DAMP PROOFING MATERIALS

EMULSIFIED ASPHALT/ASPHALT EMULSION

Asphalt must be liquified before it can be pumped through pipes, mixed with stone aggregates, or sprayed through nozzles. Heating is one way to liquify asphalt for construction purposes. But when asphalt cools, it becomes a semisolid material. There are other ways to liquify asphalt for construction operations. One way is to emulsify it with an emulsifying agent and water. In the emulsification process, warm asphalt is mechanically milled into very very small globules (5-10 microns and smaller) and dispersed into the water treated with emulsigying agent. The emulsifying agent keeps the asphalt globules apart from one another and suspended in the water which allows the asphalt to be used at room and cold temperatures. After the emulsified asphalt is sprayed onto a surface or mixed with aggregates the water evaporates and leaves only the asphalt residue behind to cement the aggregates together or waterproof the surface it was sprayed on.

Emulsions are typically either anionic (asphalt droplets are negatively charged) or cationic (asphalt particles are positively charged). Application: Generally, emulsions appear as a thick brown liquid when initially applied. When the asphalt cement starts to adhere to the surrounding material (aggregate, existing surface, subgrade, etc.) the color changes from brown to black and the emulsion is said to have "broken". As water begins to evaporate, the emulsion begins to behave more and more like pure asphalt cement. Once all the water has evaporated, the emulsion is said to have "set". The time required to break and set depends upon the type of emulsion, the application rate, the temperature of the surface onto which it is applied and environmental conditions. Under most circumstances, an emulsion will set in about 1 to 2 hours Types: emulsified asphalts are classified by type (rapid medium or slow setting) and by grade within type (viscosity in the case of the rapid-setting type or characteristic of the residual asphalt in the case of the medium and slow-setting types). Selection for use of a particular type and grade is controlled by type of construction (whether an application or a mix type), properties of the mineral aggregate (both grading and mineral composition), and environmental conditions during construction. A)For surface treatments and seals, emulsions are formulated to set rapidly upon contact with the mineral aggregate or pavement surface. When used in mix types, slower breaking is required to allow time for mixing and laydown . B) If the mix aggregate is open graded without appreciable fines, a mediumsetting emulsion may be used that deposits a relatively hard asphalt. If the

aggregate is dense-graded but does not contain a large amount of very fine material (dust), a medium-setting emulsion with a soft residue may be a good choice. C)However, if the dense-graded aggregate contains a large amount of very fine mineral matter, a slow-setting emulsion may be required.

USES: Water treatment basins,aetation basins,fish breeding ponds,water storage basins,sludge beds and asphalt mulching. it forms excellent mulching agent.seeds are mixed with emulsion and allowed to grow.A stabilizer added to it will hold a slurry containing mulch,seed, fertilizer and water in place untill the seed can germinate.

BENTONITE CLAYS
Bentonite is a clay mineral with expansive characteristics Sodium bentonite products are used to seal large ponds, such as man-made recreational ponds. The sodium bentonite clay properties are what make the material work so well as a sealant. Sodium bentonite swells to as much as eighteen times its normal size when wet. As it swells, it fills in the holes of a porous material, thus creating a watertight seal. Sodium bentonite is so effective for this purpose that it has a wide range of uses. Not only do you find people sealing ponds with sodium bentonite clay, but you will also see bentonite clay use for construction waterproofing. Landfills, sewer drains, and similar installations are sealed using bentonite products.

Application: It can be applied as any one of the following: Bentonite panels/Membranes: Bentonite tubes: Bentonite joint packing: Bentonite gel joint seal: Bentonite gel Sodium bentonite is used as a sealant when ponds are leaking. The application can be done through "blanketing" the soil beneath the pond with the product. This has to be done before the pond is filled. The sodium bentonite prevents water loss as the pond ages (and a normal liner can be placed above it.) When applied to a sufficient depth, however, the bentonite itself acts as a sufficiently strong seal to stop leakage through to the soil.

Uses: Sodium bentonite clay has a number of attract properties as a sealant: Its ability to swell and block moisture allows it to seep into the soil at the base of a pond in construction or to patch a pond that is leaking.

When applied at a thickness of up to 4", sodium bentonite produces a seal that will withstand use by animals. Sodium bentonite is much more affordable than sealing options. (It does, however, have to be applied by a professional.) useful as a sealant, especially for the sealing of subsurface disposal systems for spent nuclear fuel[2] and for quarantining metal pollutants of groundwater waterproofing of below-grade walls, and forming other impermeable barriers, e.g., to seal off the annulus of a water well, to plug old wells, or to line the base of landfills to prevent migration of leachate Similar uses include making slurry walls,. It is also used to form a barrier around newly planted trees to constrain root growth so as to prevent damage to nearby pipes, footpaths and other infrastructure Bentonite clay is used in the manufacture of geosynthetic clay liners (GSL).Typically a polypropylene geotextile is impregnated with Sodium bentonite. GSL's are supplied in panels and rolls. The matting is not unlike carpet underlay, which can be overlapped and laid on a substrate to form a pond The use of Bentonite was traditional in canal building

APPLICATION OF MEMBRANE: Examine surfaces to receive bentonite waterproofing to ensure they are smooth, dry, sound and free of surface irregularities, voids, coatings or conditions Attach bentonite waterproofing to vertical surfaces with mechanical fasteners. Use minimum of four attachments per panel. Lap adjoining panels 40 mm over construction joints.Maintain continuity of waterproofing panels over expansion joints. Until backfilling is completed, temporarily protect installed bentonite waterproofing from precipitation or ground water, by covering with a waterproof cover sheet. Protect bentonite waterproofing from damage due to backfilling or other construction activities. Replace bentonite which has become damp, wet or damaged prior to backfilling. .

BUTYL RUBBER
Butyl rubber is a synthetic rubber, a copolymer of isobutylene with isoprene It is impermeable to air and has many applications, ranging from inner tubes for tires to adhesives to sealants Properties and Benefits

Excellent aging stability High impermeability to gases High resistance to heat High hysteresis for energy absorption Slow vulcanization reactions (low levels of unsaturation

Areas of Applications

Tire Inner Liners Pharmaceutical Closures Protective Clothing Chewing Gum

IN BUILDING INDUSTRY: Self adhesive/with adhesive coat Butyl Rubber Waterproofing Membrane

self adhesive waterproof method that can be applied without using glues or heat sources during the construction work. Waterproof sheet is composed of soft-type non-vulcanized butyl rubber sheet adhered to the HDPE film protecting top waterproof layer and grid-type glass fiber layered under the butyl rubber. Butyl rubber sheet is used for waterproofing to make construction period be reduced and economical method. It is very efficient for construction work, waterproofing function, and durability to lessen maintenance expenses

Composition: Butyl rubber waterproofing membranes consist of factory-fabricated sheets of reinforced butyl rubber. Sheets normally are 1.5 mm, 2.3 mm or 3.0 mm) thick. It is recommended that minimum 90 mil (2.3 mm) thick, reinforced butyl rubber membranes be used for green roof assemblies. Cannot install butyl rubber waterproofing membranes when ambient temperatures are below 40 F..

Laying: Uses: Lay the membrane on the substrate or a flat surface and allow it to relax for at least 30 minutes before use. Clean any membrane surfaces to be bonded of loose dust, dirt, and release agents as the manufacturer recommends. Position the membrane on the substrate without stretching it in a manner that minimizes voids, wrinkles, and entrapped air. Clean overlapping areas between sheets, and join the sheets with recommended adhesives and tapes

Ideal for waterproofing smaller low-slope roofs, gutters and parapets. Rooftop of buildings and upper side of parking lot Outer water-proofing in basement structure. Interface water-proofing in roadway and bridge

VINYLS
opaque, vinyl-based plastic coatings used to by forming tough, flexible, films with extremely low water-vapor transmission rates, used in sidewalls of masonry, concrete projects, brick or steel buildings and structures, tanks, storage bins, swimming pools and industrial equipments. In many respects they are comparable to the liquid Envelope so widely used for many years to mothball navy ships, planes, ordnance vehicles Polymeric Vinyl Coating has many advantages as a coating for use over asbestos cement, cement-faced insulating board, marine (waterproof) plywood, slate, corrugated iron, galvanised iron, steel deck, aluminium, copper or tin roofing. Because it is a continuous, all-over skin, it envelopes the structure or object completely; seals out moisture; caulks around openings; fills and covers cracks,

Uses: For coating acrylics and fabrics

EPOXY RESINS
They are formed from reaction of an epoxide "resin" with polyamine "hardener Epoxy resins are generally used in concrete floors. Epoxy resins can be applied in two ways: 1. coating 2. liquid membrane Coating:

1. it forms a tough coating over the concrete floors where it can withstand light
vehicular movements. 2. waterproofing and stabilizing treatment for sealing and protecting all masonry materials, plaster etc. 3. It can be used to treat exposed brickwork, stonework, mortar joints etc, but can also be applied as a membrane or lining under a screed or behind plasterwork. 4. It leaves a transparent seal when dry, but it can plastered or painted over within 24 - 48 hours. It is compatible with all usual carpet, vinyl and ceramic cements and adhesives. surface can be cleaned in water. Membrane:

1. This method has the advantage of being extremely easy to apply 2. mostly available in liquid form and given as a coating that forms a membrane.solvent free (i.e) no additives required 3. very thin and only fractionally raising the floor-level. 4. generally used in concrete floors to prevent from dampness due to residual moisture.it gives earlier access to floors to aplly screeds or tiles. 5. However, it is important to ensure that the floor to be treated is correctly prepared and free from contamination. 6. cannot withstand hydrostatic pressure. Incase if its present, need to create a barrier layer resulting in the pressure/water flow being directed elsewhere. 7. applied with brush or roller over the surface.

SILICONS
It functions in manner that it fills the pores with the help of chemical action. Chemical damp proofing is an effective method of filling the pores along a stretch of masonry wall with a silicone resin water repellent. silicone damp treatments work by neutralising the charge attraction of the masonry pores to water molecules. 1. they are generally used to prevent the capillary rise of water in walls near the plinth/foundations. 2. leave the plaster above the new damp proof course on the wall for several months following the damp proofing injection. This allows the salts to surface during the drying out process and the extent of plaster replacement to be properly ascertained

MEMBRANES: ASBESTOS
Strips and sheets of bitumen felt with asbestos added for strength have been used to improve the waterproof integrity of the footings of older buildings Very hazardous to health care while handling-should not be broken or damaged while laying

PLASTIC AND SYNTHETIC RUBBER

Some of the plastic dpc membranes are reinforced with glass fibres for added strength. Some plastic membranes can be doubled as gas barriers(i.e) preventing gases like methane etc.

FELT & RUG

Felt is a non-woven cloth that is produced by matting, condensing and pressing woollen fibres. Rug is a carpet, a textile floor covering that is made from various materials. Forms organic damp proofing materials

NEOPRENE POLYVINYL CHLORIDE(PVC)/POLYTHENE

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