Cartilage is type of connective tissue in which intracellular

materail has a rigid consistency, although the tissue is

resilient in smooth. The main functions of cartilage are to
support soft tissues aand by virtue by virtue of smooth
surface, to provide sliding area for joints, thus faiclitating
bone movements. Cartilage is eessential fo growth of long
bones both beforea and after birth. As with other
differentiated types connective tissue in general, contains
much intracellular material, known as cartilage matrix with
cavities(lacunas) containing cartilage cells( chondrocytes)

The weight bearing capacity is exceeded ony by that bone, a

tissue highly perfected for support and protection.
The physiologic properties of cartilage depend mainly on the
physiochemical charateristics of its matrix, which contains
either collagen or collagen plus elastin associated with with
proteoglycans. Chrondrocytes synthesize and amintain the
matrix.
Since coolagena and elastin are pliable the hard consisteny
of the most cartilage tissue depends on the proteoglycans,
whose molecules combine with ciollagen by means of
electrostatic bonds for by its sulfte growth and the basic
present in collagen fibers.
A srtikign example of the importance of the proteoglycan-
collagen interaction is observed after the intravenous
injection of papain into rabbits. A few hours after the ijection
of this protease, the ears of the animals loose their turigidity
and droop. The loss of turigidty due to diegstio of potein
protease.
Bone is the one of the hardest tissue of the human body and
the second only to cartilage in its ability to withstand stress.
As the main constituent of the adult skeleton, ist fleshy
stuctires protect vital organs such as those contained in the
cranial and thoracic cavities, and harbors the bone marrow
where blood cells are formed.
Beside these functions bones form a system of lever sthat
multiply the forces generated during skeletal muscle
contraction, transforming them into bodily movements.
Bone is specialized connective tissue composed of
intracellulas calsified material, the bone matrix and 3
different cell types osteocytes which are found in cavities
lacunas with the matrix osteoblast, which are multinucleated
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Inoragnic matter represents about 50% of the dry weigth of
bone matrix. Calcium and phosphorus are esepcially
abundant, but bicarbonate citrate, magnesium, potassium,
and sodium are also found. Xray diffarction studies have
shown that calcium and phosphorus form hydroxyapatite
crystals with composition. In electron micrographs
measuring. They lie alongside collagenous fibrils but are
sorrounded by an amorphous ground substance. The surface
ions of hydroxypatite are hydrated, and a layer of water and
ions form around the crystal. This layer, hydration shell,
facilitate the exchange of ions between the crystals and the
body fluids. The organic matter is composed of collagen
fibers and the amorphous ground subastance which contain
glycosaminoglycans associated with proteins. One of these
proteins