Reviewer in Science Technology and Society

Clue questions
1. Consistent observation – Experiment
2. Different angles concerning the master of the study- Passes through scientific community
3. First most available car- Ford
4. Machineries become remarkable in the century- 19th century
5. First warship used by Filipino – Caracoa
6. Pillars of Muslim about pilgrimage - Hajj
7. Create an accurate map- Almoc DC
8-10 The three main pillars of PDP
• Malasakit
• Pagbabago
• Patuloy na pag unlad
11- 13 Pillars related to Science and Technology
• Technological Readiness
• Business Sophistication
• Innovation
14- 17 Four Scientist proclaimed by Benigno III
• Ramon C. Barbara
• Angel C. Alcala
• Edgardo D. Gomez
• Gavino C. Trono
18- 21
• Learn to live together
• Learn to live
• Learn to do
• Learn to learn
22-24 Meaning of the Acronyms:
• DTI- Department of Trade and Industry
• CHED- Commission on Higher Education
• NEDA- National Economic and Development Authority
25. Transportation used by Charles Robert Darwin- HMS Beagle
Part 1: History of Science and Technology

* Pre-Spanish Period
Archeological findings showed that modern man from Asia Mainland first came over land to
live in Batangas and Palawan.
They settle, made stone tools and weapons of stone flakes, and develop new skills
Sawing
Polishing stones
3000 BC: production of adzes ornament of seashells and pottery for 2000 years
Until Chinese Porcelain arrived
They learned to use metal tools lasted until the 3rd century B.C. to 11th century AD

*Early Filipinos engaged into:

Weaving
Mining
Farming
Ship building (known as caracoa, war ship)
Butuan trade with Champa (Vietnam)
Mindoro (Ma-I) trade with China

* Spanish Colonial Period

Establishment of Formal education
Founded scientific institution
Parish schools for:
• Religion
• Reading
• Writing
• Arithmetic
• Music
• Natives were taught a more advance methods in agriculture
Oldest University in Asia – University of Santo Tomas
 Medicine was prioritized during Spanish Colonization
Spaniards made contribution in the field of engineering by constructing:
Government establishment
Churches
Roads
Bridges
Ports
Galleon Trade made big impacts in the economic growth of the Philippines

*American Period and Post Commonwealth Era

• July 1, 1901: Bureau of Government Laboratories by Philippine Commission
• Purpose to study the tropical diseases and laboratory
• 1905: Bureau of Science
• Primary research center of the country
• December 8, 1933
• National Research Council of the Philippines was established.
• It was during the American Period when science was inclined towards agriculture, food
processing, forestry, medicine, and pharmacy and not much focus is given on he development of
industrial technology due to free trade policy.

*Under the Presidency of Carlos P. Garcia

• 1946: Bureau of Science to Institute of Science
• 1950: US Economic Survey: lack of basic information, no support, minimal budget, and low
compensation
• 1958: Carlos P. Garcia passed the bill: “The Science Act of 1958”
• Establish the National Science Development Board

*Marcos Era
• It was only during the Marcos Presidency where science was given importance
• 1973 Constitution: in terms of National Development, priority shall be given in the
advancement of Science and Technology
• In his SONA, he declared that there is a need for science in public high school and with the
help of Department of Education in partnership [ from the NSDB, it aims to provide science teaching
equipment for four (4) years
• 1968: Technology is the Top reason in the Economic Development
• 1969: he allotted large amount of war damage fund to private universities to encourage
them to create courses that focuses on science and technology, and research.
• 1970: upgrading the science curriculum and teaching equipment is crucial to the science
development programs
• 1972: PD No. 49 s. 1972: Decree on Protection of Intellectual Property Act
• Support for promoting the scientific research and invention
• Aside from this, the greatest distribution is the establishment of PAGASA which function is
to give environmental protection and utilize scientific knowledge to ensure safety of the nation
• 1976: Establishment of National Academy for Science and Technology thru PD 1003
• In 1986, EO 1090: PSHS in Visayas and Mindanao

*Fifth Republic
• Corazon Aquino replaced Marcos in 1986
• 1986: National Science and Technology Authority to Department of Science and Technology
• Philippine Development Plan (1987-1992):
Role of S&T has been highlighted in the nature economy
• 1990: SONA: She said that the S&T development should be on the top three priorities of the
government
• 1989, budget allocation for S&T was increased amounting to 1.054 billion pesos.
• Between 1990 & 1991: it was cut down to 145 due to financial crisis

*President Ramos
• 1992: It was increased again by 50%
• In July 1992, FVR reported on his 1st SONA that there were improvements with regards to
S&T
• In 1994, he reported that there was a significant increase in people who specialized in the
field of S&T
• In 1998, estimated of about 3000 competent scientists and engineers
• It was in the 5th Republic where the government provided 3500 scholarships
• RA No. 8439 in 1997: “Magna Carta for Science and Technology Personnel
• Its purpose is to give incentives or rewards to people who made impact in the field of S&T

*President Estrada
• In President Joseph Estrada’s term, two main legislations that he signed were Philippine Clean
Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act No. 8749) which was designed to protect and maintain the
environment and make sure the sustainable improvement of its natural resources,
• Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 (Republic Act No. 8792) which outlaws computer hacking
and offers opportunities for new businesses rising from the Internet-driven New Economy.

*President Arroyo
• In the Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo administration, the science and technology sector of the
Philippines used to be dubbed as the “golden age” of science and technology by then secretary
Estrella Albastro.
• Numerous laws and initiatives that issues both the environment and science to push
technology as a tool to extend the country’s economic level. This is to help increase the productivity
from Science, Technology and Innovations (STI) and help gain the poor people. Moreover, the term
“Filipinnovation” was the coined term used in helping the Philippines to be an innovation hub in
Asia.
*President Benigno Aquino III Jr.
• One of the more known laws to be exceeded by her administration was the R.A. 9367 or the
“Biofuels” act. This act promotes the improvement and utilization of biofuels throughout the country.
This probably allows a more cost-effective choice to gasoline as a medium in producing energy.
• In an effort to enhance the effectivity of both land and water, the government imposes
Republic Act 10601 which improves the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector through Mechanization
(AFMech). RA 10601 covers research, development, and extension (RDE), promotion, distribution,
supply, assembling, manufacturing, regulation, use, operation, protection and project implementation
of agricultural and fisheries machinery and equipment (Section 4).
• In 2014, President Aquino conferred four new National Scientist for their contribution in the
Scientific field, Academicians :
• Gavino C. Trono
• Angel C. Alcala
• Ramon C. Barba
* Edgardo D. Gomez

*President Rodrigo Roa Duterte

* Philippine Space Act ( RA 11363)
Micro Satellites
1. Diwata 1
2. Diwata 2
3. Maya 1
Part 2: World History of Science
Ancient Period C.A 3,500 B.C – 500 A.D
- Accumulation of knowledge and passing it from generation to generation.
Four periods in the Ancient period
- Europe
- Americas
- Asian and Oceania
- Africa and the Middle East
*Europe
- Fire used by Homo erectus in Europe (homo means people/ human)
- Stones as primary tool used in the ancient period
Iron Age
-Is the stage in the development of any people used iron implements as tools and weapons are
prominent.
- Etruscan craftsmen make false teeth from gold
* In America
Folsom groups/people/culture- people who lives on the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains develop
sophisticated tools, they occupied colorado.
People make flint tools
Peruvians built a long canal to irrigate their crops ( rafts & small boats used by peruvian fishermen)
Olmec sculptures – carve figures and giant human heads
* Asia and Oceana
-The earliest known clay pots are made in Japan
-People in Iran make wine
- Bronze is first made in Thailand
- Chinese doctors begin using acupuncture
-One of the finest pre-Columbian potteries is Chavin Styles
- Wheel is invented in Mesopotamia
* Africa and the middle east
- Egyptians build pyramids
-Medicine becoming an important science in Syria and Babylon
- Discover the Pythagorean Theorem
Medieval Period Ca. 500-1500
Medieval period is also known as “Dark Ages”, this term came up where there are few written records
remained from the said era.
Charlemagne- is the medieval emperor who ruled Western Europe in 800-814, tried to establish a
scholastic tradition.
Johannes Gutenberg - greatest inventions during the Middle Ages was the printing press was made
by him.
5 inventions during Medieval Period
-Spinning wheel – Eyeglass - Stirrups
-Compass – Gunpowder

Renaissance Period 14th-15th Century

It is the period of rebirth as age of preparation for the 17th century scientific development and
achievements.
Renaissance as primarily intellectual and cultural movement.
Art & Science is the primary focus of the renaissance period.
Robert Wilde- the historian who said that interpreting the renaissance as a time period is convenient.
Nicolaus Copernicus- a polish mathematician and astronomer made one of science's greatest
achievement.
Heliocentric- is a theory stating that sun is the center of the solar system
Catholic church banned the book of Copernicus.
Galileo Galilei- a major scientist persecuted for scientific experiments.
Isaac Newton discover the theory of Gravity
Renaissance as primarily intellectual and cultural movement.

Industrial Revolution 18th Century

The phenomenal process in the transfer of doing work by human hands and feet to the use of machine
from 1760- 1840.
A time of scientific and technological advancement which a spanned the period during late 18th
century to early 19th century.
One of the major setbacks of the Industrial Revolution are the skilled workers.
Second Industrial Revolution
-The next wave took place from the mid-1800s to the early 1900s.
-Steam engine was used to run machine and made a major contribution to the first industrial
revolution.
-February 1815 did George obtains a patent for an improved steam locomotive, with exhaust steam
providing a draught on the fire, and working purely by adhesion
- Thomas Edison invented the lightbulb
- Light bulb is one of the everyday conveniences that most affects our lives. Light bulb.
- Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone
- Scottish James Watt invented Steam Engine?

19th Century
Rise of modern industry from agriculture to industrial manufacturing and technology intensive
services.
John Dalton- published the atomic theory in 1803
Dmitri Mendeleev- formulated the periodic table, he arranged all the known elements according to
their atomic weight
Herman von Helmholtz- formulated the law of conservation of energy and invented ophthalmoscope.
James Clerk Maxwell- showed that light is an electromagnetic wave and he also predicted there were
other electromagnetic waves with longer and shorter wavelengths than light.
Heinrich Hertz- proved that electromagnetic waves exists.
Henri Becquerel- discovered radioactivity in 1896
Marie Curie and Pierre Curie- discovered
Joseph thomson- discovered electron
Gottlieb Wilhelm Daimler- he was a pioneer of internal-combustion engines and automobile
development. He invented the high-speed liquid petroleum-fueled engine.
Samuel F.B Morse- invented morse code he also invented the electric telegraph.
Richard Trevithick- invented the steam locomotive
Hans Christian Oersted- discovered electric current in a wire caused a nerby compass.
Michael Faraday- he invented dynamo where magnet can produce electricity.

20th Century
One of the most noticeable in the history of humans for its incomparable technological advances and
scientific discoveries.
The relationship between science and technology has become more problematic on several in the
20th century.
-Use of scientific methods and funding for research helped achieve the advancement of modern
science and technology.
-Intel developed a microprocessor that made the computer smaller and easier to use.
-Computer become dominant tool.
- Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak introduce apple in 1976.
- The acronym "ARPANET" was used in 1969 to refer to the government computer network, ARPANET
means Advanced Research Projects Agency Network.
- Artificial Intelligence is one of the invention in 20th century that has the capacity for a computer
to perform humanlike intellectual processes.
- Automobile car considered to be one of the most revolutionary technological advancements in the
century.
- L O, LOGIN are the first two letters ever sent from one computer to another.

Intellectual Revolution
Age of enlightenment and the writers and thinkers began to question the established beliefs.
Equal value & equal rights
Copernican Revolution
-ancient thinker’s idea & theories served as foundation
- the earth is the center of the solar system
Aristotle- proved that earth is spherical, he claimed that earth is the center of universe.
Aristarchus – claimed that sun was the center of the universe
Hipparchus – discovered wobbling of the land
Claudive Ptolemy – used the observation of hipparchus he proposed that earth is the center of the
solar system
Nicolaus Copernicus- said that sun is the center of the solar system
Johannes heple – proposed the laws of planetary motion
Darwinia Revolution
Charles Robert Darwin
-Natural Selection
Jean Baptiste de lamarck
-Acquired characteristics are inheritable

Evolution by means of natural selection

1.Over production- some species produce many offspring but not all of these young will survive
2.Competition and Selection- idea is always on the survival of organism
3. Environmental Change- environment will not adjust but the people will dom

Freudian Revolution
Sigmund Freud- father of psychotherapy developed the idea how human mind works.
Structural Model
1.Ego-operates the conscious and unconscious mind
2.ID- Survival Instinct
3.Superego- operates based on principles of morality
Information Age
It is about communication as the act or process of using words, sound, or signs to express ideas.
First modern revolution
Samuel F.B Morse- Telegraph
Alexander Graham Bell- Telephone
Guglielmo Marconi- Feasibility of radio communication
Second modern information revolution
Lee De Forest- early generation computers
Philo Taylor Farnsworth- Television
Sergci Korolev- Artificial Satellites
Clause E. Shannon- Quantified Information
Mesoamerican Period- meso means middle.
*Middle East
Muhammad- messenger of god
Islam- submission to god
Holy book- Qur’an
5 Pillars
-Witness (shahada)
-Worship (salat)
-Fasting (Sawm)
-Tithing(Zakat)
-Pilgrimage (Hajj)
Medical Contributions
Cadaver/corpse- use in studying and understanding human anatomy
African Revolutions- first method of counting

Part 3: Science and Technology and Nation Building

Science and Technology in the Philippine Nation Building
The Ph government as early as 1980s, prioritize the initiative on promoting the role of Science and
technology in the national development.
Article XIV, 1987 Philippine constitution
Sec 10: priority to R&D, invention, innovation, and utilization, and to S&T education, training and
services
Sec 11: incentives: tax deduction, Scholarship, grants-in-aid- and for of incentives.