Dr.

Al-Matary 2014

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 Normal Drilling.
 Coring; Convetional Coring:
 Core head
 core barrel

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1000 1000

response
1500 1500 in casing

Cycle
2000 2000 Skipping
TVD (m)

TVD (m)
2500 Top of
2500
Overpressure
Top
Overpressure

3000 3000

NCT NCT
3500
3500

0.1 1 10 100 Sonic (usec/m) 1000

RILD (ohm.m)

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Casing is steel pipe 
placed in an oil or 
gas well at the end of 
every drilled phase, 
and then cemented 
in place prior to 
striating drilling the 
lower smaller hole 
section.

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Centralizers: attached to the casing and since 
they have a bowed spring arrangement keep 
the casing centred in the hole after it is 
lowered  in. Centralised casing can make for a 
better cement job later.

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Scratchers Float collars

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It is the entering of the formation fluid 
to the wellbore.
• this occur when the formation pressure 
exceeds the hydrostatic pressure.
• A blowout is uncontrolled kick.

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• Overbalance.
• Underbalance.
• Factors controlling the kicks severity:‐
1. permeability.
2. underbalance.

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1. Insufficient Mud Weight.
2. Swabbing.
3. Gas cut mud.
4. Failure to keep the hole full.
5. Lost circulation.

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1.Insufficient Mud Weight.
The formation pressure is higher than the 
hydrostatic pressure.

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2. Swabbing
A negative hydrostatic pressure 
causing reducing bottom hole 
pressure
 The speed of the drill pipe pulling.
 Mud flow properties; 
 Hole geometry.
 Balled up string.

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3. Gas cut mud

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4. Failure to keep the hole full. 

5. Lost circulation

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 Changes in mud gas.
 Drilling breaks.
 Improper hole fillups in trips.
 Pump pressure decrease and pump strokes 
increase
 Flow out rate increase.
 Pit Volume Increase.
 String weight change.
 Well flowing with pumps off.

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Drilling string cannot be raised, 
lowered or rotate.

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A. Differential Stuck.
B. Wellbore Geometry.
C. Hole packing off.

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Sticking of pipe against a permeable 
formation as the result of the pressure of the 
mud in the hole exceeding the bore fluid 
pressure.

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Hole diameter and / or angle relative to BHA 
geometry and / or stiffness will not allow passage of 
the drill string
1. Key seat
2. Microdoglegs

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Causes:
1. Abrupt change in angle 
or direction in soft 
formations.
2. High string tension and 
pipe rotation wears a 
slot into the formation.
3. While POOH the drill 
collars jam into the slot.

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Formation cuttings cavings or medium to 
large pieces of hard formation, cement or 
junk settle around the drill string and pack 
off/bridging  the annulus.

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Causes:
• Low annular velocity 
and/or poor mud 
properties.
• When circulation is 
stopped, the cuttings fall 
back down the hole and 
pack off the drill string.

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Causes:
• Drill cuttings settle on the 
low side forming a cutting 
bed.
• The cutting bed builds and 
slide down hole.
• While POOH the cuttings is 
dragged upward by the 
BHA

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LOST CIRCULATION MECHANISM

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PRESSURE Well bore pressure exceeds fracture

INDUCED pressure of the formation causing the rock
FRACTURE to crack open (fracture)

NATURALLY Over balanced well bore pressure is

EXISTING exposed to a formation with unseal
FRACTURES/HIGH fractures or high permeability
PERMEABILITY

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CAUSES OF LOST CIRCULATION

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PRESSURE INDUCED NATURAL

FRACTURES FRACTURES/PERMEABILITY

Excessive mud weight. Unconsolidated formation.

Annulus friction pressure Fissures / fractures.

(ECD).
Unseal fault boundary.
Well bore pressure surges.
Vugular / cavernous formation.
Imposed / trapped pressure.

Shut – in pressure.

Low formation pressure.

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Well bore pressure greater than

formation fracture pressure. The formation
fractures allowing mud loss.
Prognoses loss zone. Excessive
mud weight. Low fractured strength. Poor hole
cleaning. Well bore pressure surges.
: May begin with seepage loss,
possible total loss. Excessive hole fill up. If shut
in, sudden loss of pressure.
Reduce pump
speed to . Pull off bottom, stop pumps. Zero
strokes counter, fill annulus with water or light
mud. Record strokes if/when the annulus fill up.
Minimize mud weight
/maximize solids removal. Control penetration
rate. Minimize well bore pressure surges. Avoid
imposed / trapped pressure.

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Well bore pressure is overbalance to

formation pressure. Must is lost in natural
fractures and/or high permeability.
Prognoses loss zone.
Lost circulation can occur at any time during any
open operation.
May begin with seepage loss,
possible total loss. Static losses during
connections / survey. Pit volume loss.
Reduce pump
speed to . Pull off bottom, stop pumps. Zero
strokes counter, fill annulus with water or light
mud. Record strokes if/when the annulus fill up.
Minimize mud weight.
Control penetration rate. Minimize well bore
pressure surges. Pre-treat with LCM.
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METHODS FOR LOCATING LOSS DEPTH

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Successful treatment of lost circulation depends greatly on

locating the depth of the loss zone.
SURVEY METHODS PRATICAL METHODS

Temperature survey Off set well data

Acoustic log Geologist / Logger identifies

potential loss zone
Radioactive tracer
Monitoring fluid level trends
Spinner survey while drilling

Pressure transducer

Hot wire survey

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THANK YOU

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