Name______________________________________

How Does a Cladogram Reveal Evolutionary Relationships?

What is a cladogram? It is a diagram that depicts evolutionary relationships among groups. It is
based on PHYLOGENY, which is the study of evolutionary relationships. Sometimes a
cladogram is called a phylogenetic tree (though technically, there are minor differences between
the two).
In the past, biologists would group organisms based solely on their physical appearance. Today,
with the advances in genetics and biochemistry, biologists can look more closely at individuals
to discover their pattern of evolution, and group them accordingly - this strategy is called
EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION
CLADISTICS is form of analysis that looks at features of organisms that are considered
"innovations", or newer features that serve some kind of purpose. (Think about what the word
"innovation" means in regular language.) These characteristics appear in later organisms but not
earlier ones and are called DERIVED CHARACTERS.

PART I - Analyze the Cladogram

Examine the sample cladogram, each letter on the diagram points to a derived character, or
something different (or newer) than what was seen in previous groups. Match the letter to its
character. Note: this cladogram was created for simplicity and understanding, it does not
represent the established phylogeny for insects and their relatives.

1. ____f__ Wings 2. __c____ 6 Legs 3. ___a___ Segmented Body

4. __g____ Double set of wings 5. ___e___ Legs 6. ___d___ Crushing

mouthparts

7. ___b___Curly Antennae 8. ___h___ Cerci (abdominal appendages)

PART II - Create Your Own Cladogram

To make a cladogram, you must first look at the animals you are studying and establish
characteristics that they share and ones that are unique to each group. For the animals on the
table, indicate whether the characteristic is present or not. Based on that chart, create a
cladogram like the one pictured above.

Cells Backbone Legs Hair Opposable

Thumbs

Slug y

Catfish y y

Frog y y y

Tiger y y y y

Human y y y y y

DRAWING OF YOUR CLADOGRAM (Draw on paper and take a picture, put it in your drive
and insert it below)
Evolution and Natural Selection Questions
This site will be a useful tool, but you may use your textbook or other online sites.
https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_01

1. Compare and contrast artificial selection and natural selection. Explain how the former was
useful to Darwin in his thinking about evolution. Cite examples of artificial selection.
Natural selection is made by nature but artificial selection is something made by humans
manmade. Ex) Cougar with sharp teeth survives, dull teeth doesn't is natural
Ex) Kitten and dog is artificial

2. Each of the following relates to an aspect of evolution by natural selection.  Explain the
following.
ii.  Natural selection and the formation of insecticide resistant insects or antibiotic resistant
bacteria.
Natural selection through the way of means of an insecticide permits a few to start with very
rare, obviously occurring, pre-adapted bugs with resistance genes to survive and pass the
resistance trait directly to their offspring.

iii.  speciation and isolation (allopatric) give three examples how it may occur When Arizona's
Grand Canyon formed, squirrels and different small mammals that had as soon as been a part of
a single populace could now not touch and reproduce with every different throughout this new
geographic barrier. They may want to not interbreed. The squirrel population underwent
allopatric speciation.The northern noticed owl and the Mexican noticed owl inhabit
geographically separate places with distinctive climates and ecosystems. The owl is an instance
of allopatric speciation.: A mountain variety may also emerge and step by step cut up a
populace.

3. In terms of climate and geology, Charles Darwin noted that Galapagos Islands are nearly
identical to the Canary Islands. Darwin was struck, however, by the fact that the Canary Islands,
just off the coast of Africa (200km or 120 miles), contain very few unique species. Whereas the
Galapagos Islands, over 800km (~500 miles) off the coast of South America, are home to scores
of unique species, found nowhere else in the world. Give a concise evolutionary explanation for
why remote islands would give rise to unique species, while those relatively close to mainland
contain few if any species not found on the mainland. Define endemic species and give an
example.
4. Describe what microevolution and macroevolution are.
Microevolution deals with adjustments withinside the gene pool of a single population.
Macroevolution considers the wide sample of evolutionary alternate over lengthy durations
of time and consists of the starting place of recent groups.

5. Explain how fossil evidence supports the occurrence of evolution.

Fossils report the life of now-extinct species, displaying that one-of-a-kind organisms have
lived on Earth all through one-of-a-kind intervals of the planet's history. They also can assist
scientists reconstruct the evolutionary histories of present-day species.

6. Five agents of evolution are 1) mutation, 2) gene flow, 3) genetic drift, 4) bottleneck effect,
and 5) natural selection. Describe how each brings about change in a population.
Mutation - any alternate in an organism's DNA that may be surpassed directly to future
generations
Gene flow - the motion of genes from one population to any other whilst people circulate
among populations or whilst one population joins any other
Genetic drift - alternate in allele frequency in a populace resulting from a chance event whilst a
pointy reduction in population size prevents the bulk of genotypes from taking part withinside
the production of the following era or whilst uncommon alleles takes place at a better frequency
in a subpopulation that has migrated from the overall population to begin a brand new
populations and stays isolated.
Sexual choice - a form of natural choice that produces reproductive achievement primarily
based totally on ability to gain mating partners. If an individual mates more than others, their
alleles will boom withinside the subsequent era
Natural choice - system that outcomes in variation of a populace to the environment. Some
people may be greater a success in surviving and could reproduce due to trends that deliver
them an advantage. The alleles of folks who reproduce greater will boom in frequency in a
population.

7. Name and describe the two outcomes of competition.

● Intraspecific competition takes place among individuals of the equal species. For
example, male birds of the equal species may compete for mates withinside the equal
area.
● Interspecific opposition takes place among contributors of various species.
● The main effect of intraspecific competition is decreased populace growth rates as
population density increases. Interspecific competition often outcomes in extinction.