NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENSE AND TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY { DEPARTMENT OF ClVic AND WATER ENGINEERING BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONOURS) DEGREE t STER FINAL EXAMINATION 4 PART Ill SECOND SEME NS «MAY 204 VION SYSTEM DE: yOTAL MARKS * 100 THE ANON lage Advance ph Leaching (40 Me, fie foliowing characterises (b) A lateral sprinter down slope Slope 0.005 Nozzle operating pressure 400 kPa = 500m : Lengtii of lateral, |. 5 maximum allowable head joss Assume that the first (fui! lateral spacing) frov: the main line. The al is 20 and i = 1 852 in Hazen-Williams Favation (fe Determine a di nozzles 97 ation ever pressurized try. [6 Marks, ot surfs the advantage \ ho 18 Marks? {b) Many. surface fectars thloon b Absa S stuce™ (Draw the time-space diagram for surface itigation and show the th important phases that characterize surface irrigation. [9 Marks] fect wn] Aepmacanre Grint wat ee QUESTION 3 reucwn geumtany 7 a Gea watts] Bidesotot (a) Describe four methods used to measure in-situ applicability. Give an advantage and a disadvantage described (8) The following meteorological data was obtained on a particular day at station in Bulawayo near a maize crop tield Minimum temperature = 12 °C ‘Maximum temperature = 35 °C Mean day time wind speed at a height of 4.5 m = 30 Net radiation = 6 mnvday Maximum relative humidity = 60% Minimum relative humidity = 38 % C= 1.01; 8 = 2.45 Mulkg; y = 0.057KPaPC 10 kméday_ (i) Compute the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) Penman's method. {i Estimate the maize crop water requirements at initial growth 40% of the ground is covered by the crop. (i) As water moves through thi \water contact with pipes valves. and fittings. determine fricticn losses in pipe. heug Wye {ont QUESTION 4 ia) A furrow irrigation system has the following design parameters. Field capacity = 30% by weight Pecmanent wilting point = 15% by weigint Root zone =12m 004 260m 075m 2:904mim =025m Roughness coefficient Furraw length Furrow spacing Furrew slope Adjusted wetted perimeter of furrov. [4 Marks} [1 Marks] fe invigation system, pressure losses occur due to Dascribe the four factors the {8 Marks] ree soil moisture and their for each method [12 Marks] a weathe: using the FAQ Modified stage, when only | | ike family and furrow advay ae ho 5 -o7ap oo 70; Z.ESB xto4 8 COstticient, a= 1,196; » = 0.748; © i Compuie; (The average infitration (ii) Deep percolation Ail) Losses due to surface runoif ae adepth —« ye (0) The distribution efficiency ool he [12 Marke} St ; (b) Given a soil with the following characteristics (Table 1), calculate the depth to i Which 12 cr of infiltrated water would penetrate. [5 Marks} Table 4 Soil characteristics Comers ayer_| Depth (em) | (2) A cylindrical soil sample 10 cm in diameter and 12 om jong has been caretuliy ve faken so that negligible compaction has occurred. It was weighed before oven) « drying (1284 g) and after (1151 g). Calculate the bulky density, moisture y fraction, volumetric moisture content and water content expressed as a depth Ray ; 18 Marks} We a. Ys Mote : Qu JESTION Almonds (deciduous trees, with no cover crop) have been planted in a 32.4 ha (30-acre) i orchard and will be irrigated with a se! sprinkler system The cimate can be | ! characterized as "moderate." The tupsoil is 0.82 m of silly clay loam, and below that are i 0.95 m of clay loam soil. The soil intake rate is 12.7 mmfhr | j Use an MAD (Management allowable soi-water depletion) value of 30%, ECy (electrical ! ! Gonductivity of inigation water) is 0.47 dSim and the estimated water “apolication i | efficiency will be E, = 85%, There is no effective rain during the peak-use period, Fer these preliminary caleulations, and based on the spacing of the irees, use a sprinkle spacing of 12m x 15m. | ! | | i You are eiso given ihe range is the same for the topsoil & subsoil. Use Wy = 74(146 + 208) = 176.5 mmitn From tables, for aimonds, Z (root depth} = "A(C.8 + 1.2) = 0.9 m, For deciduous orchard without cover crop in a "moderate" climate, U; (average dail crop water requirement\4 Gurifg the peak-use period) = 4.8 mm/day and U (Seasonal water requirement) = 533 mm/season; from tables, (ECe)nax = 2.0 dS/m for almonds, {a) Calculate the maximum net application depth per irrigation, dx | irrigation interval (whole number (b) Caiculate the maximum irrigation interval, nomin of days), and the net application depth per irrigation, dn (da=F Us) (c) What is the gross depth to apply per irrigation? (d) What is the irrigation set time, Sy, in hours? [25 Marks]