SEDIMENTOLOGI (GL2151)

STRUKTUR SEDIMEN 2 (MINGGU KE 6)

PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK GEOLOGI
JURUSAN TEKNOLOGI INDUSTRI
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SUMATERA

DOSEN PENGAMPU :
Dr. Dwiharso Nugroho
Hendra Saputra, M. T.
Dicko Rizky Febriansanu, M. Eng.
Primary Sedimentary Structures
• Plane Bedding
• Bedforms generated by Unidirectional Currents
• Bedforms generated by Multidirectional flow
• Currents
• Waves
• Graded & Imbricate Bedding
• Bedding Plane Structures (biogenic, chemical &
physical)
Forms of Sedimentary Structures
 Bouma Sequence – Graded Beds

Grain
Size
Fines
up
Graded Beds
Suspension
& transport
associated
Grain with
Size turbidites
Fines on a
up submarine
fan
Primary Sedimentary Structures
• Plane Bedding
• Bedforms generated by Unidirectional Currents
• Bedforms generated by Multidirectional flow
• Currents
• Waves
• Graded & Imbricate Bedding
• Bedding Plane Structures (biogenic, chemical &
physical)
Bedding Plane Markings
• Primary - related to erosion & deposition of sediments
• Incised Channels
• Sole Markings at layer base
• Flute
• Groove
• Tool or Bounce
• Mud Cracks
• Secondary - related to alteration of depositional fabric
• Mud Volcanoes & Load Casts
• Biogenic – Trace fossils or Ichnofossils
Delta Mouth Bar - Kentucky

Note Incised Surface

Bedding Plane Markings
• Primary - related to erosion & deposition of sediments
• Incised Channels
• Sole Markings at layer base
• Flute
• Groove
• Tool or Bounce
• Mud Cracks
• Secondary - related to alteration of depositional fabric
• Mud Volcanoes & Load Casts
• Biogenic – Trace fossils or Ichnofossils
Sole Marks
Sole marks adalah fitur geometris yang dihasilkan
pada sediment bed oleh erosi dari arus yang kuat
(flute marks), atau oleh gangguan mekanik pada bed
oleh objek besar yang dibawa oleh arus yang kuat
(tool marks).
Bedding Plane – Formation of Flute

After Chamley, 1987

Flute Cast merupakan bentukan sole mark
yang menyerupai cekungan memanjang yang
melebar ujungnya membentuk jilatan api.
Flutes on Bedding Plane
Flutes on Bedding Plane
Bedding Plane Markings
• Primary - related to erosion & deposition of sediments
• Incised Channels
• Sole Markings at layer base
• Flute
• Groove
• Tool or Bounce
• Mud Cracks
• Secondary - related to alteration of depositional fabric
• Mud Volcanoes & Load Casts
• Biogenic – Trace fossils or Ichnofossils
 Grooves on Bedding Plane

Straight ridges the result of objects being dragged on surface

Groove Cast merupakan bentukan parit memanjang pada lapisan
batupasir karena pengisian gerusan memanjang memotong pada
batulempung.
Grooves on Bedding Plane

Straight ridges the result of objects being dragged on surface

Bedding Plane Markings
• Primary - related to erosion & deposition of sediments
• Incised Channels
• Sole Markings at layer base
• Flute
• Groove
• Tool or Bounce
• Mud Cracks
• Secondary - related to alteration of depositional fabric
• Mud Volcanoes & Load Casts
• Biogenic – Trace fossils or Ichnofossils
 Tool or Bounce

Tool Markings merupakan tanda yang

dihasilkan oleh pemotongan atau bekas
tindakan dari air atau pun udara yang mengalir
di atas dasar sungai atau badan sungai.
Bedding Plane Markings
• Primary - related to erosion & deposition of sediments
• Incised Channels
• Sole Markings at layer base
• Flute
• Groove
• Tool or Bounce
• Mud Cracks
• Secondary - related to alteration of depositional fabric
• Mud Volcanoes & Load Casts
• Biogenic – Trace fossils or Ichnofossils
Mud Cracks
Mud Cracks

Product of desiccation & contraction of muddy sediments

Bedding Plane Markings
• Primary - related to erosion & deposition of sediments
• Incised Channels
• Sole Markings at layer base
• Flute
• Groove
• Tool or Bounce
• Mud Cracks
• Secondary - related to alteration of depositional fabric
• Mud Volcanoes & Load Casts
• Biogenic – Trace fossils or Ichnofossils
 Mud Volcano - Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan has no active volcanoes, but does have mud volcanoes - hundreds of them.
 Mud Volcano
Cones of mud & clay, biasanya kurang dari 1-2 m tingginya, dibangun oleh
campuran air panas, mud & clay yang baik mengalir dengan lambat dari
sebuah vent pada tanah seperti sebuah aliran lava cair; atau dikeluarkan
ke udara seperti sebuah air mancur lava dari keluarnya gas vulkanik & air
yang mendidih.
Bedding Plane Markings
• Primary - related to erosion & deposition of sediments
• Incised Channels
• Sole Markings at layer base
• Flute
• Groove
• Tool or Bounce
• Mud Cracks
• Secondary - related to alteration of depositional fabric
• Mud Volcanoes & Load Casts
• Biogenic – Trace fossils or Ichnofossils
Bedforms Load Cast Generation

Load cast are similar to flame

in terms of generation
Loading

If the sediment becomes mobilized as discussed above, there is a

tendency for the material of the overlying bed to sink down into the
underlying bed and (usually more diffusely) for the material of the
underlying bed to rise up into the overlying material.
Flame-Structures
Ball-and-Pillow Structure

In more extreme examples of loading, whole masses of the

overlying bed sink down into the underlying material. Usually these
masses end up with concave-up stratification that is terminated
abruptly around the margins of the sunken mass.
Ball and Pillow
Slump folding

When sediment on a slope is liquefied, it tends to flow or slide

down the slope, even if the slope angle is only a few degrees.
Various patterns of folding develop, with downslope vergence of
the folds. The folds are characteristically tight, often even isoclinal
and recumbent.
Convolute Lamination

Characteristic of beds of fine sand, up to a meter thick, deposited

rapidly by such events as turbidity currents. The beds have planar
lower and also upper contacts, but the bed is internally folded into
broad synclines and sharp to dome-shaped or even mushroom-
shaped anti-clines, which usually die out upward to planarity at the
upper contact
Bedding Plane Markings
• Primary - related to erosion & deposition of sediments
• Incised Channels
• Sole Markings at layer base
• Flute
• Groove
• Tool or Bounce
• Mud Cracks
• Secondary - related to alteration of depositional fabric
• Mud Volcanoes & Load Casts
• Biogenic – Trace fossils or Ichnofossils
Soil Profile – Pound Gap

Root Structures
Lasso Trail Burrows

Photo Spain - Seilacher

Dinosaur Tracking!
Geometric Classification of Trace Fossils
Ichnofossils - Stromatolites
• Stromatolites are products of life processes of
cyanobacteria (formerly blue-green algae).
• Form mats (Abu Dhabi) and/or extensive reefs
(Bahamas and Shark Bay Australia).
• On sea floor collect & precipitate calcium carbonate
in layers or variously-sized arches, spheres, or
domes.
• Layered stromatolite are common in Precambrian
but are found throughout Proterozoic
Stromatolites - Bahamas