1. What is a «microprocessor». Define the term «microprocessor control system».

Describe
the main elements of the microprocessor control system. Draw a block diagram of the
simplest microprocessor control system (10 points).

A microprocessor is a chip or a set of chips that performs arithmetic and logical operations on
data and performs software control of the computing process.

Microprocessor control system means sets of chips which include: MP, RAM, ROM, I / O
control, etc.

The main elements of MCS is a processor, RAM and external devices.

Pprocessor - serves to control all the elements of the system and organizes the work

Memory - is divided into a random access memory (RAM) and a passive-only memory (ROM)
and is used for storing programs and data.

External devices - provide input / output of programs and data to the computer.

2. Symmetric microprocessor architecture (SMP). Draw the structure of the SMP

architecture. Describe the features of this system. Specify the advantages and
disadvantages of SMP architecture (10 points).
The system consists of several homogeneous processors and a common memory array.
Processors have access to memory point at the same speed.
Processors are connected to the memory using a common bus

Feature of systems with SMP: physical memory shared by all processors, no more than 32
processors.

Advantages of SMP systems:

Simplicity and versatility for programming.
Simplicity of operation.
Low price.

Disadvantages of SMP systems:

badly scaled.
 3. Practical question. Choose the correct expression for Grafcet (10 points):

а) S2.x = t#2ms
b) х1.x => t#4
c) 5s/x1
d) x1 =>t#2s
e) х1.х => t#4s

4. Give the definition of the following terms: address bus, data bus, control bus.
Classification of microprocessors. The concept of the bit and command system. Bit depth
of microprocessor (10 points).
The address bus - is designed to transfer the current address to all computer elements.

The data bus - is designed for data transfer between the central processor, memory and external
devices. mode of direct memory access (DMA)

The control bus - is used to transmit control signals between the MP

Classification of microprocessors:

By destination:

Universal - designed to perform control and calculation functions

Specialized - perform only highly specialized

By the form of processed information: Digital, Analog

By bit of data:

Fixed - a specific value of the information length (bit, byte, word, etc.) is indicated

Variables - in the case of a variable bit depth, the quantum value is indicated
By clock frequency:

Static - have a lower limit of the clock frequency equal to zero. the MP will go into the
"Waiting"

Dynamic - have a lower limit of the clock frequency is not equal to 0

bit depth - bit length of data bus and address

Bit Depth of Microprocessor - maximum possible amount of data processed,

5. Explain what mean «memory dump». Main characteristics and performance criteria of

the microprocessor. Microprocessor operation modes (describe the steps of the
algorithm) (10 points).

Мemory dump - is a file containing a process's address space (memory) when the process
terminates unexpectedly.

Throughput of input / output interfaces;

Number and levels of supply voltages;

Nominal parameters of used signals;

Power consumption;

additional devices included in the microprocessor

Performance - the number of elementary operations performed per unit of time and the time of
access to memory and external devices.

Then the structure of the program will look like this:

Step 1 - Read the terms of RAM;

Step 2 - Write the terms in an arithmetic logic unit (ALU);

Step 3 - addition;

Step 4 - Record results in the RAM;

Step 5 – stop
 6. Practical question. Choose the correct expression for Grafcet (10 points):

a) 4s/x2 а) not c_s2 and c_s8

b) km5:=1 b) с_s2 or e_d7
c) 7s/x7 c) x7.x => t#4s
d) 4s/x7 d) x2.x => t#4s

e) e) km5 -> trigger x5.x

f) f) x7.x => t#7s

A. d
B. e
C. f
D. c
E. a
F. b

7. Massive - parallel architecture of MPP (massive parallel processing). Draw the structure
of the MPP architecture. Describe the features of this system. Specify the advantages and
disadvantages of MPP architecture (10 points).

A set of workstations - cluster systems

Advantages of MPP systems: good scalability unlike SMP-systems in machines with separate memory
Disadvantages of MPP systems:
The lack of shared memory significantly reduces the speed of interprocessor exchange
limited amount of local memory bank
high price
 8. Systems with non-uniform memory access (NUMA). Parallel Vector Systems (PVP).
Give the definitions and general characteristics of the terms NUMA and PVP (10 points).
NUMA:
The system consists of homogeneous base modules (boards), consisting of a small number of
processors and a memory block. Modules are combined with a highspeed switch. At the
same time, access to the local memory is several times faster than to the remote one.

PVP:
The main feature of PVP-systems is the availability of special vector-conveyor processors,
which provide commands for the same type of processing of independent data vectors

9. Practical question. Choose the correct expression for Grafcet (10 points):

а) Sensor1 . Sensor2 - Sensor 3;

b) Sensor1+Sensor2 ? Sensor 3;
c) Sensor1>Sensor2/Sensor3;
d) 7ms/x1;
e) Sensor1 . Sensor2 + Sensor3 . Sensor4

10. What mean the term «cluster systems». Give the definition of the «cache coherence».
Describe the general features of SMP systems (10 points).
cluster systems:
A set of workstations for general purposes is used as a cheap variant of a massively parallel
computer.

cache coherence:
Cache coherence is the property of caches, meaning the integrity of the data stored in local
caches for the shared resource. The coherence of caches is a special case of memory coherence.

Feature of systems with SMP: physical memory shared by all processors, no more than 32
processors.

11. Give the definition of the «primary control automaton» term. The command cycle in the
microprocessor system. Explain the general steps (10 points).

A primary control automaton - initiates the beginning of execution of the next command,
generating a micro-order to issue the contents of the PC command counter to the address
bus.

command cycle consist of:

the sample of the command;
Its execution.

implements the command cycle for several internal machine cycles.

12. Practical question. Choose the correct expression for Grafcet (10 points):
 1) set1.set2.set3+set4; a) not c_s2 and e_d7 and e_d3;
2) 7ms/t4; b) not c_s2 and e_d7 or e_d3;
3) +e_d3; c) t4.x=> t#7s;
4) km2:=1; d) t4.x=>t#7ms;
5) 7s/t4; e) set1 and set2 and set3 or set4;
6) set1.set2+set3+set4 f) not c_s2 and e_d7 and e_d3;

1-e)

2-d)

3-b)

4-

5-c)

6-

13. Timing of the microprocessors and synchronization of the microprocessors systems. Give
the definition of the «internal machine cycles». Give the example of the clocking of
microprocessor from an external generator (10 points).

In MP, the control automaton, depending on the complexity of the command, implements
the command cycle for several internal machine cycles.

A clock signal or a sync signal is a signal used to match operations of digital circuits.

14. Draw the block scheme of the algorithm of operation of the primary control automaton.
What will be happened in WAIT (Tw), HOLD (Twh), HALT positions (10 points).
A primary control automaton - initiates the beginning of execution of the next command,
generating a micro-order to issue the contents of the PC command counter to the address
bus.

1) The WAIT(Tw) position, in which MP is a waiting operand.

2) The HOLD(Twh) position, in which MP passes under the influence of external control
signals of MP system.
3) The HALT position, in which MP can be entered by a stop command.

15. Practical question. Choose the correct expression for Grafcet (10 points):

a) >z1
b) +z1
c) <z1
d) Trigger
e) .z1
f) .t
g)
//z1
h)
{z1}
 16. The microprocessors «word» status as a system controlling tool. Give the definition of
the «PSW, Program Status World)» and «SL, Status Latch» terms (10 points).
PSW (Program Status World) status word on the data bus, informing MP-system about processes
that occur in MP
SL -

17. Temporary diagram of the main command cycle. Describe definition and give the
example (10 points).

Temporary diagram is the main cycle of MP, informing about readiness of the peripheral
device for exchange with MP.
The Temporary diagram shows the state of the signals on the buses of the microprocessor
system. There is an address bus, data and control.
 18. Give the definitions of the following terms for microprocessor control systems:
“automaton”, “program”, “command”, “command memory”, “processor”, “external
devices”. How was development of the microprocessor technology? (10 points).

Automaton - is a device that performs an unconventional set of functions independently for a

given program.
Program - is a set of commands executed by the automation
Command - is a task to perform an action by an automation 
Command Memory - device that stores the program of the automaton
Processor - Serves to control all the elements of the system and organizes the work on the
execution of the specified program (data conversion).
External devices - Provide input/output of programs and data to the computers

19. Classification of microprocessors by destination and by the form of processed

information. What mean bit depth in microprocessors? What types of registers you
know? Describe shortly them (10 points).

By destination:

Universal, designed to perform control and calculation functions

Specialized, perform only highly specialized

By the form of processed information:

Digital, Analog

Bit Depth of Microprocessor - maximum possible amount of data processed,

A stack pointer - is a register that stores the address of the next stack cell.

Flag Register - is a register, in the simplest case containing 5 binary digits, called flags by the
number of special characteristics of the results of certain operations stored in it.

20. Practical question. Describe the differences between single-token and multi-token. Give
the definition of “macro-step”. Draw the example of the macro-step section in SFC with a
name MS_2_1. Describe the meaning of numbers in its name (10 points).

MS_2_1 - MacroStep 2nd in main diagram and 1st in itself.

 A: Main Chart
B: Body of the macro-step
1: Macro step symbol
2: "Begin" step
3: "End" step

21. Classification of microprocessors by the bit of data, clock frequency and by the
configuration. Command and system of commands of the microprocessor by the
addressing method (10 points).

By bit of data:

Fixed - a specific value of the information length (bit, byte, word, etc.) is indicated

Variables - in the case of a variable bit depth, the quantum value is indicated

By clock frequency:

Static - have a lower limit of the clock frequency equal to zero. the MP will go into the
"Waiting"

Dynamic - have a lower limit of the clock frequency is not equal to 0

By the configuration:  single-crystal;  multicrystal;  multicrystal section.

By the addressing method, the following types of commands are distinguished:

register addressing
commands of direct memory access
commands of the indirect address

22. What mean the “command” in microprocessor control system? Give the definition of the
term “system of the microprocessor’s command”. Classification of the command by the
length and according to the functional characteristics (10 points).

A command is a task to perform an action by an automaton. The MP command system is a set of

functions defined for the microprocessor.

The length commands are divided into single-byte, double-byte, three-byte, etc
According to the functional characteristics: a group of transfer commands, a group of arithmetic
instructions, a group of logical commands, a group of transition commands, a group of control
instructions and operation with a stack, a group of processor control commands, group of specialized
commands

23. Practical question. Choose the correct expression for Grafcet (10 points):
a) - e_d3; not e_d3;
d)
b) +e_d3; and e_d3;
e)
c) 4ms/step4; +e_d3.step4;
f)

24. Classification of storage devices. Write the structure of MSD (Memory Storage
Devices). Give the definition of Random-access memory (10 points).

Magnetic Storage Devices - This type is usually found in large HDD non- volatile memory
Optical Storage Devices - uses lights and lasers as the method of writing and reading
data.
Flash Memory Storage Devices - becomes cost-effective, more efficient, and
considered as a reliable solution.

the structure of all storage devices are used cells for

memory, these can be triggers, capacitors, and so on
RAM - technical device that implements the functions of
random access memory

25. Main economics characteristics of the microprocessor. What mean the productivity of the
microprocessor system? What the microprocessor productivity criteria you know? (10
points).

characteristics of the microprocessor:

type of microelectronic technology;
quantity of crystals and their standard sizes;
the number of transistors on a crystal;
The number of crystal pinouts.

microprocessor productivity
Throughput of input / output interfaces;
Number and levels of supply voltages;
nominal parameters of used signals;
Power consumption;

26. Architecture of the elementary microprocessor system with the bus-modular principle of
construction. What mean the bus and the data bus? What function they perform? (10
points).

bus is a connection between components or devices connected to a computer.

Data bus - carries the data between the processor and other components.
Control bus - carries control signals from the processor to other components.

27. Give the definition of Read-only memory. Describe the general points of Memory
Hierarchy (10 points).
Non-volatile Memory; used to stores important information which is used to operate
the system. we can only read the programs

28. Practical question. Describe the general elements of presented electrical scheme. How it’s
working? For what reason it’s need? (10 points).
 emergency stop
E_rea - System Restore after the crash
KTF - relay start of chain
AO - alarm stop
HR – indicator red
Ka1 - contact of relay
Evg - main chain circuit

29. Classification of microprocessors by the form synchronization, by the configuration, by

the number of the control buses, by the command system. Advantages of SMP systems
(10 points).

By the form synchronization:  synchronous;  asynchronous.

By the configuration:  single-crystal;  multicrystal;  multicrystal section.
By the number of the control buses:  combined;  separate. 
By the command system:  Fixed;  Variable.

Advantages of SMP systems:

Simplicity and versatility for programming.
Simplicity of operation.
Low price.

30. Give the definitions of the Content-addressable memory (CAM). Memories Internal
(architectural) Organization (10 points).
Content-addressable memory (CAM) is It is compares input search data against a table of stored
data, and returns the address of matching data.

A memory consists of cells in the form of an array, Each row of the cells constitutes a memory
words and all cells of a row are connected to a common line referred to as a word line.

31. Practical question. Describe the general elements of presented electrical scheme. How it’s
working? For what reason it’s need? (10 points).

emergency stop
are – accident or alarm stop
HR – indicator red
Ka1 - contact of rele
S_ka1 – output
Evg - main chain circuit

32. Molecular RAM memory. Flynn's taxonomy definition (10 points).

Molecular memory is a term for data storage technologies that use molecular species as
the data storage element, rather than e.g. circuits, magnetics, inorganic materials
The term "molecular memory" is most often used to mean very fast, electronically
addressed solid-state data storage

According to Flynn's classification, either of the instruction or data streams can be single
or multiple:
 o single instruction single data streams (SISD)
o single instruction multiple data streams (SIMD)
o multiple instruction single data streams (MISD)

o multiple instruction multiple data streams (MIMD).

33. Give the definitions of the “Parallel Vector Systems (PVP)”. Advantages of MPP
systems. Properties of flags (10 points).

The main feature of PVP-systems is the availability of special vector-conveyor

processors

In MPP (massive parallel processing) systems, memory is physically divided.

Flags are always set or reset automatically after the execution of the next command that
affects the flags, depending on the result of the operation.

34. What types of the registers you know. Explain the assignment of the “Program Status
Word” term (10 points).

A stack pointer - is a register that stores the address of the next stack cell.

Flag Register - is a register, in the simplest case containing 5 binary digits, called flags by the
number of special characteristics of the results of certain operations stored in it.

The command register is a register that stores the code of the command that was performed.
After executing the next command, the code of the command from the memory location whose
address is in the instruction counter is automatically written to the register.

35. What mean temporary diagram? Give the example of the temporary diagram for the
ENTER command (10 points).
Temporary diagram is the main cycle of MP, informing about readiness of the peripheral
device for exchange with MP.
The Temporary diagram shows the state of the signals on the buses of the microprocessor
system. There is an address bus, data and control.

36. Static random-access memory (static RAM or SRAM). Single instruction stream single
data stream (SISD). (10 points).

Random Access Memory, is a type of memory that allows you to access any cell at a time at its
address for reading or writing.

SISD is a computer architecture in which one processor executes one instruction stream
operating on one data stream.

37. Give the definition of the Parallel Vector Systems (PVP). Classification of the
microprocessors (10 points).

The main feature of PVP-systems is the availability of special vector-conveyor processors, which
provide commands for the same type of processing of independent data vectors

By destination:

Universal - designed to perform control and calculation functions

Specialized - perform only highly specialized

By the form of processed information: Digital, Analog

By bit of data:

Fixed - a specific value of the information length (bit, byte, word, etc.) is indicated

Variables - in the case of a variable bit depth, the quantum value is indicated

By clock frequency:

Static - have a lower limit of the clock frequency equal to zero. the MP will go into the
"Waiting"

Dynamic - have a lower limit of the clock frequency is not equal to 0

38. Practical question. Describe the general elements of presented electrical scheme. How it’s
working? For what reason it’s need? (10 points).

39. What is the SMP systems? Draw the architecture of this system. Write the general
characteristic’s of them. Give the definitions of the following terms: zero flag, transfer
flag, flag of the sign, parity flag, flag of additional transfer (10 points).

The system consists of several homogeneous processors and a common memory array.
Feature of systems with SMP: physical memory shared by all processors, no more than 32
processors.

The zero flag is set to state 1 if, after executing a command, a null result is received, and reset to
0 in the case of a nonzero result.
The transfer flag is set to 1 if, as a result of the addition and shift operations, a transfer unit
appears from the highest digit after performing subtraction or comparison operations, otherwise
the flag is reset to 0.
The flag of the sign is set to 1 if, as a result of the operations, 1 appears in the highest bit of the
data byte (indication of a negative result), and is reset to 0 in the case of a zero value of the
highest digit (indication of a positive result).
The parity flag is set to 1 if after execution of operations the sum of the units in the data byte,
counted by the addition operation on module 2 (the value of the sum in module 2 is 0), and reset
to 0 otherwise (the number of units is odd).
The flag of additional transfer is set in 1 if as a result of command execution the transfer signal
appears from the third category in the fourth in this result byte. If there is no such transfer, then
the flag of additional transfer is dumped in 0. The signal of this flag is used in many calculation
schemes, but it is especially necessary for addition of numbers in binary-decimal form.

40. Give the definition of the NUMA system. Multi-core microprocessor systems (10 points).

The system consists of homogeneous base modules (boards), consisting of a small number of
processors and a memory block. Modules are combined with a highspeed switch. At the
same time, access to the local memory is several times faster than to the remote one.

Multi-core microprocessor systems. To solve problems that require the development of

systems with increased performance. повышенной производительностью

41. Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM). Single instruction stream, multiple data
streams (SIMD) (10 points).

Dynamic random-access memory (dynamic RAM or DRAM) is a type of

random-access semiconductor memory that stores each bit of data in a memory
cell, usually consisting of a tiny capacitor and a transistor, both typically based
on metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) technology.

42. Multiple instruction streams, single data stream (MISD). What is EPROM? (10 points).
Multiple instruction, single data (MISD) is a type of parallel computing
architecture where many functional units perform different operations on the
same data.
An EPROM (rarely EROM), or erasable programmable read-only memory, is a type
of programmable read-only memory (PROM) chip that retains its data when its
power supply is switched off.

43. Microprocessor operation modes. Work on the implementation of any program of the
microprocessor. Architecture of SMP system (10 points).

There are 2 operating modes in the CPU; the privileged mode and the user mode.

In privileged mode, all instructions can be executed and all memory areas can be accessed..
In user mode, however instructions changing important system registers including control
registers within the CPU cannot be executed and there are memory areas that cannot be
accessed.

44. A programmable read-only memory (PROM), field programmable read-only memory

(FPROM), one-time programmable non-volatile memory (OTP NVM) (10 points).

A programmable read-only memory (PROM) or field programmable read-only memory

(FPROM) is a form of digital memory where the setting of each bit is locked by a fuse. It is one
type of ROM (read-only memory). The data in them is permanent and cannot be changed.
PROMs are used in digital electronic devices to store permanent data, usually low level
programs such as firmware (microcode).  

45. Multiple instruction streams, multiple data streams (MIMD). Taxonomy of Mono- and
Multiprocessor Organizations (10 points).

MIMD (Multiple Instruction stream, Multiple Data stream — Multiple Instruction

Stream) is a computer architecture concept used to achieve parallelism of computing. An
example of a MIMD system is Intel Xeon Phi , descended from Larrabee microarchitecture
.These processors have several processor cores that can execute different instructions on
different data.Advantages and disadvantages

Flynn's taxonomy is a general classification of computer architectures based on the

presence of parallelism in command and data flows. The structure of a single-processor
system is a set of characteristics and parameters that determine the functional, logical and
structural organization of the system.

The main type of single-processor systems is: single instruction stream - single data stream
(OCOD), in the English version - Single Instruction Single Data (SISD) — single
instruction stream — single data stream.Multiprocessor computing systems are systems
containing several processors that interact informationally with each other either at the
level of processor memory registers or at the level of RAM.A typical example of mass
multi-machine aircraft can be computer networks, an example of multiprocessor
computing systems (MPVS) - supercomputers.

46. Single instruction, multiple threads (SIMT). Microprocessor systems capabilities (10
points).

47. Uniform memory access (UMA model). Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) (10
points).

Unified memory access (is “UMA” an architecture of multiprocessor computers

with shared memory.

All processors in the UMA architecture share memory. At the same time, the time
for requesting data from memory does not depend on which particular source of
data from memory, nor on which particular memory chip c

48. Non-uniform memory access (NUMA). UMA versus NUMA. (10 points).
NUMA:

The system consists of homogeneous base modules (boards), consisting of a small number of
processors and a memory block. Modules are combined with a highspeed switch. At the
same time, access to the local memory is several times faster than to the remote one.
 49. Timing of the microprocessor and synchronization of the microprocessor systems. Write
the example of the time diagram (10 points).

In MP, the control automaton, depending on the complexity of the command, implements
the command cycle for several internal machine cycles.

A clock signal or a sync signal is a signal used to match operations of digital circuits.

50. Draw the block scheme of the algorithm of operation of the primary control automaton.
A primary control automaton - initiates the beginning of execution of the next command,
generating a micro-order to issue the contents of the PC command counter to the address
bus.