTS (Symbols: Methods of Actuation)
General manual Push BuOon
operaFon operaFon
Usually used to
represent a manual Detent operaFon
override Usually used with
lever operaFon
Lever
operaFon Single Solenoid
operaFon

Foot Pedal Double

operaFon Solenoid
operaFon
HYDRAULIC VALVES & COMPONENTS

NON-RETURN VALVES
- non-return valves block the flow in one one
direc,on and permit free flow in the other. As
there must be no leaks in the closed posi,on,

these valves are always of poppet design.
➨ Non-return valves are dis,nguished as follows:
- Non-return valves (unloaded, spring loaded)

HYDRAULIC VALVES & COMPONENTS

FLOW CONTROL VALVES

- flow control valves are used to reduce the

speed of a cylinder or the rpm of motor.
➨ Classifica,on of flow control valves
- flow control valves (dependent on load)
- flow regula,ng valves (independent of
load)
Restrictor
Needle valve type. Flow Control Valves
Frictional
resistance causes
pressure build up
to open relief
valve and divide
the flow.
Sensitive to
changes in the
temperature
(viscosity) of the
oil.
Orifice valve
Rotating shaft
type
Increased flow Flow Control Valves
velocity and
turbulence cause
the pressure build
up to open the
relief valve and
divide the flow
Not sensitive to
changes in the
temperature
(viscosity) of the
oil. (temperature
compensated)
Orifice valve
Rotating shaft type
Increased flow
velocity and Flow Control Valves
turbulence cause
the pressure build
up to open the
relief valve and
divide the flow
Not sensitive to
changes in the
temperature
(viscosity) of the
oil. (temperature
compensated)
One way flow control valve A
B

Adjustable
A Needle valve

Non Return Valve

 One way flow control valve
One way flow control valve
A
B

B
 One way flow control valve
One way flow control valve A
B

B
 One way flow control valve
One way flow control valve A
B

B
IntroducFon to Hydraulics

Pressure Valves


 HYDRAULIC VALVES & COMPONENTS

PRESSURE VALVES
- pressure valves have the task of controlling and regula,ng the
pressure in a hydraulic circuit

➨  Pressure relief valves

- the pressure in the system is set and restricted by these valves.
The control pressure is sensed at the input (P) of the valve.

➨  Pressure regulators

- these valves control the output pressure where there is a
varying higher input pressure. The control pressure is sensed at
the output of the valve.
HYDRAULIC VALVES & COMPONENTS
Pressure Valve Symbols
HYDRAULIC VALVES & COMPONENTS
Pressure Valve Symbols
 Pressure Control Valves Comparison

Pressure Relief Pressure Regulator

Pressure
operation
from inlet A

Pressure
Shown normally operation B Shown
closed from outlet normally open

Valve is closed until the pressure at Valve is open until the pressure at the
the inlet is high enough to open it outlet is high enough to close it (set
(set pressure). Flow is then usually to pressure). Flow is usually to cylinder
tank. or other part of the circuit.
Pressure Relief Valve

T
P

T
Pressure Relief Valve

T
 Pilot Operated Pressure Relief Valve

Loading
spring
Adjusting
Screw

Control
piston

Control
orifice
HYDRAULIC VALVES & COMPONENTS

HYDRAULIC ACCUMULATOR
- is used in order to deliver fluid to the
hydraulic system in the event of a pressure

drop.
➨ Types of hydraulic accumulator:
- Bladder accumulator
- Diaphragm accumulator
- Piston accumulator

HYDRAULIC VALVES & COMPONENTS

HYDRAULIC ACCUMULATOR . . . con,nued

➨  Working principle:
- the elas,c bladder of the accumulator is charge with
nitrogen from a pressure boNle via the gas valve un,l the
required charging pressure has been reached. The bladder fills
the steel container and closes the poppet valve.
- when the power pack is started up, part of the hydraulic fluid
delivered by the pump passes to the accumulator and
compresses the nitrogen to the required maximum working
pressure.
- if the pressure in the hydraulic system drops, the fluid in the
accumulator is displaced by the higher instantaneous pressure
from the expanding bladder un,l pressure compensa,on has
been achieved.

HYDRAULIC VALVES & COMPONENTS

HYDRAULIC ACCUMULATOR . . . con,nued

➨  Applica,ons:
- as an emergency fluid source in the event of pump
failure so as to complete the working cycle
- to dampen pressure peaks during switching opera,ons
- as vibra,on dampers to prevent unpleasant noise
during opera,on or to smooth the pulsa,ng fluid flow
delivered by the pump
- to offset leaks
- as a source of energy supply for control circuits of pilot
controlled valves