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Definition.
The Laplace transform, named after Pierre-Simon De Laplace, is an integral transform
from a function of a real variable �� (often time) to a function of a complex variable ��
(complex frequency). The transform has many applications in engineering and sciences as it
is used to solve linear ODEs as well as system of linear ODEs. The transform is written as
∞
−����
�� ��,�� �� ��
�� �� �� ℒ �� �� = �� �� =
���� = න 0
����, න0
∞
where,
The original function ��(��) is called the inverse Laplace transform or inverse of ��
�� and is denoted by ℒ−1 ��(��) and is defined by
�� �� = ℒ−1 ��(��) .
Therefore, ℒ−1 ℒ(��) = �� and ℒ ℒ−1(��) = ��
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Laplace Transforms
Example-1. If �� �� = 1 for �� ≥ 0 then
∞ ℒ1=න 1 ���� = lim ��
�� �� = ℒ lim ��−���� 1
��(��) = ��−����⋅ �� ���� = −����
��→∞න 0 −��
�� ቚ
0
��→∞ 0
1 −���� 1 −∞ 1
��→∞− ��(�� − 1) = − ���� − 1 = ����
> 0 = lim
Example-2. If �� �� = �� for �� ≥ 0 then
∞ ��
�� �� −���� 0�� ��
�� �� = ℒ ��−����⋅ �� ���� = lim
��(��) = ℒ �� = ���� = lim
න �� −��
��+1��2��
0
��→∞න 0 ��→∞− ቤ
�� 1 2 −����
��→∞− ��+ �� ��
1 2 1 2
+ �� = �� �� > 0 = lim
��→∞න 0
1 0
��
��→∞−1
−(��−1)��
= lim 1�� 0 − 1 =1
− ��−1 ��
�� − �� − 1��
��→∞− ቤ
�� − 1�� > 1
= lim
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Laplace Transforms
Linearity of the Laplace Transform:
ℒ ���� �� + ���� �� = ��ℒ �� �� + ��ℒ �� �� , where
�� & �� are constants. First Shifting Theorem or s-Shifting:
�� �� �� ��
�� , then ℒ �� �� �� = (−1) �� ���� [�� �� ]
2 2
�� +�� [�� > 0]
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Laplace Transforms
Linearity of the Laplace Transform:
ℒ ���� �� + ���� �� = ��ℒ �� �� + ��ℒ �� �� , where
�� & �� are constants. First Shifting Theorem or s-Shifting:
�� �� �� ��
�� , then ℒ �� �� �� = (−1) �� ���� [�� �� ]
2
��2 + �� = ℒ cos ����
�� − ��[�� > ��]
Laplace Transforms
❖ Some Functions ��(��) and Their Laplace Transforms
2. ℒ ���� =��!
��+1
�� , when �� = 0,1,2,3, . . .
3. ℒ ������ =1
��−��(�� > a)
2
2
�� +�� (�� > 0) 8. ℒ ������ cos ���� =��−��
��
4. ℒ cos ���� =
2 2
��−�� +��
2
�� +��
2
(�� > 0) 9. ℒ ������ sin ���� =��
5. ℒ sin ���� =��
2 2
��−�� +��
2
2
�� −�� (�� > 0) 10. ℒ ������ cosh ���� =��−��
��
6. ℒ cosh ���� =
2 2
��−�� −��
2
2
�� −�� (�� > 0) 11. ℒ ������ sinh ���� =��
7. ℒ sinh ���� =��
2 2
��−�� −��
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Laplace Transforms
Example-7.
ℒ (��2 + 1)2 = ℒ ��4 + 2��2 + 1 = ℒ ��4 + 2ℒ ��2 + ℒ 1 =4!
4+1
�� +
22!
Example-8. 2+1 1 24 5 4 3 1
�� + ��= �� + �� + ��
−3�� −3��
ℒe + 5 cosh �� = ℒ{e }+5
ℒ{cosh ��} =1
s − (−3)+ 5s
2
s2 − 1 =1
s + 3+5s
s2 − 1
Example-9.
1
ℒ (sin �� − cos ��)2 + cos2 3�� = ℒ sin2�� − 2 sin �� cos �� + cos2�� + 2(1 +
1 1 3
cos 6��) = ℒ 1 − sin 2�� + 2+ 2cos 6��) = ℒ 2− ℒ sin
1
2�� + 2ℒ cos 6��
3 1 2
= 2 ��−
2 2 1
�� + 2 + 2��
2 3 2
��2 + 6 = 2�� −
1
��2 + 4+ 2��
Example-10.
∞ ∞
−����
�� � −����
ℒ �� �� = � �� ��−����. 0 �� 4
න ���� = න ���� + න ����
2
∞
0 −2�
0 �� −���2 4��
�
�
=
=4อ
��
−��2
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��+1 ����
�� =
−1 −1 ��!, when �� =
2. ℒ 1 3. ℒ 1
0,1,2,3, . . .
2 −1
+�� = cos ���� 8. ℒ
2
�� ��−��
−1 2
4. ℒ ��
2
��−�� +�� = ������ cos ����
2 −1
+�� = sin ���� 9. ℒ
2
�� ��
−1 2
5. ℒ ��
2
��−�� +�� = ������ sin ����
2 −1
2
�� −�� = cosh ���� 10. ℒ ��−��
−1 2
6. ℒ �� ��−�� −��
2
= ������ cosh ����
2 −1
−�� = sinh ���� 11. ℒ
2
�� ��
−1 2
7. ℒ �� ��−�� −��
2
= ������ sinh ����
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Laplace Transforms
Example-11.
−1
ℒ ��2 + 1
3 −11 1 3 2 2
�� = ℒ ��+ �� = 1 +�� 2!= 1 +�� 2
Example-12.
−1
ℒ 1
2 −1
�� − 5�� + 6= ℒ 1
−1
�� − 3 (�� − 2)= ℒ 1
�� − 3−1
3�� 2��
(�� − 2) = �� − ��
Example-13.
−1
ℒ 4
�� − 2−��
��2 − 16 +4
2 −1
�� − 4= 4ℒ 1
−1
�� − 2− ℒ ��
2 −1
��2 − 4 + 2ℒ 2
��2 − 22
= 4��2�� − cosh 4�� + 2 sinh 2��
Example-14.
−15
ℒ ��−3��
��2 + 16 +2
−11 −1
��2 + 4= 5ℒ ��− 3ℒ ��
−1
��2 + 16 + ℒ 2
��2 + 22
Laplace Transforms
Exercise problems:
constants
Find the Laplace transform. Show the details of
your work. Assume that ��, ��, ��, �� are
Given ��(��) = ℒ( �� ), find ��
(��). ��, ��, ��, �� are constants. Show the details of your work.
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9
ℒ ��′(��) = ℒ���� ��
2
ℒ ��′′ �� = ℒ�� ��(��)
2
���� = ��2ℒ �� − ���� 0 − ��′ 0 = ��2�� �� − ���� 0 − ��′(0)
��2 + 1
1
⇒ ��2�� �� − ���� 0 − ��′ 0 − �� �� = ��2
1
⇒ ��2�� �� − �� − 1 − �� �� = ��2
1 2
⇒ ��2 − 1 �� �� = �� + �� + 1
⇒ �� �� =1
��2 ��2 − 1+�� + 1
��2 − 1=1
�� − 1+1
1
��2 − 1− ��2
−1
⇒ ℒ−1 �� �� = ℒ 1
�� − 1+1
1 2 −1
��2 − 1− �� = ℒ 1
−1
�� − 1+ ℒ 1
2 −11
�� − 1− ℒ ��2
∴ �� �� = ���� + sinh �� − ��
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�� +���� + (2 − 2)
+ 2�� 2
ത
⇒ �� �� =2
��2 ��2 + 1+��
��
2�� ��2 + 1+ 2��
��2 + 1+ 2 − 21
��2 + 1
ത 2 2 2
⇒ �� �� = �� −
�� 1 ��
��2 + 1+ 2 ��−
�� ��
��2 + 1+ 2
1
��2 + 1+ 2 − 2
��2 + 1
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ത 2 2 2
⇒ �� �� = �� −
�� 1 ��
��2 + 1+ 2 ��−
��
��2 + 1+ 2��
1
��2 + 1+ 2 − 2
−1 ത −12 2 ��2 + 1
⇒ ℒ �� �� = ℒ ��
�� 1
+ 2 ��− 21
��
��ҧ+ 2
⇒ ��ത ��ҧ = ��2 + 1
2��ҧ− 2 sin
�� �� ��
⇒ �� �� = 2 �� − 4− 2 sin �� − 4+ 2= 2�� − 2 sin ��
�� ��
cos 4 − ������ �� sin 4 ∴ �� �� = 2�� − sin �� +
cos ��.
�/4.
Solution. Here,
��2 + ��/4=1��.1
1
−
�� + 1/4=1��ℒ �� 14��
Thus,
−1 ��−1 ��
4 = 3 න0����−��/4
ℒ 3
����
= 3ℒ−11 ℒ
��2 + ��/4 ��
2 = 3ℒ−1
�� + ��/4 1
−��4 ��
∴ �� �� = 12 −�� 0 = 12 1 − ��−��/4
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Transforms
Exercise problems:
Laplace
Laplace Transforms
❑ Unit Step Function or Heaviside Function:
0 if �� < ��
�� �� − �� = ቊ 1
(�� ≥ 0)
if �� > ��
�� �� =
5 sin �� �� �� ��(�� − 2) �� �� − 2 ��(�� − 2) �� �� �� − 1 − 2�� �� − 4 +
��(�� − 6)
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Laplace Transforms
❑ Laplace transform of Unit Step Function or Heaviside Function:
∞ ∞ ���� = න ���� = − อ
ℒ ��(�� − ��−���� ��−����
∞ (�� > ��)
��
��) = න ��(�� − ��) ��−����
��−����⋅ 1 =
0
����
��
❑ Second shifting theorem:
If ℒ �� �� = �� �� and ��
t-shifting
if �� < ��
�� − �� �� �� − �� = ቊ0
��(�� − ��) if �� > ��then
ℒ ��(�� − ��)��(�� − ��) = ��−������ �� ��. ��., �� �� − �� ��
�� − �� = ℒ−1 ��−������ ��
Example. Write the following function using unit step functions and find its Laplace transform
= ቊ01if �� < 0
if �� > 0− ቊ01if 0 < �� < ��
if �� > ��
= �� �� − ��(�� − ��)
1 −����
Now, ℒ �� �� = ℒ �� �� − ℒ �� �� − �� = ��−��
1 −����
��= ��1 − �� .
18
Laplace Transforms
Example. Write the following function using unit step functions and find its Laplace transform
0 if 3 < ��
�� �� 2�� + 8 < 5 if ��
=ቐ 0 >5
if �� < 3
�� �� = ቐ if �� < 3 010 5 if �� > 5
Solution. We 0 if 3 < �� < = (2�� + if �� < 3
can write, 2�� + 8 0 5 if �� > 5 8) ቐ if 3 < �� <
0
= 2�� + 8 ቊ 1if �� < 3
0
if �� > 3− ቊ 1if �� < 5
if �� > 5
= 2�� + 8 �� �� − 3 − ��(�� − 5)
Now, ℒ �� �� = ℒ 2�� + 8 �� �� − 3 − ��(�� − 5)
= ℒ 2�� �� �� − 3 − 2�� �� �� − 5 + 8 �� �� − 3 − 8 ��(�� − 5)
= 2ℒ �� �� �� − 3 − 2 ℒ �� �� �� − 5 + 8 ℒ �� �� − 3 − 8 ℒ �� �� − 5
−3�� 1 2 3 −5�� 1 2 5
ℒ �� �� = 2 �� �� + ��− 2�� �� + ��+
−3��
8��
−5��
��− 8��
��
2 2 6 8 2 2 10 8
= �� + ��+ ����−3�� − �� + ��+ ����−5��
1 2 7 −3�� 1 2 9 −3��
= 2 �� + ���� − 2 �� + ���� .
Example.
ℒ ��−2���� �� − 2 = ��−2��ℒ �� �� + 2 = ��−2��ℒ ��−2 ��+2 =
��−(2��+4)ℒ ��−2�� =��−2(��+2) �� + 2
Example.
ℒ �� �� �� − �� = ��−����ℒ �� �� + �� = ��−����ℒ �� +
1 2 �� −����
�� = �� + ���� 8/23/2021
Laplace Transforms
Example. Write the following function using unit step functions and find its Laplace transform
write �� �� as, if 0 < �� < 1 if 1 <
�� �� = ቐ 2 �� < ��/2 if ��
0.5 ��2 cos �� > ��/2
Solution. We can
2 − ��−�� ��
2 2 2 −��
�� + ���� +�� 4 2 ℒ sin �� = ��− ����
1 −��2 3 2 2 1 −�� 2 3 �� 2
+ 2 �� �� + �� + ��− �� 2�� �� + ��
2
+��
−��
4��− �� 2�� 1
2
�� + 1
−�� 2
=2��+1��3 +1��2 −32���� −1��3 +��2��2 +��
8��+1
��2 + 1��−����2
Laplace Transforms
Exercise problems:
Sketch and represent the following function using
unit step functions and find its Laplace transform Find and sketch or graph
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