Republic of the Philippines Common Units of Pressure:
Department of Education
Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CITY OF BALANGA
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Balanga, Bataan
LECTURE in GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
Quarter 1 - Week 5, Day 1 (Lab – Determine mass
relationship in a chemical reaction)
Mass to Mass or Mass to Mole Conversions
Technique: This is a three step process which should be done
in one equation which uses three conversion factors.
Conversion Factor #1: Use molar mass to convert mass of
known material to moles.
Conversion Factor #2: Use coefficients of balanced reaction
equation to convert moles of known material to moles of
desired material.
Conversion Factor # 3: Use molar mass to convert moles of
desired material to mass of desired material.
Set up as Dimensional Analysis Problem and solve with one
equation. Cancel units in the above equation to be sure your
answer has the desired unit.
Problem:
How many grams of oxygen are consumed when 4.0 g butane
(C4H10) combusts? The chemical equation is as follows:
2C4H10 + 13O2 → 10H2O + 8CO2
In the following example, we solve this problem with one
equation, where each step is a different conversion factor.
Conversion Factor #1: Divide by molar mass of butane.
Conversion Factor #2: Use coefficients of balanced reaction
equation to convert moles of known material to moles of
desired material. These are exact numbers that come from the
balanced equation.
Conversion Factor # 3: Multiply by molar mass to convert
moles oxygen to grams oxygen.
Solution:
𝟒.𝟎 𝒈 𝑪𝟒 𝑯𝟏𝟎 𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑪𝟒 𝑯𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟑 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑶𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝒈 𝑶𝟐
x x 𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑪 x
𝟏 𝟓𝟖.𝟏𝟒 𝒈 𝟒 𝑯𝟏𝟎 𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍
↓ ↓ ↓ In solving problems involving gas laws, it is very important
1.Mass to Mole 2.Mole to Mole 3.Mole to Mass
Answer: 14.31 g 𝑶𝟐
LECTURE in GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
Quarter 1 - Week 5, Day 2 (Define Pressure and give the
common units of pressure; Use the Gas Laws to determine
pressure, volume or temperature of a gas under certain
conditions of change)
Pressure – is the force produced when the particles of gases
collide along a surface. Gases are described as not having a
definite shape and volume, have a much lower density and in a
constant random motion, collide with one another and with
any surface they are contained in. Pressure, temperature and
volume are important properties of gases.
Common instruments used to measure Pressure:
Barometer – measures the atmospheric pressure and was
invented in 1643 by the Italian physicist Evangelista Torricelli
(1608-1647).
Manometer or Pressure Gauge – measures the pressure in a
closed system.
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1. Atmosphere (atm)
• The standard atmosphere is equal to the mean
atmospheric pressure at sea level.
• The reference pressure referred to in “Standard
Temperature and Pressure” (STP) was commonly 1
atm (101.325 kPa), but standards have since
diverged.
2. Torr
• was named after the Italian physicist Evangelista
Torricelli to recognize his invention of the barometer.
• is a measure of pressure based on an absolute scale
and is equal to 1/760 of a standard atmosphere.
Thus, one torr is exactly 133.32 Pa.
3. Millimeter of Mercury (mmHg)
• a manometric unit of pressure, formerly defined as
the extra pressure generated by a column of mercury
one millimeter high, and currently defined as exactly
133.322387415 pascals.
• 1 mmHg is approximately one torr.
4. Pascal (Pa)
• is named after Blaise Pascal, a French philosopher
and mathematician who racked up a number of
significant accomplishments, especially in
hydrostatics.
𝑵 𝒌𝒈
• in a formula : 𝑷𝒂 = 𝒎𝟐 = 𝒎 × 𝒔𝟐 .
5. Pounds per Square Inch (psi)
• is a unit of pressure or of stress based on avoirdupois
(goods of weight which uses pounds and ounces)
units.
• is the pressure resulting from a force of one pound-
force applied to an area of one square inch.
• 1 psi is approximately equal to 6,895 Pa
6. Bar
• is a unit of pressure defined as 100 kilopascals.
• is about equal to the atmospheric pressure on Earth at
sea level, and is only about 1% smaller than the
atmosphere, which is now defined to be exactly
1.01325 bar.
• was introduced by the British meteorologist William
Napier Shaw in 1909.
The Gas Laws
that you know how to identify the given in a problem for you
to decide on what law to use. After deciding on the law to be
used, you can use derivation of units to find the final formula
needed in solving the problem.
1. Boyle’s Law - the pressure of a fixed amount of gas is
inversely proportional to its volume at constant temperature.
Formula: 𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐
2. Gay-Lussac’s Law - the pressure of a fixed amount of gas
is directly proportional to its absolute temperature at a
constant volume. T is expressed in Kelvin.
𝑷 𝑷
Formula: 𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻𝟐 𝑃1 = initial pressure
𝟏 𝟐
K = ℃ + 273 𝑃2 = final pressure
5
℃ = 9 (℉ − 32) 𝑇1 = initial temperature
𝑇2 = final temperature
3. Charles’ Law - together with Gay-Lussac discovered the
volume-temperature relationship in an effort to improve the
design of hot air balloons. The volume of a gas is directly
proportional to its absolute temperature at a constant pressure.
T is expressed in Kelvin.
𝑽 𝑽
Formula: 𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻𝟐 𝑉1 & 𝑉2 are initial and final volumes
𝟏 𝟐
𝑇1 & 𝑇2 are initial and final temperatures
4. Avogadro’s Law - the volume of a gas is directly
proportional to the number of particles at the same pressure
and absolute temperature regardless of the nature of gas. LECTURE in GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
Under STP, 1 mole of any gas will occupy the same volume. Quarter 1 - Week 6, Day 1 (Apply the principles of
𝑽 𝑽 stoichiometry to determine the amounts - volume, number
Formula: 𝒏𝟏 = 𝒏𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 of moles, or mass - of gaseous reactants and products)
• 𝑛 = no. of moles of the gas
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
• 𝑛 = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 Gas stoichiometry calculations involve mass relationships in
5. Combined Gas Law - the gas laws of Boyle, Charles and chemical reactions, where a gas is either a reactant or a
Gay-Lussac can be combined into a single equation to product. If the number of moles (n) of a gaseous reactant or
examine the behavior of a constant amount of gas when the product is known, the volume is of the gas is calculated
three gas conditions are changed. directly using the ideal gas equation.
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐 PV= nRT
𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚: = The mass (m) of the gas can be obtained if its molar mass
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
(MM) is know
𝑚
LECTURE in GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑅𝑇
Quarter 1 - Week 5, Day 3 (Use the Ideal gas equation to 𝑀𝑀
𝑃𝑉𝑀𝑀
calculate pressure, volume, temperature, or number of 𝑚=
moles of a gas) 𝑅𝑇
The density of the gas can also be determined by rearranging
the equation above.
6. Ideal Gas Law - also called general gas equation, is the 𝑚 𝑃𝑀𝑀
equation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas. 𝑝 = 𝑉 = 𝑅𝑇
Ideal gas – is a theoretical gas which satisfies the assumptions
of the kinetic molecular theory.
Formula: PV=nRt LECTURE in GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
• T is expressed in Kelvin. Quarter 1 - Week 6, Day 2 (Relate the rate of gas effusion
𝑲 = ℃ + 273 with molar mass)
℃ = 𝐾 − 273
R - ideal gas constant. Scottish chemist Thomas Graham formulated his law of
𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟏 𝑳∙𝒂𝒕𝒎 62.4 𝐿∙𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 8.31 𝐿∙𝑘𝑃𝑎 effusion, which states that the rate of effusion or diffusion of
R= ;R= ;R=
𝑲∙𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝐾∙𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾∙𝑚𝑜𝑙 a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its
molar mass. The terms effusion and diffusion are often used
Evaluating the Ideal Gas Constant interchangeably, but they are not equivalent.
The value of R, the ideal gas constant, depends on the units Effusion is the movement of gas particles through a tiny hole.
chosen for pressure, temperature, and volume in the ideal gas This explains why a person can still smell the scent of cologne
equation. It is necessary to use Kelvin for the temperature and even if the lid is closed.
it is conventional to use the SI unit of liters for the volume. Diffusion is the process by which a gas spreads or mixes with
However, pressure is commonly measured in one of three another gas. This is when the particles of the cologne start to
units: kPa, atm, or mmHg. Therefore, R can have three mix with air it volatizes. Diffusion results from concentration
different values. Here is how R is calculated when the pressure gradient. A gas at a location of high concentration naturally
is measured in kPa. The volume of 1.00mol of any gas at STP tends to move to another location where there is a lower
(Standard temperature, 273.15 K and pressure, 1 atm) is concentration of this gas.
measured to be 22.414L. We can substitute 101.325kPa for Graham’s law predicts that lighter gas particles will move
pressure, 22.414L for volume, and 273.15K for temperature faster than heavier ones. As the kinetic molecular theory
into the ideal gas equation and solve for R. Deriving formula postulates, the average kinetic energy of a gas is proportional
for R will give us: to its absolute temperature. For two particles (1 and 2) at the
𝑃𝑉 (101.325kPa × 22.414L) 𝟖.𝟑𝟏 𝑳∙𝒌𝑷𝒂 same temperature, their kinetic energies are equal.
R = 𝑛𝑇 = =
(1.000mol × 273.15K) 𝑲∙𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒈𝒂𝒔 𝟏 𝑴
This is the value of R that is to be used in the ideal gas Formula: 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒈𝒂𝒔 𝟐 = √𝑴𝟐
𝟏
equation when the pressure is given in kPa.
where M represents the molar mass of the molecules of each
of the two gases.The gases’ effusion rate is directly
LECTURE in GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
proportional to the average velocity at which they move; a gas
Quarter 1 - Week 5, Day 4 (Use Dalton’s law of partial
is more likely to pass through an orifice if its particles are
pressure to relate mole fraction and partial pressure of
moving at faster speeds.
gases in mixture)
Example:
What is the ratio of the rate of effusion of ammonia, NH3, to
7. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures - for a mixture of gases,
that of hydrogen chloride, HCl?
the pressure that each gas would have on its own, added
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑁𝐻3 36.46 g/mol
together, equals the total pressure. = √17.03 g/mol = 1.46
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐻𝐶𝐿
Example:
Gas A – 1 atm
Gas B – 2 atm The NH3 molecules effuse at a rate 1.46 times faster than HCl
Total = 3 atm molecules.
Formula: 𝑷𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑷𝒂 + 𝑷𝒃 + 𝑷𝒄 …
𝑹𝑻 Derivation of Graham’s Law:
𝑷𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = (𝒏𝒂 + 𝒏𝒃 + 𝒏𝒄 )
𝑽

Mole Fraction and Partial Pressure

mole fraction(𝑥𝑎 ): number of moles of one particular gas
divided by the total moles of gas in the mixture.
𝒏
𝒙𝒂 = 𝒂
𝒏𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍
So partial pressure is mole fraction multiplied by the total
pressure:
𝑷𝒂 = 𝒙𝒂 𝑷𝒕
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