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net/publication/11444949

Molecular basis of haemoglobinopathies and G6PD deficiency in the Comorian


population

Article  in  The Hematology Journal · February 2000


DOI: 10.1038/sj/thj/6200042 · Source: PubMed

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7 authors, including:

Catherine Badens Isabelle Thuret


Aix-Marseille Université Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille
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Guivert Michel Maria Domenica Cappellini


University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras University of Milan
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Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Hospital activity View project

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