CHAPTER 1

MATTER AND ITS

PROPERTIES
CHAPTER 1.4 METHODS OF SEPARATING MIXTURES

METHODS OF
SEPARATING
MIXTURES
CHAPTER 1.4 METHODS OF SEPARATING MIXTURES

1. Filtration
- Done to separate solid from liquid.
- Requires a filtering medium like
cheesecloth or filter paper which
traps the insoluble substances
while allowing the liquid that
contains the soluble substances to
pass through.
CHAPTER 1.4 METHODS OF SEPARATING MIXTURES

Example:
- Mixture of sand and
water
CHAPTER 1.4 METHODS OF SEPARATING MIXTURES

Residue – the solid component

that remained in the filter
paper or cheesecloth.

Filtrate – the clear liquid that

was collected.
CHAPTER 1.4 METHODS OF SEPARATING MIXTURES

2. Sedimentation
- used to separate the components of
mixtures based on their varying weights.
- when the solid portion settles at the
bottom, the liquid is then poured out
carefully in such a way that the
sediments are not disturbed
(decantation)
CHAPTER 1.4 METHODS OF SEPARATING MIXTURES

3. Sublimation
- Solid turns into gas without
going through the liquid stage
- Example: a mixture of
naphthalene and salt
CHAPTER 1.4 METHODS OF SEPARATING MIXTURES

4. Evaporation
- The process of separating a
soluble solid to a liquid or
solvent.
- Example: salt solution
CHAPTER 1.4 METHODS OF SEPARATING MIXTURES

5. Distillation
- Separation of mixtures through
the continuous cycle of
evaporation and condensation
of the volatile components of
the mixture which have different
boiling points
CHAPTER 1.4 METHODS OF SEPARATING MIXTURES

6. Chromatography – separation takes

place because the components of a
mixture have different affinities for the
two phases, the stationary phase and
mobile phase. Therefore, the
components move at different rates
through the system.
CHAPTER 1.5 CONSUMER PRODUCTS

Consumer Products – items

or goods commonly bought
for private consumption.
CHAPTER 1.5 CONSUMER PRODUCTS

Commonly Used Consumer

Products

1. Detergent
- water-soluble
- contain surfactants
- emulsifiers
CHAPTER 1.5 CONSUMER PRODUCTS

2. Vinegar - sour liquid

condiment used or cooking
- has a acetic acid (antifungal
and antibacterial)
- corrosive
CHAPTER 1.5 CONSUMER PRODUCTS

3. Deodorant
- Used to prevent body odor. The sweat in our body
does not really have a smell. It becomes stinky
when bacteria gather on the sweaty part of the
skin. Deodorant contains an aluminum compound
that clogs the sweat glands to temporarily stop the
secretion of sweat. On the bad side, the aluminum
compound in deodorants can cause skin irritation
and other allergic reactions.
CHAPTER 1.5 CONSUMER PRODUCTS

4. Toothpaste – gel or paste used to

clean teeth and make them
stronger.
- Contains fluoride (can cause
poisoning when swallowed in large
amounts)
CHAPTER 1.5 CONSUMER PRODUCTS

5. Toilet Bowl Cleaner

- Used to clean, disinfect, and
deodorize toilets
- Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
- Corrosive, cause skin and eye
irritation, fatal when inhaled or
ingested
CHAPTER 1.5 CONSUMER PRODUCTS

Types of Consumer Products

1. Convenience products are bought the most frequently by
consumers. They are bought immediately and without
great comparison between other options. Convenience
products are typically low-priced, not-differentiated
among other products, and placed in locations where
consumers can easily purchase them. The products are
widely distributed, require mass promotion, and are
placed in convenient locations.

Sugar, laundry detergent, pencils, pens, and paper are all

examples of convenience products.
CHAPTER 1.5 CONSUMER PRODUCTS

2. Shopping products are bought less frequently by

consumers. Consumers usually compare attributes of
shopping products such as quality, price, and style
between other products. Therefore, shopping products are
more carefully compared against, and consumers spend
considerably more time, as opposed to convenience
products, comparing alternatives. Shopping products
require personal selling and advertising and are located in
fewer outlets (compared to convenience products) and
selectively distributed.

Airline tickets, furniture, electronics, clothing, and phones are

all examples of shopping products.
CHAPTER 1.5 CONSUMER PRODUCTS

3. Specialty products are products with unique characteristics

or brand identification. Consumers of such products are
willing to exert special effort to purchase specialty products.
Specialty products are typically high priced, and buyers do
not use much time to compare against other products.
Rather, buyers typically spend more effort in buying specialty
products compared to other types of products.

Sports cars, designer clothing, exotic perfumes, luxury

watches, and famous paintings are all examples of specialty
products.
CHAPTER 1.5 CONSUMER PRODUCTS

4. Unsought products are products that consumers do

not normally buy or would not consider buying under
normal circumstances. Consumers of unsought
products typically do not think about these products
until they need them. The price of unsought products
varies. As unsought products are not conventionally
thought of by consumers, they require aggressive
advertising and personal selling.

Diamond rings, pre-planned funeral services, and life

insurance are all examples of unsought products.