Inglés, Toma 41 (Secundaria) Pig. Inglés, Tema 61 (Secundaris) ROMANISATION. THE INFLUENCE OF LATIN ON THE ENGLISH lL LANGUAGE. LOANWORDS AND CALQUES. ‘Gantro de Estudios ECOEM, SA — Curso 2007/2008 LAROMANTZACION. INFLUENCIA DEL LATIN EN LA LENGUA INGLESA. 'PRESTAMOS ¥ CALCDS. 41 ‘A._READER 4. mwrRopucrion. 2 tmmegane "THE INFLUENCE OF LATIN ON THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, "BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES (TOPIC) ‘siakiograriy. INTERNET LS, SUMMARY / CONCEPT MAP. fa. CONCEPTUAL MAP. To LDEN, SA, HISIORTO — wrmacnana — SeSROMOONS 4. _arropucron. We ae so acco to thing of Era as on separable adh to he Erlth splat we ae ort that thas bean he ngage Egan fr» comperitly ekipedin he war's ny. Se fiona te Ward abe De mide Oe ‘cry ts ha rer ecg veh oy 50 years. Yr hs pref he war 2 Sn nhaned by nomare fr houans yar 5.000 seco to mere Moderate ‘Site 158000 eeprom of sme Durr th long seth of ee, natal Ry ‘Sil troupe me be presence o'8runbe’ ef eure an be deta ad (lever testers ha urjuge mae doer our none fe Mary af and ‘ry baka a me wen humors cnt veo urauge, “Te Enh ngage lnk ery he proc fhe ales eh Ein in te ‘tn and sath xa ye utes, Sr dP, omed he bs of Egish {fone ar he sauce of yf ergs pref ts vocab. Targets ‘thc rare a the wnuoge spony Inte couse rk seen Nanded ‘ao is exten In Cun, te bs fhe lc anqage wos oust ert Wer dre cnr anguge, tame as the Cay te Roney ted te Sananvans Fron enn of tess cots trian shou cor eas more eel ses Is ‘eta Toe fore of te cv wi he aby lrgiage andthe Canes ak were ‘rhe Ramarao nl fa Be suet peer Erol as ba a 9 Gama ngage Wen 2 Romance veablay. sna of ative (kgrsnan) word ngah ange Rom 233%, he et race up on ‘Stroma ge narra these banpnnge ae att; carder Lt fom {ath ewaugh ‘om of tw Romance ngage (Pech Ramanan, Raia, Portugine or Sra rom ene te’ anguge Sh a ra) re anand ten Mo Eis 2. ROMANISATION, omanisntion i279 cine by hitorans ta descbe a process wich capsid ‘he tent esncn of he Rar tpre and wich mole Spread até Watomson ‘tiomanlaw way at Mg ard cre 2.4. THE ROMAN CONQUEST. nthe simmer of 55. us Casa, hviog complet he angst of Ga ecied non ans et Engand i the eae fe Cos was reese was br ameuty tx eee undog adhe mage heady eons essen Wat {erence son reed to God The spain he ese ro sata am ane ‘Snes af prstge.Retangy the eowng rere sa Ino te ey ft Rtn more eoborte repeats. Tha tine te sxeedee ie eatsisirg ns he Souens uc aftr fn copra wth Cas veh be nes moda Ses, he ‘late te rom thom (wen was eer) ahd aa reed te Ga ead pts ‘Serie he upon, but fo fad by ra mew se tari he hes of the Cats ‘Sit arn war nog bel by Ran lj fr ear «nde vars as nA. 4 tat he Engr Gaus ceo undrtaete aculconuas of ‘te irl th the knowlege of Cosars experince Btn iy he i not wndeesnae ee onan a ogee eons nemnan emia nineInglés, Tema 41 (Secundaria) oa. 3 the problems involved. Accordingly an army of 40,000 was sent to Britain and within three years had subjugated the peoples of the central and south-eastern regions. Subsequent cam- paigns soon brought almost all of what is England under Roman rule. Under the Roman Gover~ nor Agricola (78-85) the northern frontier was advanced and the conquest may be said to have been completed. The Romans never penetrated far into the mountains of Wales and Scotland. Eventually they protected the northern boundary by a stone wall stretching across England at approximately the limits of Agricola's permanent conquest. The district south of this line was Under Roman rule for more than 300 years. 2.2. ROMAN ENGLAND. It was inevitable that the military conquest of Britain should have been followed by the Romanisation of the province. Where the Romans lived and ruled, Roman ways were found. Under the Roman Empire, administration of peaceful provinces was ultimately thie remit of the Senate but those like Britain that required permanent garrisons of troops were placed Under the Emperor's control. On the ground however imperial provinces were run by resident ‘governors who were former senators who had held the consulship. These men were carefully ‘selected often having strong records of miltary success and administrative ablity. In Britain, a ‘governor's role was primarily miltary but numerous other tasks were also his responsibiity such ‘as maintaining diplomatic relations with local cient kings, building roads, ensuring the public courier system functioned, supervising the civitates and acting as @ judge in important legal ‘eases, When not campaigning he would travel the province hearing complaints and recruiting new troops. To assist him in legal matters he had an adviser, the legatus iuridcus, and those in Britain appear to have been distinguished lawyers perhaps because of the challenge of incorporating tribes into the imperial system and devising a workable method of taxing them. Financial administration was dealt with by a procurator with junior posts for each tax-raising ‘power. Each legion in Britain had a commander who answered to the governor and in time of ‘war probably directly ruled troublesome districts. Each of these commands carried a tour of duty of two to three years in different provinces. Below these posts was a network of administrative managers cavering intelligence gathering, sending reports to Rome, organising military supplies and dealing with prisoners. A staff of seconded soldiers provided clerical services. Colchester was probably the earliest capital of Roman Britain but it was soon eclipsed by London with its strong mercantile connections. Fout great highways soon spread fanlke from London to the north, the northwest, the west, and the southwest, while 2 fifth cut across the island. Numerous lesser roads connected important miltary or civil centres or branched off as spurs from the main highways. A score of small cties and more than a hundred towns, with their Roman houses and baths, temples, and ‘occasional theatres, testify to the introduction of Roman habits of life. The houses were equipped with heating apparatus and water supply, their floors were paved in mosaic, and their walls were of painted stucco~all as In their Italian counterparts. Towns were equipped with sewage systems. Roman dress, Roman omaments and utensils, and Roman pottery and Glassware seem to have been in general use. By the third century Christianity had made some progress in the island, and in A.D. 314, bishops from London and York attended a church ‘council in Gaul. Under the relatively peaceful conditions that existed everywhere except along the frontiers, where the hostile penetration of the unconquered population was always to be feared, there is every reason to think that Romanization had proceeded very much as it had in the other provinces of the empire. The diference is that in Britain the process was cut short in the fifth century "OECOEM, S.A. — 902 930870 — www.ecoem.es — central@ecoem.es sta pbticacion se eheuenra registra, extn reservados todo oe darechos, Mla tala i parte de misma [Buederepreducre o ransmirae por ningun procedimlentoeletrénico © macanic,inclayend fotocpla, arabe ‘in mognatca, amacenamiento de Informacion y sistema de recuperecon, sin periso escrito de ECOEM, SA.mn i lit i f i ane i ai i We ainti Another method of enlarging the vocabulary is by appending familar prefixes and Suffixes to existing words on the pattern of similar words in the language. Several of the Latin prefixes seem to lend themselves readily to new combinations and many examples can be found in technical terminology of modern English (see point 4.8), 4. LOANWORDS AND CALQUES. ‘As Garcia Yebra states (1989), the terms loanword, borrowed word, borrowing, or ‘import ("préstamo") refer to a foreign lexeme which is imported into a language because it {acks an indigenous one to make reference to a concept which is new to the recelving language. ‘The concept Is not verbalized tl the moment of the borrowing itself. Américo Castro the terms “adopcién lingUistica” or “importacién linguistica” instead, on the basis that what Is borrowed is something intended to be glven back. This idea opposes clearly the one suggested by the first terms above, since a language never retums any element which takes from another language. Loanwords reftect the phonological component of the foreign word as well Calques, also known as loan translations are a special type of loanword which consist Of copying the syntactic and even lexical aspects of the foreign term without reproducing the Phonological component of it. English Milky Way, for example, is a loan transiation from Latin Va lactea, More examples of calques from Lat ‘+ English commonplace calques Latin focus commdins (referring to a generally ‘applicable literary passage), which itself is a calque of Greek koinos topos + English devi's advocate calques Latin advocatus diaboly, referring to an official <2ppointed to present arguments against a proposed canonization or beatification in the Catholic Church + English dog days calques Latin digs canicuiris + English wisdom tooth calques Latin ds sapientiae + English vious cree claves Latin crculus visas + English in a nutshelfcalques Latin in nuce +» English foot inthe sense ofa unt of metrical verse (e.g. in the fourth fot ofthe verse.) calques Latin pes whichis used in both senses; the transfered use In Latin is tse a calque on Greek pous + English Adams apple calques Latin pomum Adami + English forgive partially calques Latin perdonare. + English At your pleasure calques Latin A bene plect. + English A sip of the Cangue clques Latin Lepsus Inguae. + English Zn a utshelcalques Latin In nuce + English First among equals calques Latin Primus inter pares. + English came, 1 saw, I conquered calques Latin Ver, vil, vic. © ECOEM, S.A. — 902 930 870 — www.ecoem.es — central@ecoem.es sta publican se encuonta registra extn reservados tdoe oe derechce a totaled nl ports dem ima ‘Bue reproduce o ranamirse por ninginprocedimlonto electric © mecanicnincuyenaa erie sete ‘clin magnétic, almacenamlento de informacion ysltema de recuperacion: sr perwise Conve at cooInglés, Tema 41 (Secundaria) Pag. 4.1, CONTINENTAL BORROWINGS. ‘The first Latin words to find their way into the English language owe their adoption to the early contact between the Romans and the Germanic tribes on the continent. Several hundred Latin words found in the various Germanic dialects at an early date-some in one dialect only, others in several- testify to the extensive Intercourse between the two races (Baugh, $936) oF peoples (Baugh & Cable, 1993), The Germanic population within the empire by the fourth century is estimated at several millon. They are found in all ranks and classes of socety, from slaves in the fields to commanders of Important divisions of the Roman army. Although they were scattered all over the empire, they were naturally most numerous along the northern frontier. This stretched along the Rhine and the Danube and bordered on Germanic teritory. ‘Traders, Germanic as well as Roman, came and went, while Germanic youth returning from within the empire must have carried ack glowing accounts of Roman cities and Roman life. ‘Such Intercourse between the two peoples was certain to carry words from one language to the ‘ther. After the conquest of Gaul by Caesar, Roman merchants quickly found their way into all parts of the Germanic territory, even into Scandinavia, so that the Inhabitants. of these more Femote sections were by no means cut off from Roman influence. Moreover, intercommunication between the different Germanic tribes was frequent and made possible the transference of Latin words from one tribe to another, ‘The adopted words naturally indicate the new conceptions that the Germanic peoples ‘acquired from this contact with a higher cvlization, Next to agriculture the chief occupation of the Germanic tribes in the empire was war, and this experience is reflected in words tke camp (battle), segn (banner), wweall (wall, pytt (pit), staet (Foad, street), mil (mile), and mitestre (courtesan). More numerous are the words cénnected with trade. They traded amber, furs, saves, and probably certain raw materials for the products of Roman handicrafts, articles of utility, luxury, and adornment. The words ceap (bargain; cf. Eng., cheap, chapman) and mangian (to trade) with its derivatives mangere (monger), mangung (trade, commerce), and mangung-fus (Ghop) are fundamental, while pund pound), and mynet (coin) are terms ily to be employed. ‘One of the most important branches of Roman commerce with the Germanic peoples was the wine trade: hence such words in English as win (wine), must (new wine), eced (vinegar), and flasce (flask, bottle). To this period are probably to be attributed the words cyile (Lcalicus, leather bottle), gofette (L. curcurbita, gourd), and sester (jar, pitcher). ‘A rumber of the new words relate to domestic life and designate household articles, clothing, and the like: cyte’ (kettle; L. catilus, catinus), mese (table), scamol (L. scamellum, hench, stool; cf. Modern shambles), teped (Carpet, curtain; L. tapetum), pyle (L. pulvinus, pillow), pilece (L. pelcia, robe of skin), and sige! (brooch, necklace; L. sigilum). Certain other ‘words of a similar kind probably belong here, although the evidence for their adoption thus tearly i$ not In every case conclusive: cycene (kitchen; L. coquina), cuppe (L. cuppa, cup), alse (dish; L. discus), cucer (spoon; L. cocearium), mortere (L. mortarium, a mortar, a vessel of hhard material), lien (cognate with or from L. linum, flax), line (rope, ine; L. linea), aud gimm (L gemma, gem). “The speakers of the Germanic dialects adopted Roman words for certain foods; such as ciese (L. cascus, cheese), pipor (pepper), senep (mustard; L. sinapi), popig (poppy), cisten (chestnuttree; L. castanea), ces (bean) (cherry-tree; L. cerasus), while to this period are probably to be assigned butere (butter; L. butyrum), ynne (Ileac)(L. unio, onion), plume (plum), ;pise(L. pisum, pea), and minte (L. mentha, mint). ‘302 930 870 — www.ecoem.es — central@ecoem.es a reaistred,estin reservados todos os derechos. Nia totaldad porte ea mis ‘ead reprodecise © wanemtirae por ningenprocedimlentoelecrenico o manic, incuyende ftncopi aba: aa oacenamlento Ge iformacion y sistema de recuperacion sin permiso escrito de ECOEM, S.A,_Tnaits, Tema 41 (Secundoria) + Was cencing fats, sch a bet, cul (eben (CE ert), mie (OE ‘BD par en, te (OE a) orm, wh nem + Mame foes si nd bes (en ate fo te, mana opts), Se ox, pa, fe fy malo, Imastmalow, mys srry ard eral war are A cern number of word hang to do wth etna ean rec snot ape fhe urs ee Such oe sh! aster a ‘ewer boronig), warns ese meter ts nay (ath Faby we may anton 2 runber of words to mclineou ant of ale Atwincd prepared von of te Bnet Rule, tron the Cina egy ln, t ing abot ogee unter ner eganaaton ab uae Ove of eo [5G of sec concom his werk of eataten as he nrovenet of cocaine {Sablewart fst ante ereauopenet of amg avant on te egy ‘seepage ann etn ae apes ne nace ae ‘ors have odo wa regi mates anast apst ca cosy eed dena ‘Bootes soap. Urry arlene wre acne ele (as tom of grea, ‘oy, eral ear barons a be Chisn peed cae wg bol cen at rts feo, sacha ran (ec) or Ban (i «mesa pry von nda fear ofthe Cran fat athe saree Lots Super as expres by he Garraric wor fs rac ous, wee gear word or ‘Bois to the gals, was aun snes apples tothe Soren of he ox The tom ‘Sees oss cc alee nin word gwar evangelion ws ender i gacoa rsral meaning god ns Tony (fa woe Tread res (ee sb hee of Gad the Cleator wae eressd Oy samp (ae wha safes& fom), "hara(eaar, onde) of eto (rans) Nave words Be fase (her, cyan (pin), weld (er, Pen (ree), ear (nr protec), htt (er) re Reuss Mest am we a ped ‘Gest, cigray nk war ane te mot uu efor be Second Paso of Tent, ‘alr ver) sao cormeniyenpoyed. The Ta Petson (Spetua Send) wat arses vay Gat (ly Gos) ath aol war broned a Sal (et) Bw ‘era fed 53 caren spon ramps of such maths might be mutt. ot rd (0), mow gee (gator) at resection soot on avant te) ect apn ) ie ‘woe ante er oh od se maar, a, oy sd a, ‘rome Susie. The ger ays Cooma pasta neue ane eamnaen ee eneInglés, Tema 41 (Secundaria) Pig tt ‘45. LATIN poRROWINGS1IN MIDDLE ENGLISH. me a ree cee ener ol ahem mere ee eee Pope terre eed iEninaan Saeco oe wales f toro fom fr aa aio, ca nace pont pst Tone eae tp Renan Say cr. ny one ae a stylet dove Inthe 13" cer eee) ised by Pots an oa by wars of ‘ose. By meas of such wr as aby, pen care, [Torte at hat nan Seba Some wards which Were aweste In Cuucer have sometines become pat of the ‘enmen sone eat medote, oneal, stage ese the eal ee Te rest of ths migng of Lat, Fon nd cave ners is 8 témes In ‘rans In sre cater e havea rye at tro afr el pop Mey 2 Iara) a moun asc at veto ope tm“ In ac Sof en wares he rt ng be ar ham Fen rd he Dr ot ae, The ‘an ere deray more ooh, |4.56. THE RENAISSANCE 1500 - 1650: THE PROBLEM OF ENRICHMENT, Eeargng the voeabulny as ore of he mae pelons conturing the maern languages fhe en of te 16 carta The Renta aes puede ceed Ser ‘here fd. Th, ong withthe rectcorey of Land Grek atu uh eat dese fr enpoverant. The sch hanep of at ough the Mace Aes fd tthe veracis unewpe along tartan ines, Now th be mony fad ton roan (Ree Lerng th aehcenes of lh mere the se Ue reed “Trlatons wee rueros a sna ae very at of tanto rigs homeo ‘etre te tntasior fhe made ont in bao a eggs De EES oat nore og, Tema 41 (Secundaia) Pog. 12 {ams was ick ef ins ons may many orig words, ma a, Fech or {eto re diced Eni wih mmr ne 16 or ean es Bo ‘he save seagenss ofthe new wore nas an chatan to same pele They contd the tof aed words are pao ane io ive eet oy idle, {ang ten itor” tema The serge oectin nas onthe ae of act (et export of hs vw s Thomas kr, ate of etre 155). The oppo $9 Im tre was ts gt ne deo he scat cory. a teen of Ec regn ad ry pnt rc, Neves, tere were many mote he in preep sacs sop of kins, Imogratns, The svongnes of he hew wr, ey ues, wut son new 9 Info 8 [Bzabetan coud arts wos te us of he aon wor ar thes couse ase le ‘ne, aro, Bt wt to mane doo wen fan 4 irtreig feature abut the wl question o ed barons the way rose pps nares even ato pay tha Ben Seon deed eps {Etat the Pear (sh) ekearg hm of rvograde puro sensor, wes ‘ber of mis wor Te words hat were oduct th ine ware fen bse med nouns, aces, vets: anaconi, aonsphew sutyaph. aay can aguas ‘rai pense, eral erin, BAD tert dasnahne bate ode, ‘raver et unguh metae Mo te wey ae Ut bu seo De were (Ser sara by ith fom Grass anacone, Soros pate cry, mun fndust, phat slo, tacts. ned mest of be oe merce Eng ey ecm our gh Lt or ac Same wort, ering he lrguge, retained te oil fem (ke lr, oF sxoea ers uncer Oa sors by ety of the ith erdg: con ut -, eroce (Loa). Sma stan furor ange wes recy. The {St endng ash jeter was chnges to "aus (cpu "us > cpa) of os ‘lec by (exes > ear Lan nau cog tar were Qanged Eh cee 2 rh, eer ney go ses (ora ence (concur) any (stan, ony regan wie ies ‘dg rs hte sil Engh ening be (srpt). Mary Egluh wets boroned ‘fom ays stare enn te (cuales). These verb wre oad on eb the apa parol (exert Lain inves exo). Te gh pce ‘rotsed fm tect tate Lat ps prope nos ch eller ot acne Sd ‘Nese conmon ting in Eis wo make wb oof ohcives (yy car Rattroduction and naw Semen be sme wor hs been boomed fm. ce er te a th ps we pe WO pls shape sh and were tan bowed fe rake te Engin were ences tra ex A word when aucun a ord tne chen cme 8 arte ing ae ‘Sinatng the mparan f he Lit on ware te ersace Iho Sena Lo ‘eer Pow wr Cc Pt, at be ne, ‘tetra, hemipferen ancl sean, bt pes a's ue oe 16 ey, Srathe werd att tough ound arn ene fa, ree, was aces Inns pest mening nthe arson, penal netae ee re41 (Secundar 13 ‘rong the many nan wor a were rodent Engl tiie tere wre 9 ay muber ta fave et bean party red The mt cong ess oe flr os row wart take haa tt nt ks, fc me ek wn orang of spr aston ener 1s not sys pb to sy wheter 9 wos bared ti ne Was tka Oe ‘rey om Latino ress) tvou Fen for the ta wien wae ging French nano se fame werés wee bang Moodie bah engage fu tat ‘he Engin Dorewes any wees Rom Lt ean neat rab fe oy eros he conhcaty cngatsy afd xoreate ae fra tam he an prs (conta) arc mth French conn carter, whch ale ed fom the nes caviar, Sametime conc of waa Eg ee Ie rec pos fede saopion Pom ty 5 do nr ke ono “once Sanne by ee cnc arg ba wh hw en “hae sl rea home, 2 go many wars whch igh Guy wo Have cane ‘as Eagan fo atin ot rerch (oa eb alan, Met, gery ay ot moore wih engage was te Sect source oe Emin words Se eb’ at ‘hey ae rt of Lat argh. In many cams Pen may have ee 9 pede ot Inandicng the ath words Engi sre ay hve gned hago epin, 49, Te eTcHTEENTH comTURY. eof tn characteris of the 8 cert wa is oan sense ede a te vse fren sre fr tn and regdrty. Ts les oferty ts and Oat ie (Grsenssrcogzes as good. The ost npoa prodeaton in ihe funtion it Stand reason, Which was oun sporty te fee of autoreve ao, Sac dasa ramp. Not cry nies angage Lt weed on et ‘nal nd casa eed was on eran spose Now ote ist tne aan was tured the parma, and was dacrd at ng dno gamer, Ins Wott Sup Sanaa fcomecren hy nguge (steric seo e 1 eetry showed Yaa the ategt ste cap oes (Spay by spy esering out ur. The reper aurea, emer ‘ssc! exappy fakes De fom of appt tthe wncay f Lath abarg une Inisaken maton tte Casealargnes hat carand weaned for mary ceties Some hl at Engh mi be verre euny sate, Now of te compar ef sh (rarer cae ecuped fore tac ny wit) Wold fhe as goa od ‘ht totes ary he wars concn coud be is 08 more aay an. ier t sate the angge razon, slg, ar he ample of Lain and Gee ne Stes them eansieefon bs made Jonson uted as har sat "srs, my tin ta very ngage mit be fora aftr the moda of some ae te arc Pe mch fo gs aay 1 ota" Nevers the cous of Sw eaten canty anyone fg re op {hat tee were ore duadvarages an abvarnes ne 0M Egish Mo ep (48, THE NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES The great eropmens in sence ae he a ropes thet has ben made ery ‘tld Pletal scbty See tars arte nah vcsoamy, ox Oe ‘The eter of fry wfuence mot ey 20 Ine numberof wees Bre sa rt ofthe Cong of tan sae #50 Lath ard ape Egy wee tree cw of he Oc Engh pr Ths nara den ot che dates pet ‘ames, ch nthe eae of Sa ramee ae vey hurr Babu 10 of ee were ‘reyes eta so much oh forse Carat b a eb ered pt of {i rg vocab OF te 350 worst hve it ob soared, sme i at ‘lave gral lier ec ret Be hen Plage mo "nt uy cpt dhru Deserta se ngage “yaa tet torn tne the ders tance worce OL ought hme sles rot ery a qn of te ao svi hs grin of fo ‘rps nares were gute and bane on he ne mor “he ranbe of words acqures ron the Romans the Germanic bes efctn very ‘exsnabl nay te reuters Gut eed baer the te pape Stoo Oe Dene at ‘ary the borewngs rom Lat teeny aye f Oresnty England hon ow DECOM, SA — 902 990570 — wenaaemns — een ‘epee eas cents eg ae eeToma 41 (Secundoria) 35 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES (TOPIC). + BAUGH, A 0885 Ast ine Eng Language, New Yr: Ape Cray + BAU, A. Cale, 985) Her oF te lin Language. Ldn eae +c yn mt on 2 lounourer «pe ne: tera on ly I ne ae a ery nce ene es Eaves Vgentas LODE y 106 Fanci ECON Sa, 2807 {ey Crdnce de Ecce (108 Prac FCOEM, Ss 005 {ay a ect do dic (8) Fura EOE Se, 208, aes Mache Grae, Cine rebar as Cnpetonces iocs unc coe, Sev, 208, Se dela ea Rants (Cou) ab de pet nin ECM, + oan tara | cos, Uy Onin de Bata. Kpico xcpe” de Sees Spare Foti EEOEH Sl, 6 +a a ae Sa EEN Ca acc fee ‘ir Rte eaaar eso Ghani (onpoeee er tx) pie sara de sco on Ves, - Nene 2 Cuan Funan £0004 Sel, 207. 2 Bla! Farmed Prosonal en Ep una EOD, + Uuld Mari Vieques Réfex y Juan Cabeza Vale. rgramaciones Oakctas en it ‘amacn Profesor Scien Fran ECD, Sel, 85, +> Liar egee Pre Jus caer Yate La Prgramctn Diao on ‘FP Pana SOOM See, 208. 8. INTERNET LINKS. +o tas ont acperyfouss/636icr.non + tap rometetin ort +node orhisang + ten rat connie of RomancelgisRIF-nglahat- “reer oO gid + smedyesatcon Inglés, Tema 41 (Secundaria Pig. 16 9. SAMPLE SUMMARY. Tntroducon Famantion fa tem Soere we tna cig any whch te Ct Se Eb‘ ag syn ef won rnc ox ested BO i i i t i Ce RE pe Sea ees ata ana pian hana nga an orale eae ean OER, — SOOT wemreene = =