Isis, Tes 66 (Secundaria) Pla, ‘ANGLOPHONY: ITS CULTURAL DIMENSION IN THE MODERN ‘WORLD, BRITISH AND AMERICAN ENGLISH, THE PRESENCE OF __ ENGLISH IN SPAIN. ANGLICISMS, ©. nTRopuction. [DIMENSION CULTURAL DE LA ANGLOFONEA EN EL MUNDO ACTUAL. EL INGLES BRITANICO Y EL IN- Dec tnt raen nts et fv hee: agit rounn fe rsh Erg te begnngs he cay ar re igge en cpanel ads Boh process we curt nthe go ‘Papers ord to explain the cutura dimension ofthe Engiohorguage nowaceys s Ned, its and smorca Egih ecompred o fees of aa aly, Enihinfsorcs Spent ae Sak vat te HLS pe og eae mums 2 Garten Sai, © oa exciomon rset cann + nemeiwe meneame 2 Eh" unto Ameren Ean Ne 414, INTRODUCTION. 22 Reta Rance Ameran gc. 25, tech eater ana on Anertan gy Sap the, ance of panne 14. hea song wy { 0 3 my 35. awa pata : { arth an er st wha miso nil cre inpatnce 34 wera ons in "A. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. In mutes of pater 2 wa a 8 ss fr rata nication ae a eeu esses, Ege om of te hel nga nguages Oe ‘Sforn by ove han 380 al peo a or nung he Ute og, te Ue ‘Sut se forme on Eve, cs De mat Sno eon lanages GUI GA - NES = eon eeeInglés, Tema 66 (Secundaria) Pag. 3. English, however, is not the most widely used language in the world. Chinese is spoken by more than a billion (= one hundred thousand million) people in China alone. Some of the European languages are comparable with English in reflecting the forces of history, especially with regard to European expansion since the sixteenth century. Spanish, next in size to English, is spoken by about 240 million people, Russian by 210 million, Portuguese by 125 million, Ger- man by 110 million, French by 85 million native speakers (and a large number of second- language speakers) and Italian by 65 million ( Baugh & Cable, 1993). A language may be important as a /ingua franca in a country or region whose diverse populations would otherwise be unable to communicate. This is especially tru colonies of England and France whose colonial languages have remained indisp@ after independence and often in spite of outright hostility to the political and cultural numbers over all other western languages. The importance of a language, however, is not alone a matt rritory; it depends also on the importance of the people who speak it. The janguage is associated in the mind of the world with the political role played b using it and ions--i.e., pay thelr debts to other na- tions, meet the interest on their bonds, maintain thé r other basis of their currency, con- trol their expenditures; with the extent of their busin b of their commerce; with the conditions of lifes and with the part played by them in art ai exploration and discovery~—in short, withgileei of the world. English is the mother- soundness, commercial activity, civilization. , erpris@ the international scope B.grei ss of their people live; Wie material and spiritual progress sombine political influence, economic | scientific and cultural contributions to 1.3. THE FUTURE 0 English language today make it reasonable to ask obable position it will occupy in the future. It is admit- éf nations; the changes during the present century in the age is primarily a matter of population, the most important ques- igfs of the world will increase most rapidly. Growth of population is ;.at'mid-centurythe populations of the developing countries will increase their majority to per- haps three and a half to one during the twenty-first century. Since most of the native speakers ! ish live in the developed countries, it can be expected that this group will account for a pparepsively smaller proportion of the world’s population. son If the future of a language were merely a matter of the number who use it as a first language, English would appear to be entering a period of decline after four centuries of un- precedented expansion. What makes this prospect unlikely is the fact that English is widely used as a second language throughout the worlds estimates of the number of speakers with varying degrees of proficiency range between 50 million and 300 million. In some of the devel- oping countries that are experiencing the greatest growth, English is one of the official tan- guages, as it is in India, Nigeria, and the Philippines. In some countries English is a neutral lan- © ECOEM, S.A. — 902 930 870 — www.ecoem.es — central@ecoem.es Reservados todos los derechos. Ni la totalidad ni parte de esta publicacién puede reproducirse o transmitirse por Inglés, Tema 66 (Secundaria) Pag. 4 guage among competing indigenous languages, the establishment of any one of which would arouse ethnic jealousies. In most developing countries communications in English are superior to those in the vernacular languages. The unavailability of textbooks in Swahili has slowed the effort to establish that language as the language of education in Tanzania. Yet textbooks and other publications are readily available in English, and they are produced by countries with the economic means to sustain their vast systems of communications. The complex interaction of these forces defies general statements of the present situa- tion or specific projections into the distant future. It is also likely that pidgin and creole varieties of English will become increasingly widespread in those areas where English is q first lan- guage. A pidgin is a language which is a mixture of two other languages. Pidgin ¥ pands linguistically to satisfy a full range of functions and will serve the children as4 language. A pidgin usually has a limited vocabulary and a reduced grammatical stru may expand when a pidgin is used over a period and for many purpggés, Usually pid pidg- tive language of a group of speakers, being used for all or many of their daily;tommunicative far more complex than those of a pidgin language. Creoles are usual the language from which more of their vocabulary comes. Examples of & Hawaiian Creole, or Krio in Sierra Leone. 1.4. ENGLISH AS A WORLD LANG! érmational language is evident from the it need artificially. Between 1880 and Some of these enjoyed an amazing, if we some of the requirements of business and akg the medium of political, historical, or scientific jouthe support of governments and the educational ment of an artificial language for the world will be uage policy continuing to be a highly emotional issue, travel, but no one has pri thought, to say nothing institutions that they;,co at miligate against the establishment of an artificial language work even tablishment of a single foreign language for international communi- Si Singe it is not to be expected that the speakers of any of these six languages subéfdinate their own language to any of the other five, the question is rather vill likely gain ascendancy in the natural course of events. Just over a century i language of the world, and it enjoyed considerable popularity in literary and scientific During the nineteenth century its prestige, though still great, gradually declined. The inence of Germany in all fields of scientific and scholarly activity made German a serious npetitor. Now more scientific research is probably published in English than in any other lan- guage, and the preeminence of English in commercial use is undoubted. The revolution in communications during this century has contributed to the spread of several European lan- guages, but especially of English because of major broadcasting and motion picture industries in the United States and Great Britain. It will be the combined effect of economic and cultural forces such as these, rather than explicit legislation by national or international bodies, that will determine the world languages of the future. © ECOEM, S.A. — 902 930 870 — www.ecoem.es — central@ecoem.es Reservados todos los derechos. Ni la totalidad ni parte de esta publicacién puede reproducirse o transmitirse porInglés, Tema 66 (Secundaria) Pag. 5 Since World War II, English as an official language has claimed progressively less terri- tory among the former colonies of the British Empire while its actual importance and number of speakers have increased rapidly. In 1935 English was the official language of one-fourth of the earth’s surface, even if only a small fraction of the population in Parts of that area actually knew English. As the colonies gained independence, English continued to be used alongside the ver- naculars. In many of the new countries English is either the Primary language or a necessary second language in the schools, the courts, and business. The extent of its use varies with re- gional history and current government policy, although stated policy often masks the actual complexities. In Uganda, for example, where no language is spoken as a first language by more than 16 percent of the population, English is the one official language; yet less cent of the population speaks it as a first language. In India, English was to serv@ purposes only until 1965, but it continues to be used Officially with Hindi and four national languages. In Tanzania, Swahili is the one official language, but English i pensable in the schools and the high courts. It is nowhere a question the native speech. Nothing is a matter of greater patriotic feeling reason for this dominance of English is its propensity for acquirin assimilation, its manifestation in a range of varieties, and above medium for literary and other types of creativity across languages ani 2. BRITISH AND AMERICAN ENGLIS! 2.1. UNIFORMITY OF AMERICAN ENGLI Linguistically the circumstances unde! country have had one important conseg#é well as in the present day, especia America shows a high degree of tal differences that mark the popular nothing comparable to thes¢ Cooper (1828) said, itedly been observed, in the past as abroad, that the English spoken in are familiar with the pronounced dialec- éxefit parts of England will know that there is , The merging of regional differences through the mixture of the population has been promoted by a certain mobility that characterizes the American people. It has been said that it is ugugpal to find adult Americans living in the place in which they were born, and while this is janObyfous exaggeration, it is nevertheless true that change of abode is distinctly common. In it 1¢,past Americans also had to reckon with the influence of Webster's spelling book and Lindsay Murray's grammar, by which at all times public education in America has been a standardizing influence. As a result of the homogeneity of the English language in America, a standard exists that rests upon general use, albeit a standard for which complete uniformity cannot be claimed. In New England and the South there are particular differences, as of pronunciation,that are easily recognized. But just because they can be perceived, it is easy to exaggerate them while © ECOEM, S.A. — 902 930 870 - www.ecoem.es —_central@ecoem.es Inglés, Tema 66 (Secundaria) Pag. 6 , losing sight of the great majority of features that the speech of all parts of the country has in common. Such differences characterize the pronunciation of New England, the South, and the Middie States and the West. They are not defections from the general standard but variations within it. Even Black English Vernacular, the most conspicuous example of a non-standard dia- lect, diverges from the uniformity of American English in superficial ways. The relatively few features that characterize Black English vernacular, some of which are features of standard Southern English, are more important as a social reality than as a linguistic reality. The features are perceived as more pervasive than they actually are, and a few occur- rences of patterns such as He tired or She don’t be busy evoke in the listenegs.mind a fuil stereotype with its associations, negative or positive, depending on the listener’ Haguistic ae sympathies. But regarding the linguistic insignificance of the features themselves, sé and traditional dialectologists have made the same point. William Labov (1970) drat deep structures of generative grammar to show that differences bet ween the English speakers and that of white speakers “are largely confined to supesficial, rather low level’ esses.” Ne, § 2.2. ARCHAIC FEATURES OF AMERICAN ENGLISH. : “eu A second quality often attributed to Americans€nglish is archaism Using the symbol '&’ as a copulative link, or the translatj ‘&company’, instead of the Spanish } asociados’, e hijos' eté » The use of the English 's' genitive: Confeccidn Danylo's, Boutidy Morphological and syntactical influence: Syntacti¢.distortions ot our case, Spanish words used with English syntax) ar them are: > The problem of the plural of words coming from nglis! for the formation of the plural in Spanish are soi ‘ead of the more usual - Excessive use of the Spanish pi L in sido recibidas", "Los 'se'- passive: “varias in| ep the order S+V in a subordinate clause, inguage prefers the inversion here: Estaban of the order N+Adj in Spanish: Monumental Cinema, (in Madrid, near the Teatro Real, where the adjective jon in the order of compounds: cine-club, auto-stop, video- Gimara, mountain-bike. e use of an adverb or adverbial phrase after the verb ‘haber’ and the past participle: La exportaciones habian mds de tres veces duplicado, Ella no ha claramente advertido la situacién. The use of the negation 'No' before a noun or pronoun in short answers: ¢Puedo hacerlo? No usted. Prepositions: Some calques in the use of prepositions (although at differ- ent levels of assimilation into the Spanish language) are: > With verbs: pedir por (instead of pedir algo a alguien), esperar por (instead of a), consistir de (instead of en), pagar por el taxi (in- stead of pagar el taxi) = With nouns or adjectives: quince para las ocho (= las ocho menos cuarto), dificil a hacer (= dificil de hacer), sus amigos en Nueva York (= sus amigos de...) = Expressions with an incorrect preposition: de acuerdo a, en rela- cién a (=en relacién con), enfrente de (instead of delante de), a © ECOEM, S.A. — 902 930 870 — www.ecoem.es - central@ecoem.es Reservados todos los derechos. NI la totalidad ni parte de esta publicacién puede reproducirse o transmitirse por Inglés, Tema 66 (Secundaria) Pag. 12 , nivel de (it being an anglicism when there is no different rank, as in: A nivel de novias') ~ Omission of preposition: jugar...tenis, visitar...sus primos, abierto nueve a una > Absence of article when referring to people mentioned with a title before: “Asistieron a la reunién General Pefialver de las Heras Lobato, Profesor César Vaca Gando". Overuse of ‘ello’: "E//o obedece a que..., Ello es debido a que. Use of ‘Sr. y Sra.' before the husband's surname, where tl Spanish would be fos Sres’ > Suffix -ing in several words accepted in Spanish without adap language: casting, camping, leasing, lifting, mailing, rafting)... already been adapted (with the loss of the 'g'): gga: budin/puding. r > Use of ‘como’: W. Allen como el padre (: (instead of trabajar de), proclamar como, e fF Vocabulary: The 18” century can be taken as the stating, which will become even greater after. Nar, especially in the fields of the new sciences, scientifi es, sports, Politics, economy and trade. Fernando Lazaro Carreter {198 bility of introducing those de la Lengua. These thregsg the Spanish speakers is: bacon (referring to what had traditionally 1 but cut in a different way); baffle (the new type ¥ ‘carte! with just an ornamental purpose); esponso- it from the unselfish support indicated by ‘patronizar \Jypes of lexical anglicisms: : Loans: - We find words or expressions in Spanish which keep their original English spelling and a reflection of their original pronuncia- tion: Quark (an international Physics term), pub, punk, rock, hobby, show, round, snack-bar, holding, stock, royalty, broker, hacker, hardware, software, modem, internet, chip, megabytes, windows, web. A different group would be those loans where a language takes a word from another either imitating or changing it: rockero, lid- erazgo, windsurfista, tour operador. Some direct loans from English and which have been completely assimilated into Spanish are: suéter, bote (=‘embarcacién’), rail, tunel, chutar, rosbif, nailon. : Calques: We talk about calques when, in order to name a new ob- ject or concept, a language translates a word from a different lan- © ECOEM, S.A. — 902 930 870 — www.ecoem.es - central@ecoem.es Reservados todos los derechos. Ni la totalidad ni parte de esta publicacién puede reproducirse o transmitirse porBasile, Tense 66 (Sectors), Pia 3.3. SPANGLISH. ‘he wer spangnas r co b ea Ran ‘sri, Ta yeas Wet Ste, rd fone oS Sona is tum oe eapren heer e = Betray unging x at star nara oo By fr Ergin Ws rate spain. Engi pang clon unattdy ahaa deg Be ety yr ct es centr reo opel et ors [Gog ar te fore er spy apg ae To beau, kb rt wea “ere we hase oe empire acl ney nw peng of Wj er nde a ey von be ene he ses of Eglin ‘Be eure wise cay compe reer ots psg fro personal el Pedy er rbot pt owen forthe presen & sunt am bene ae a npn Speing ay see oy tte a ‘he eeces beta Se a Amen prorat ae ots at ot ‘aus ny ar re Are, ey fat he Bad nares a ae ie eth ter: Ae rey tee ee the promca o h 9mLt eanmn at. ~ Sa ALGAE Suen pe Inglés, Tema 66 (Secundaria)_ in 10 se anise tt cen aes neo tay psn. Te prance fhe Srtue ae tal avosty bt Be ete wen ava eto gan ea eee {Serta ws ocean Se wars a noe re we "ls ot ore onthe eel of mare cpl opp Spee te gas te sreesn vob nocd Tre harass ove 2 Go sees cones {tater nel ute meninges to ene ao rca es ha Teo ‘Pgerprabg atthe nrg trans of lar Calg gage as avy hoes ‘Te na enter ute ore fora es fees Tee were ois ‘Sas caret Salspenes endo at woud ae best esc {sy Sra, mee dost cota be ght ngage sera ‘elt ements tat nthe wt rguge te iersce Bete the, recone ofa sete ssa eae Swag a oni a of eae ar en 1 argos or prone nurs ts be Baas te nose ats om gg re Ra noe ‘betwen Snag Ts ak ony ese arson imo sen fb ort aa eel oa gra Suet conse ore Seo sonaaethr einen nga. —@ ECOEM, SA. —Tema 66 (Secundaris) 35. Teams 66 16. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES (TOPIC). 8, SAMPLE SUMMARY. + UGH, a 935) co af ees Language Naw Yo Agta, | Introduction AGH Ke Co a sy fe Epi Langue Ld Rs Te nue of Es i th mada nt rest of to ohenonee: he go + Geek eae,» ep, ryokan {Hd rede. | rota exparson of he Beth Exo te eins fhe 20 cay an tea [Riges reine! garry protons e acute he ek 5 fenestrae Tec aco ee For! hepa nerd t tla te Sa dines te Eng ngoge reas + Lee 3.19, Le antes Anta y anand a Boe.em emer ew, shan Aten Egy we cred er ei mg ‘al, Egch fess Spahr Sak whe par ty wk 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY. Pesaro ‘The tral cnsan of Eglh i th 1 osmium gata Ca titans en al the continents, forming part of compietely diferent = Ths is oat hn nan nae tng, ‘longue frm when pees hen reanesuon nse Ute Noy, he Conic Ts on arose ods Onsaton the Oreo er Eraram Sarton sr Deve Be her any, Se inert ams Geena oe Bh rd er Gs rere lon, spots perm, arrange Ie raratinal Ei i the 2st centr coment dine by Aa er ‘tan ts Eg nl as ae peal sats alsa ange ner an 10 cots fer 3 vary etre stato in 20) ration nd tu enh ‘ne oma la tad et pop fe 30 ln pepe wo sce Ege {ther mater longue, mast tien fe Ute Ses, eth 2D oan Sone at ESE SA, = HENS — mare = SION SADE SA, = RERUN — merece _ emglOemenaInglés, Toma 66 (Secundaria) Pin. 17 lan some way a # sod lngge The numberof poop ig Engh 2 9 tan lerouape saul we aes sree ts way st wh pone seme nan 2 meee ‘lege curs aa gh ster. Soman ne unter! he ners pu as ‘Se compearcein ergy aane vas rary en are spe are Aeon, nce o Eri 2 on angange ote sn ert cour nes as «gutecinng deve nee to eat peel an Kr oa ep {fos incre antes and eoten A auck gore 9 te ab avert ‘Scien any Spnch pevopape’ conf tis pat’ Ths peso fa tea sh (Grego of we Ena twacing nus bth he Ein peg ans oe ‘Srooe on aso undertnes te tmporanc sc sand ran or {gan by Canbadge Uesty and aig he it Aan or osc) [thse gate y Try Cage er fer spores Engin nt TOR isnasFaregn unguae) ass wey arcs a bye tren Bae 9 tr AE: the — offi MOGs which en n-cur a re apa ANE cane ~ fr wr wk oi BE a 9 A Yer, and hr dere, we can pt ener “seo BE have teem te Ane esas = eae ete ae sone oe, re, cae pean meee, eae Shae, etre, eae ec Fe jut on hm fea >. Sha ok Ur Ane Tate or stoke ua far ash ‘Shui be are tumor lb hetero Stal open the ninnd™ Sud open won? Ings, Teme 66 (Secencarta Pig. 18 hme gts eat ut mean passion im AE i tropa oF repute 4. Stes tha patie of et = cen fae use eeesione severe er Dey artene Say hones 4 FROMNCATION. The folowing suds era a ba prrurcon of rih Enal nd Geera Asin ok ced ane Netbeans Wwe ye Taney et ‘The BE vovel stor 9/9 open sates (ton). 180 vowels + fipgminge}in te US, BEL a: | sams 1 rs "Tne BE Yon long a2 ter ee ip wed by. ac consna (are) c y= futon Fed bya Ree ete, ~ Aneta gn iss oc otenale srg and be war me ep wy frag oro rs eau fom oeriegiogs: hh a bein the et of baring eof ctr ype, stad stem os nh bef a se my ee ‘Stet nso der, te nrprstor of gehts epacd ‘te ep og afte gh. ge an Spr spss cat wh Eg {ie juatit reg riser oan pas ges) ply oo bate . soles noah Pay, rite moons hero ew ny “Wine ra euronog he wan cong wie eons Tar ae ferent pogo Enis brining: acd the ft gern ‘laters rede them, The it pe Se cope the ian ov ‘be pevaus pwnage Boros char oo os ERGO SA SROATO — oe soon conic DEE SA, FOROS = meneame ~ ROSCA,bla ara maple da / cubes: ns ine sgas/esoan Sew «taba, necsary reoghms: ppg or eer ae Ans wh of hott ag mpi. ey gt cb it ch, No, concason The abone meine! exon irae the iyreste exif inode nn. any cos hava eros fa ar maar tng Many Strole Spams we hee by Rowers A ea mae cmiwehencme oO nargerees aren Museen erat opaee paaiaranee seca