Implementation of polarization rotation using

microring resonator and its application to

design all-optical switch

Gaurav Kumar Bharti * and Ramesh Kumar Sonkar

Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering,
Guwahati, India

Abstract. A compact microring resonator (MRR) and its implementation for polarization rota-
tion-based all-optical switching are proposed. The polarization rotation has been achieved by
enhancing geometry-induced birefringence of the device and with the insertion of polarization
rotator in the race-track-shaped MRR. The proposed device has been modeled using Jones
matrix and the finite-difference time-domain simulation method. The insertion loss and the
extinction ratio have been found to be −0.13 and 19.39 dB, respectively. © 2021 Society of
Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) [DOI: 10.1117/1.OE.60.8.085109]
Keywords: microring resonator; optical switching; polarization; polarization rotation; finite-
difference time-domain simulation; polarization switch.
Paper 20210297 received Mar. 18, 2021; accepted for publication Aug. 10, 2021; published
online Aug. 20, 2021.

1 Introduction
The research on polarization rotation and conversion-based switches is rapidly increasing due to
the growing demand for the various polarization-diversity circuits.1–3 Polarization manipulation
is vital in telecommunication systems and modern data-centers, where the optical communica-
tion is playing a significant role in distributing high bandwidth message connectivity among the
various users. The phase, amplitude, polarization, and wavelength can be exploited to increase
the data-carrying capacity in optical communication systems. The mode/polarization division
multiplexing offers a new dimension of research in the area of wavelength division multiplexing
scheme, having the range of petabits/s of data transfer.2,3 Polarization is one of the properties of
light, and many devices in photonic integrated circuits are polarization sensitive. Thus, the con-
trolling of the polarization state of light in the photonic devices is of considerable importance,
which requires rotation, conversion, and separation of the different polarization states. It can be
done using a polarizer, a polarization rotator (PR), or waveplate. From last few decades, polari-
zation rotation has been demonstrated by various techniques, including birefringence of the
material,3 acousto-optic effect,4 thermo-optic effect,5 electro-optic effect,6 nonlinear effect,7 etc.
The polarization rotation has been demonstrated using the long-straight waveguide,8 the
bending waveguides,8 grating structures,9–13 plasmonic structures,14,15 metasurfaces,16 and other
photonic devices such as terahertz asymmetric demultiplexer,17,18 and microring resonator
(MRR).19–21 Among these, MRR has intrinsic periodic spectral response, small footprint, and
potential for high integration on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform, as few advantages. The
MRR-based all-optical switches (AOSs) are the building block to fulfill the growing data-com-
munication needs in polarization-dependent circuits.22–25 The polarization conversion between
the circular polarization states26,27 and the TE/TM mode-based (de)multiplexers are demon-
strated in the literature.28,29
MRR-oriented linear polarization-converter between the TE and TM modes are presented in
the literature,22 due to the sidewall slant angle in the waveguide19 and the dislocation between the
two vertically stacked rings of the MRR.1 There are various differences between Ref. 22 and the
present work. The proposed work is based on polarization rotation in MRR, which is described

*Address all correspondence to Gaurav Kumar Bharti, gkbharti@iitg.ac.in

0091-3286/2021/$28.00 © 2021 SPIE

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 Bharti and Sonkar: Implementation of polarization rotation using microring resonator and its application. . .

in terms of the change in the azimuth angle (Ψ). But Ref. 22 is based on mode conversion in
MRR, which is described in terms of quasi-TE and quasi-TM modes. In this paper, the simulated
INTERCONECT results for polarization rotation have been verified by the Stokes parameter.
But in Ref. 22, the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulated results are verified by
numerical method in MATLAB. In this paper, the standard Jones matrix approach has been
employed with the FDTD/INTERCONNECT simulations. But in Ref. 22, the coupled-mode
theory approach has been used with FDTD simulations.
Reference 19 shows the rotation/conversion of two orthogonal modes due to the sidewall
tiltness of the MRR waveguides. The slope of waveguide causes the polarization rotation.
The radii of the MRR considered in Ref. 19 are 20 and 40 μm. In this paper, the Si-SiO2 material
combination is chosen. In this scheme, polarization rotation has been observed due to the change
of azimuth angle (Ψ). The polarization rotation has been achieved by enhancing geometry-
induced birefringence of the device and with the insertion of the PR in the race-track-shaped
MRR. The geometry-induced birefringence of the device has been enhanced by optimizing the
height and width of the MRR waveguide. The PR in the proposed device rotates the polarization
axis of an input polarized light by an angle of 30 deg. The tightly curved bending waveguide of
the race-track architecture of the MRR also supports the polarization rotation phenomena. The
radius of the proposed MRR is 10 μm, which is quite small compared to Ref. 19.
The polarization rotation/splitter in the single MRR is also achieved by the its coupling
section.20,25 In literature, the polarization selective MRRs are realized due to the introduction
of the bent directional couplers (DCs) of the MRRs, which are designed to work for only one
of TE and TM polarizations.25 The polarization selectivity of these special MRR-based optical
filters is realized by manipulating the polarization-dependence of the bending loss and the cou-
pling ratio for the bent DCs used. In this way, the critical coupling condition of a microresonator
is satisfied for one polarization only and is broken for the other polarization automatically.25
In the present work, a Si-SiO2 -based MRR that has small footprint and simple architecture
supports polarization rotation due to its high refractive-index (RI) contrast. The height, width,
and the other geometrical parameters of the MRR waveguide are optimized to enhance the geom-
etry-induced birefringence, as it affects the polarization and propagation of light.24 The proposed
architecture includes a PR to facilitate the polarization rotation/conversion phenomena.
The modeling and simulation of the proposed scheme is reported in Sec. 2. The results and
discussion of the proposed model are given in Sec. 3, and conclusions are provided in Sec. 4.

2 Modeling and Simulation of Proposed Structure

MRRs have been studied for their applications in polarization rotation, conversion, and the split-
ting of the polarization states.19–24 In this paper, polarization rotation in MRR is observed at the
output and its response changes as a function of the pump nature (or incident pump history) and
thus can be used to design AOS. Figure 1 shows the proposed device model and the waveguide
cross-section in inset. The polarization rotation in MRR is described in terms of the change in the
azimuth angle (Ψ) by employing a segment of PR that rotates the polarization axis of an input

Fig. 1 Perspective view of the device. Inset is the cross-section image of the waveguide.

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 Bharti and Sonkar: Implementation of polarization rotation using microring resonator and its application. . .

polarized light by a certain angle.21 The proposed device has been modeled in the following
sections.

2.1 Jones Matrix Formulation

Applying Jones calculus, the relationship between input and output field can be described as
below:16,21,30
 0    
Ex 1 2jr sin δ þ m1 e−jσ þ m2 ejσ m4 e−jσ þ m3 ejσ E
¼ : x ; (1)
E 0y M m4 e−jσ þ m3 ejσ 2jr sin δ − m2 e−jσ − m2 ejσ Ey
EQ-TARGET;temp:intralink-;e001;116;650

where σ ¼ kðΔnx þ Δny ÞL∕2 and δ ¼ kðΔnx − Δny ÞL∕2 indicate the average value of phase
shift as well as the phase difference of the two components (x and y) prompted due to nonlinear
birefringence. The coefficients of Eq. (1) matrix elements are described in Ref. 21.
If the horizontal polarized light signal with unity amplitude is allowed to incident into the
MRR, the intensity magnifications inside the MRR are observed, which is beneficial for its non-
linear behavior. Higher the magnification, the stronger is the nonlinear contribution. The mag-
nification is dependent on the φ (orientation angle of the waveguide) and the θ (rotation angle of
the PR).
If the horizontal polarization (HP) is applied to the input of the proposed MRR, then the
output of the MRR is denoted as below:
    
E 0x 2jr sin δ þ m1 e−jσ þ m2 ejσ m4 e−jσ þ m3 ejσ
EQ-TARGET;temp:intralink-;e002;116;485

1 1
¼
E 0y M m4 e−jσ þ m3 ejσ 2jr sin δ − m2 e−jσ − m2 ejσ 0
 0   jσ 
E x 1 2jr sin δ þ m1 e−jσ þ m2 e
0
¼ : (2)
E y M m4 e−jσ þ m3 ejσ

To get the HP light at the output of the device, the magnitude of the matrix element
ð2jr sin δ þ m1 e−jσ þ m2 ejσ Þ∕M should be equal to 1 and ðm4 e−jσ þ m3 ejσ Þ∕M should be
equal to 0. Moreover, the MRR geometrical parameters are required to be optimum to get the
desired output. From the same HP light, vertical polarization (VP) light is obtained with the
application of suitable nature of the pump pulse. If a VP light signal is applied to the input
of the device, then the output of the device is denoted below:
    
E 0x 2jr sin δ þ m1 e−jσ þ m2 ejσ m4 e−jσ þ m3 ejσ
EQ-TARGET;temp:intralink-;e003;116;332

1 0
¼
E 0y M m4 e−jσ þ m3 ejσ 2jr sin δ − m2 e−jσ − m2 ejσ 1
 0   
E x 1 m4 e −jσ
þ m3 e jσ
¼ : (3)
E 0
y M 2jr sin δ − m2 e−jσ − m2 ejσ

To get the HP light at the output of the MRR, the magnitude of the matrix element ðm4 e−jσ þ
m3 ejσ Þ∕M should be equal to 0 and ð2jr sin δ − m2 e−jσ − m2 ejσ Þ∕M should be equal to 1.
Similarly, for the input VP light, the desired polarization state of light can be obtained with
the incident of the suitable nature of the pump (control) pulse.

2.2 Modal Analysis

The waveguide is modeled to calculate the spatial profiles and frequency dependence of the
waveguide modes by solving Maxwell’s equations on a cross-sectional mesh of the waveguide
using eigenmode solver. The height and width of the waveguide are selected to support funda-
mental TE and TM modes, and the mode profiles, the group index (ng ), the effective index (neff ),
etc., are calculated.22,31 The plot of the mode profile of both TE and TM modes for the straight
Si-SiO2 waveguide of width 0.4 μm is shown in Fig. 2. From Fig. 2, it can be seen that the
electric field intensity is mostly confined in the waveguide in case of TE mode and outside the
waveguide in TM mode.

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Fig. 2 Field division of fundamental: (a) TE mode and (b) TM mode.

Fig. 3 Variation of (a) effective RI and (b) group index with respect to wavelength (blue, TE mode;
red, TM mode).

2.3 Frequency Analysis

To calculate the group delay, effective mode area, dispersion, and the other parameters associated
with the light propagation with the device, the frequency analysis has been performed for the
wavelength range of 1.5 to 1.6 μm.31 The values of the neff of the MRR modes play a significant
role in determining the resonant wavelengths. The graph of neff as the functions of wavelength is
shown in Fig. 3 and the values of neff are found to be 2.13 and 1.52 for both TE and TM modes,
respectively. Similarly, the ng is calculated and found to be 4.72 and 3.27 for both the TE and the
TM modes, respectively, as shown in Fig. 3. The effective modal area (Aeff ) of the TE mode and
TM mode is 0.109 and 0.359 μm2 for the waveguide width of 0.4 μm, respectively.30,32

2.4 Device Modeling

The proposed single waveguide MRR comprised of a PR made up of birefringence material. The
PR is inserted in the arm of the race-track waveguide of the MRR and can be fabricated using
complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology.33 The rotation produced by PR along
the angular transmission causes the Ψ to change from 0 deg to 90 deg or vice versa.21 To obtain
the polarization rotation-based switching in the MRR, rotation angle of the PR has been fixed to
30 deg and pump nature has been changed to achieve the change in Ψ. The schematic illustration
of the proposed scheme indicating the change in Ψ while propagation in the device structure is
shown in Fig. 4.
For the fundamental mode, the width (wg ) and height of the waveguide (hg ) are 0.4 and
0.22 μm, respectively. The RI contrast of Si-SiO2 supports the small bending radius of the
race-track MRR. The material combination also enhances the polarization-rotation
phenomena.22 The parameters of the proposed device are listed in Table 1.
The circuit is modeled using photonic integrated circuit simulator.31 Figure 5(a) shows the
schematic of the design structure for simulation. Figure 5(b) shows the output spectrum and the

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 Bharti and Sonkar: Implementation of polarization rotation using microring resonator and its application. . .

Fig. 4 Illustrative schematic of proposed device.

Table 1 Geometrical parameters considered in the simulation.

Parameters Description

Substrate material SiO2

Waveguide material Si

RI of MRR waveguide 3.476

Coupling coefficient (k ) TE ¼ 0.2 and TM ¼ 0.15

Height of waveguide (h g ) 0.22 μm

Width of the waveguide (w g ) 0.4 μm

Circumference of the MRR 62.8 μm

Fig. 5 Modeled design of the device using simulation. (a) Proposed polarization rotation-based
circuit and (b) transmission spectrum of the proposed device.

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 Bharti and Sonkar: Implementation of polarization rotation using microring resonator and its application. . .

resonant wavelengths (λr ) are noted as 1521.4 and 1529.47 nm, respectively. In this model, λr ¼
1529.47 nm is used to inject the input pump pulse to the device.16,22

3 Results and Discussion

In the paper, MRR has been designed and demonstrated, which is capable to convert the nature of
polarization from HP state to VP state and vice-versa. This happens by the introduction of PR
and due to the variation of the polarization nature of the pump pulse. The input and pump signals
are introduced through the input port of the MRR and the rotation has been observed at the λr
using optical polarization analyzer placed at the output port of the device. The schematic diagram
of the proposed model is shown in Fig. 6.
When the incident pump pulse of HP (VP) state has been applied to the input port of MRR,
then the VP (HP) is observed at output port as shown in Fig. 7(a) [Fig. 7(b)]. From Table 2 and
Fig. 7, it is observed that the Ψ of 87.88 deg is obtained, if the input pump nature is HP
(Ψ ¼ 0 deg) and if VP (Ψ ¼ 90 deg) is applied to the device, the HP of Ψ ¼ 1.23 deg is
observed by the monitor.
The proposed scheme is capable of polarization rotation using the proposed architecture. The
simulation of proposed model has been performed in Lumerical Software. The Lumerical FDTD
method is a state-of-the-art method for solving Maxwell’s equations in complex geometries and
it is used by leading researchers across the world. The software allows the user to specify the
material at all points within the computational domain. A wide variety of linear and nonlinear
photonic devices has been modeled using Lumerical and can be found in the literatures.1,22,25,28,29

Fig. 6 Schematic diagram of proposed model.

Fig. 7 Simulated result of (a) VP (Ψ ¼ 87.88 deg) and (b) HP (Ψ ¼ 1.23 deg).

Table 2 Input–output relationship established during simulation.

Pump nature Output at through port

HP (Ψ ¼ 0 deg) VP (Ψ ¼ 87.88 deg)

VP (Ψ ¼ 90 deg) HP (Ψ ¼ 1.23 deg)

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 Bharti and Sonkar: Implementation of polarization rotation using microring resonator and its application. . .

Fig. 8 Simulated stokes parameters for (a) VP and (b) HP.

From the simulation results, it can be concluded that the proposed scheme can be used as a
polarization switch that can convert HP to VP and vice-versa with the application of suitable
nature of pump pulse. The simulated results for polarization rotation have been verified by the
Stokes parameter method.30
The simulated outputs of Stokes parameters are obtained from the simulation, which is
shown in Fig. 8. It is observed that S1 ¼ −1, S2 ¼ 0, and S3 ¼ 0 as shown in Fig. 8(a), which
correspond to Stokes parameters for VP light. Similarly, the Stokes parameter of the HP light is
obtained observed from Fig. 8(b), where S1 ¼ 1, S2 ¼ 0, and S3 ¼ 0, which corresponds to
Stokes parameters for HP light. The value of S0 for both HP and VP is always 1.
The propagation losses for both TE and TM modes are calculated and found to be −17.75 and
−12.11 dB, respectively, at the λr as shown in Fig. 9. The propagation loss includes the material
absorption loss, scattering loss, and radiation loss of the waveguide. The small bending radius of
the proposed architecture is responsible for the low radiation loss and similarly, the proposed
material combination is responsible for low scattering loss at the 1500- to 1600-nm region.
The insertion loss (IL) includes both the inherent loss of the waveguide and the coupling
losses. The expression for IL is given below:

 
I max
IL ¼ −10 log ; (4)
I input
EQ-TARGET;temp:intralink-;e004;116;357

where I input is the input light intensity and I max is the maximum output intensity received at the
output. The IL for the specified material and physical configuration is found to be −0.13 dB.
The extinction ratio (ER) is calculated to distinguish between the one polarization state to the
other polarization state. P1min and P0max denote the lowermost and the supreme values of the
intensity of the HP and VP light, respectively. The ER is found to be 19.39 dB by calculating
the below expression:

Fig. 9 Variation of propagation losses with respect to wavelength.

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Table 3 Comparison among recent literature.

Reference Device Basic function IL (dB) ER(dB)

1 MRR TE–TM and TM–TE mode 0.07 −22

(mode conversion)

15 MRR Mode conversion — —

22 MRR Mode conversion — 13.70

34 MRR TE/TM mode conversion — −16.2

This work MRR PR Polarization rotation −0.13 19.39

(change of azimuth angle)

 
P1min
ER ðdBÞ ¼ 10 log 0 : (5)
Pmax
EQ-TARGET;temp:intralink-;e005;116;568

The device footprint is calculated and found to be 60 μm2 . The performance of the proposed
device has been compared with the recent literatures and is given in Table 3.

4 Conclusions
An all-optical polarization rotation-based switch has been demonstrated using MRR. The polari-
zation rotation has been achieved and complete switching has been observed. The proposed
device shows the ER of around 19.39 dB and the IL of −0.13 dB, respectively, along with the
compact size of 60 μm2 . The device is suitable for both SOI platforms. The numerical results
have been validated the Stokes parameter and the Jones matrix approach. Therefore, the pro-
posed concept proved to be a dominating candidate for the future optical routers, packet switches
as well as in all-optical information processing schemes where the polarization outputs are de-
pendent on the intensity or spectral history of the input.

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Gaurav Kumar Bharti is an institute post-doctoral fellow in electronics and electrical engineer-
ing of the Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India. He received the master of technology

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 Bharti and Sonkar: Implementation of polarization rotation using microring resonator and its application. . .

(MTech) degree in electrical engineering from the National Institute of Technical Teachers’
Training and Research (NITTTR), Kolkata, India, in 2016. He received his PhD in the field
of photonics from the National Institute of Technology, Agartala, Tripura, India (an institute
of national importance in India) in 2020.

Ramesh Kumar Sonkar received his BTech degree in electronics and communication engineer-
ing from the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee in 2001, MTech and PhD degrees from the
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur in 2003 and 2011, respectively. He joined IIT Guwahati
as an assistant professor in 2011. His research areas cover silicon photonics, integrated photon-
ics, fiber lasers optoelectronics device characterization and fabrication, microelectronics and
III–V compound semiconductors, and photonics integrated circuits.

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