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Change Management
Jennifer M. Barrow; Pavan Annamaraju; Tammy J. Toney-Butler.

Author Information
Last Update: October 9, 2021.

Definition/Introduction
Change is inevitable in health care. A significant problem specific to health care is that almost
two-thirds of all change projects fail for many reasons, such as poor planning, unmotivated staff,
deficient communication, or excessively frequent changes[1]. All healthcare providers, at the
bedside to the boardroom, have a role in ensuring effective change. Using best practices derived
from change theories can help improve the odds of success and subsequent practice
improvement.

Suppose a health care provider works in a hospital department that has experienced a 3-month
increase in unwitnessed patient falls during the hours surrounding shift change. Evidence-based
changes in the current shift change process would likely decrease patient falls; however,
departmental leadership has attempted unsuccessfully to fix this problem twice in the past 3
months. Staff continues to revert to previous shift change protocols to save time, which leaves
patients unmonitored for extended periods. What can departmental leadership and staff do
differently to create sustained, positive change to serve the department’s patients and employees?

The answer may lie within the work of several change leaders and theorists. Although theories
may seem abstract and impractical for direct healthcare practice, they can be quite helpful for
solving common healthcare problems. Lewin was an early change scholar who proposed a three-
step process for ensuring successful change[2]. Other theorists like Lippitt, Kotter, and Rogers
have added to the collective change knowledge to expand upon Lewin’s original Planned Change
Theory. Although each change theory is different with unique strengths and weaknesses, the
theories’ commonalities can provide best practices for sustaining positive change.

Lewin’s Theory of Planned Change includes the following change stages[2]:

Unfreezing (understanding change is needed)

Moving (the process of initiating change)

Refreezing (establishing a new status quo).

Lippitt, building on Lewin’s original theory, created the Phases of Change Theory that
encompass the following change phases[3]:

Becoming more aware of the need for change

Develop a relationship between the system and change agent

Define a change problem

Set change goals and action plan for achievement

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Implement the change

Staff accept the change; stabilization

Redefine the relationship of the change agent with the system.

Kotter’s Eight-Step Change Model, created in 1995, include the following change management
steps[3]:

Create a sense of urgency for change

Form a guiding change team

Create a vision and plan for change

Communicate the change vision and plan with stakeholders

Remove change barriers

Provide short-term wins

Build on the change

Make the change stick in the culture.

Finally, Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovation Theory introduced these five change phases[4]:

Knowledge (education and communication to expose staff to the change)

Persuasion (use of change champions to pique staff interest; peers persuading peers)

Decision (staff decide whether to accept or reject the change)

Implementation (putting new processes into practice)

Confirmation (staff recognize the value and benefits of the change and continue to use
changed processes).

Issues of Concern
All change initiatives, no matter how big or small, unfold in three major stages: pre-change,
change, and post-change. Within those stages, healthcare providers working as change agents or
change champions should select actions that match change theories. One of the most critical
aspects of pre-change planning is involving key stakeholders in problem identification, goal
setting, and action planning[5]. Involving stakeholders in change planning increases staff buy-in.
These stakeholders should include staff from all shifts, including nights and weekends, to create
peer change champions for all shifts[5].

One particular portion of Rogers’ change theory identifies the various rates with which staff
members accept changes through the process of innovation diffusion. During pre-change
planning, change agents should assess their departmental staff to determine which staff belong to
each category. Rogers described the different categories of staff as innovators, early adopters,
early majority, late majority, and laggards[4]. He further qualified those change acceptance
categories with the following descriptions:

Innovator: passionate about change and technology; frequently suggest new ideas for

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departmental change

Early adopter: high levels of opinion leadership in the department; well-respected by peers

Early majority: Prefer the status quo; willing to follow early adopters when notified of
upcoming changes

Late majority: Skeptical of change but will eventually accept the change once the majority
has accepted; susceptible to increased departmental social pressure

Laggard: High levels of skepticism; openly resist change[4].

Most departmental staff will likely belong to the early or late majority. Change agents should
focus their initial education efforts on Innovator and Early Adopter staff. Early adopters are often
the most pivotal change champions that persuade early and late majority staff to embrace change
efforts[4].

One final critical assessment change leaders should incorporate a force field analysis, which is a
significant component of Lewin’s early change theory. A force field analysis involves a review of
change facilitators and barriers at work in the department. Change leaders should work to reduce
change barriers through open communication and education while also aiming to strengthen
change facilitators through staff recognition and various incentives.

One of the biggest mistakes a change leader can make during the midst of change
implementation is failing to validate that staff members are performing new processes as
planned. Ongoing leader engagement throughout change execution will increase the chances of
success[5]. Staff resistance remains common during this stage. Change leaders may find it
helpful to conduct another Force Field Analysis during this changing phase to ensure no new
barriers have emerged[3]. Further strengthening of change facilitators through staff engagement,
recognition, and sharing of short-term wins will help maintain momentum. Staff may require
additional on-the-spot training to overcome knowledge deficits as the change process continues.
Finally, leaders must continue to monitor progress toward goals using information like patient
satisfaction, staff satisfaction, fall rates, and chart audits[3].

Once the change has become part of the department’s new culture, change leaders still must
periodically validate departmental processes and solicit staff feedback. Change agents can
redefine their relationship with the staff to take on a less active role in the change maintenance
process. However, once the change leader begins to release control over the change process, staff
members may slowly revert to old, negative behaviors. Periodic spot-checking and continued
data monitoring can solidify the change as the department’s new status quo. Change managers
should celebrate wins with staff while continuing to share evidence of success in staff meetings
or with departmental communication boards[5].

Clinical Significance
Change is inevitable, yet slow to accomplish. While change theories can help provide best
practices for change leadership and implementation, their use cannot guarantee success. The
process of change is vulnerable to many internal and external influences. Using change
champions from all shifts, force field analyses, and regular supportive communication can help
increase the chances of success[5]. Knowing how each departmental staff member will likely
respond to change based on the diffusion of innovation phases can also indicate the types of
conversations leaders should have with staff to shift departmental processes.

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Review Questions

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Comment on this article.

Figure

Change Management: Sample Force Field Analysis related to

Lewin's Theory of Planned Change. Contributed by Jennifer
Barrow, MSN

References
1. Nelson-Brantley HV, Ford DJ. Leading change: a concept analysis. J Adv Nurs. 2017
Apr;73(4):834-846. [PubMed: 27878849]
2. Shirey MR. Lewin's Theory of Planned Change as a strategic resource. J Nurs Adm. 2013
Feb;43(2):69-72. [PubMed: 23343723]
3. Mitchell G. Selecting the best theory to implement planned change. Nurs Manag (Harrow).
2013 Apr;20(1):32-7. [PubMed: 23705547]
4. Bowen CM, Stanton M, Manno M. Using Diffusion of Innovations Theory to implement the
confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit. J Nurs Care Qual. 2012 Apr-
Jun;27(2):139-45. [PubMed: 22367153]
5. Burden M. Using a change model to reduce the risk of surgical site infection. Br J Nurs. 2016
Sep 22;25(17):949-955. [PubMed: 27666095]

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