CHEM NOTES FINALS (6 lessons)

ALIPHATICS ALCOHOL
• Alcohols are hydroxyl derivatives of hydro carbon in which one or more of the
hydrogens are being replaced by OH group. The functional group is the OH group.
• The type formula for alcohols in general is
R-OH or CnH2n +O1 (alkyl)

CLASSIFICATION OF ALCOHOLS
1. Aliphatic Alcohol
A. Based on the no. of OH groups in their molecule
1. Monohydric Alcohols
a. Primary Alcohol
b. Secondary Alcohol
c. Tertiary Alcohol
2. Polyhydric Alcohol
a. Dihydric Alcohol
b. Trihydric Alcohol
3. Cyclic Alcohol
a. Aromatic Alcohol
b. Phenols Alcohol
ALIPHATIC ALCOHOL
1. Monohydric Alcohol
• It contains only one hydroxyl group.
• CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 OH

2. Polyhydric Alcohol
• Contains two or more hydroxyl groups in
the molecule
a. Dihydric alcohol
 Contains two hydroxyl group in their molecule
 They are also called glycols or diols
 CH2-OH
 CH3-OH
b. Trihydric Alcohols
 Contains 3 hydroxyl groups in the molecule.

B. According to the location of the OH group

1. Primary Alcohol
• The OH group is attached to the primary alcohol of the carbon atom.

2. Secondary alcohol
• The OH group is attached to a secondary carbon atom.

3. Tertiary alcohol
• The OH is attached to tertiary atom.
 Polyhydric alcohols (properties)
1. Glycols - with sweet taste (hygroscopic liquid)
2. Miscible/soluble with H2O - slightly soluble in Ether
3. Glycols - are more reactive than monohydric alcohols
Laboratory Techniques (Polyhydric)
1. (+) Phosphorus – halides
2. Metallic (Na) – derivatives
3. Oxidation – reactions
Uses of Glycols
1. Uses in plastic industries (monobloc)
2. Use as preservatives
3. Use as solvents

A. General Method
1. Hydrolysis of alkyl halide

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

1. Hygroscopic 1. Oxidation
2. Ester Formation
3. Mixture acetic acid/ Nitric Acid
4. Dehydration

2. Grignard’s Synthesis Uses

a) Primary alcohol 1. Tobacco products - aromatizing softening/maintaining moisture
 (+) Grignard’s reagent formal dehyde 2. Production of synthetic resins and esters
b) Secondary alcohol 3. Ingredients pharmaceutical
 Grignard’s reagent + H2O + formal dehyde 4. Dynamite - nitro glyceride
c) Tertiary alcohol 5. Is from peanut butter, backer goods, flavoring
 Grignard’s reagent with ketone 6. Cosmetics
3. Reduction 7. Cellulose film
- Acids 8. Preservatives, Cream Stabilizers
METHANOL (CH3OH)
AROMATIC ALCOHOL
1. Water gas process
• Hydroxyl (OH) derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbon may be classified into 2:
2. Distillation
alcohols and phenols (?)
ETHANOL (CH3 - CH2 - OH)
1. Aromatic alcohols are compounds in which the OH is attached to the carbon of
1. Fermentation - Enzymes
the side chain.
2. Phenols are also compounds in which the OH group is directly attached to the
COMMERCIAL TERMINOLOGY OF ETHYL ALCOHOL
Benzene ring.
1. Absolute Alcohol - 99.5% ethyl alcohol
AROMATIC ALCOHOL (Benzyl Alcohol)
2. Denatured Alcohol - human consumptions - denaturants
Preparation:
3. Refined Alcohol - 95% ethyl alcohol
1. Hydrolysis of benzyl chloride.
2. Chemical reaction.
PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOL (Ethyl)
3. Grignard’s solution/reagents are used with phenol magnesium w/ bromide
PHYSICAL PROPERTY
formaldehyde.
1. Lower Alcohol (C1 + C4) are colorless, volatile
4. Grignard’s reaction uses phenol will give a reaction.
2. Middle Members (C3-C11) are odorless, waxy solids
Physical Properties – Aromatic Alcohol Chemical Properties
3. Lower Alcohol (C1 to C7) pleasant smell
4. Upper Alcohol (C8 to C12) flowery odor 1. Colorless liquid 1. Benzyl alcohol reacts with acid
5. Lower Alcohol are soluble/miscible in H2O particularly Hydrochloric Acid
6. Middle members alcohol - slight soluble 2. Soluble in water 2. Benzyl liberates hydrogen upon
7. Lower alcohol more mobile ____ boiling process (?) hydrolysis
8. Neutral reaction, flammable CO2 and H2O 3. It has a pleasant odor 3. Benzyl alcohol
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
1. Replacement of hydrogen by a metal Na, Mn, Mg. ETHERS
2. Reacts with acyl halides, reacts to esters. • Are alloxy or alkoxy derivatives of hydrocarbons as alkyl oxides or anhydrides of
3. Replacement of the OH group by a halogen. alcohol.
4. Dehydration process of alcohol. • R-O-R
CLASSIFICATION OF ETHER
• Ethers are classified into simple and mixed ether. Depending upon the alkyl
groups attached to the oxygen atom.
5. Oxidation 1. Simple Ether - same R groups
2. Mixed Ether - differs R group
Aldehyde (primary) CHARACTERISTICS OF ETTHER
(Secondary) Ketones 1. Colorless
USES OF METHANOL/ METHY ALCOHOL 2. Pleasant odor
1. Production of gum, cotton, nitrocellulose, celluloid. 3. Decrease in density
2. Formaldehyde (formaline). 4. Less soluble in water
3. Denature grain of alcohol. 5. Low boiling point
4. Rocket fuel. PREPARATIONS OF SIMPLE ETHER
5. Use as organic compounds like varnish, paints, and adhesive. 1. Dehydration of alcohols
USES OF ETHANOL • “Etherification”
1. Perfume/Alcoholic beverages • + Ethel alcohol + H2SO4 (Sulfuric acid) at 140 °C.
2. Distress anxiety PREPARATION OF MIXED ETHER
3. High boiling point 1. Williamson Synthesis - Alkyl Halides and Alkhoxide—Ether
4. Antidote/burns (or carbonic poisoning)  The reaction between an alkyl halides and an olhoxide forming “ether”
5. Explosives ADDITIONAL PROPERTIES (Physical)
6. Reagent 1. Low molecular weight. Ether are gases
7. Pharmaceuticals 2. The boiling point is same with hydrocarbons
 Aldehydes 3. Ether are immiscible in H2O but soluble in alcohol and other organic
 Ketones compounds.
 Ester USES
8. Newafibers ganglin – remove pain 1. In medicine – local anesthetics and carminatives
2. Resins, oils, alcohols, alkaloids, in a given reaction
3. Refrigerating purposes
 NOMENCLATURE ESTERS
1. IUPAC System - It gives the name of the alkyl group that is attached to the • “-oate”
“oxy”-oxygen atom and change their ending to “oxy” followed by the R group. • Form by the reaction of alcohol and acids.
2. Common Name System - It gives the name of the alkyl group attached to the  2 types:
Oxygen atoms followed by the first name of R-group then the word ether. 1. Inorganic esters – from inorganic
Example: 2. Organic esters – from organic
FORMULA IUPAC Common
Name
CH-O-CH Methoxy methane Methyl ether
CHCH-O-CH Ethoxy ethane Ethyl ether

PHENOL RING INORGANIC ESTERS

• Alkyl halides from alcohols and halogen acids
• Ethyl Sulfate
SO4
• Derived from alcohol and concentrated acids
• H2SO4 – Sulfuric acids
• Fuming H2SO4 – reaction with ethylate (toxic pero inorganic palang)
ORGANIC ESTERS (Preparation)
1. From Carboxylic acid and alcohol
 COO4 + alcohol ROR
2. From HCl – chlorides and alcohol
3. From acid anhydrides and alcohol
4. From salts (NaCl) and alkyl halides
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
1. Oily liquids
2. Pleasant smell (sometimes odourless)
3. ↑ Molecular weight/waxy solids
4. Some BP with alkanes with similar number of carbons
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
1. Hydrolysis of esters in the presence of acids/bases forming the corresponding
acids/bases of salts
2. Amides
3. Alcoholysis (magkaroon ng “esterification”)
“Transesterification” = exchange in the alkyl groups.
4. Reduction with Nickel as the catalyst.
FATS AND OILS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Fats are esters of glycerides (glycerol) and fatty acids (liquid fats)
1. Low molecular weight. The rest are liquid and a little of solids. - Simple triacylglyceride
2. Ether has a characteristic of pleasant odor. - Mixed triacylglyceride
3. The boiling point is the same with hydrocarbons depending on their molecular PREPARATION
weight. 1. Esterification
4. Ether are immiscible in water but soluble in alcohol and other organic 2. Hydrolysis
compounds. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
5. Lower than alcohol with the same molecular weights with alcohol. 1. Saturated/Unsaturated Fatty Acids
6. They are slightly immiscible with water but soluble in alcohol and other organic 2. ↓ Melting point and ↓ Boiling point
compounds. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
7. They are extremely volatiles. 1. Saponification = alkane hydrolysis of fats to produce → soap and glycerol
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 2. Hydrogeration = unsaturated fats → converted to saturated fats
1. Ether decomposes when heated. o (The Nickel catalyst)
3. Biological Oxidation = triacyl → glycerol
USES
1. Fats are used in the production of soap
2. Esters are used in the manufacturing of perfume
o Essential oils with similar odor with fruits
3. Safety glasses

2. Oxidation-peroxide.
a. Upon exposure to the oxide, it can undergo oxidation process from
peroxides which are explosives when heated.
b. Addition I-iodine + acidic solution. We can also add KI - potassium iodide to
produce color blue (starch).
c. KCrO4 - It produces an aldehyde.

CIS-TRANS METHOD-NAMING

(3 ethoxy, 3 methoxy Pentane)

 Phenols

• Phenol – specific word for a family of a compound.

• is an organic compound in which the hydroxyl (OH) group is directly attached to
the benzene ring.
• Substituted phenols are named by phenol derivatives. The carbon with the OH
group is the number 1.
Properties
• Variable BP and MP
• Slightly soluble with water
• Precipitate
• Turbidity
• Added with Acids and Bases