Active Ingredients in

Product Labels and Use of

the Other Ingredients
 Specific Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the learners shall be able to:
• 1. Identify active and major ingredients in cleaning and personal
care products
• 2. Explain the mode of action and precautionary measures
indicated in various cleaning products and cosmetics
• 3. Create a set of guidelines in selecting healthy and
environmentally safe products
• 4. Explore and create alternative homemade cleaning and
personal care products
 • We will review about the concepts on how energy produced. According to
the 2020 Electricity Consumption, 25% were being consumed by
Industries, 20% for Commercial consumers, 10% for System Loss, and
34% is from the Residential owners.

• Four major steps in the conversion of energy to electricity:

1. Energy from bond breaking and formation in fuels is converted to heat energy. This step
is not necessary if power generation that does not require burning of fuels. E.g. Geothermal
and hydrothermal plants
2. Heat energy is used to convert water to steam which has kinetic energy
3. Steam’s kinetic energy becomes mechanical energy that makes turbines turn
4. Mechanical energy from the turbines create electricity via electromagnetism
• Fossil Fuels, Biogas, Geothermal energy, Hydrothermal energy, Hydroelectric,
Batteries Battery three main parts: 1) Anode 2) Cathode 3) Electrolyte
• The first battery was invented by Alessandro Volta, an Italian physicist. Solar Cells,
Biomass, and Wind power.
Cleaning Products
• Cleaning products contain substances that remove dirt, stain,
and bad smell. There are a number of cleaning products, and
some of them are used to clean surfaces such as bathroom tiles,
floors, sinks, and drains.
• Others are used to clean clothing, blankets, and curtains.
Moreover, they contain substances that are classified either as
active or inactive ingredients. Active ingredients are substances
that directly help in achieving the performance objective of a
certain product while inactive ingredients include fragrance and
solvents.
• Detergent - contains surfactant, which are substances with
cleaning properties. The most common surfactants are sodium
alkyl, benzyl sulfonates, and carboxylates.
• These specific active ingredients have long water-insoluble
hydrocarbon tail and water-soluble polar heads. When a group of
surfactant molecules is placed in water, they form micelles. They
orient themselves with the hydrocarbon tails, sticking to one another
while the polar heads are pointing outwards and into the water. When
detergent is mixed with water, the micelles are dispersed throughout
the water. In a scenario, when grease is present on a fabric, the
micelle disperses and entraps the grease. When detergent is rinsed
out, the grease comes with it.
• Bleach - This is a household cleaning product used to remove
dyes and whiten clothing. The color that stains white fabrics
typically arise from organic dyes and pigments. For example,
when ballpen ink spills on your white uniform, the ink pigment
binds with the fabric. Chlorine-based bleaches, like sodium
hypochlorite and calcium hypochlorite, are used the break
the chemical bonds of the pigment. Then, the pigment is
changed to a different substance that does not absorb visible
light, thereby making the fabric appears white again.
• Drain cleaner - is a chemical product that unblocks sewer pipes
or clogged wastewater drains. Caustic drain cleaners contain
substances such as lye (sodium hydroxide) and caustic
potash. They are bases, so they give electrons to the clogging
substance. Meanwhile, the hydroxide ions create the reaction
that clears the clog. On the other hand, acid drain cleaners
contain high concentrations of sulfuric acid or hydrochloric
acid. These are substances that increase the number of
hydrogen ions in a solution and attract electrons from the clog.
• Disinfectant is used to lessen microbes on
surfaces but not clean them. It is usually used
to disinfect door handles, tables, toilets and
bathroom surfaces because it can kill disease-
causing microorganisms called pathogens such
as salmonella and staphylococci bacteria.
Most disinfectants, such as alcohol and
chlorine, work by denaturing proteins of
microorganisms. When this happens, the
metabolism of microorganisms is disrupted,
causing death.
• Cleaning agents are very helpful in making the house
clean and free from viruses and bacteria. However,
there are lots of harmful ingredients that may hurt us or
cause allergic reactions. Sodium hydroxide or
potassium hydroxide are strong bases found in some
cleaning agents. Alkaline cleaning agents include bleach
(pH 12) and ammonia (pH 11).
Activity 1. Copy and answer the table in a
blank sheet.
Activity 2. Search for some cleaning items in your house. Fill in
the table with the required information.
• Alkaline agent adds some harmful chemicals like
dispersants to dissolve dirt and chelant to remove rust.
See how harsh these chemicals that are added to the
cleaning products. A cleaning agent is considered as
having additive ingredients that have some functions in
the product whether it is an active or an inactive
ingredient. Some functions of additive ingredients
include solvents, fragrance enhancers, masking agents,
builders, preservatives, antimicrobial agents, and
bubble enhancers.
• A. Solvents is often used to increase the
quantity of the cleaning agent. The solvent is
used to dilute the cleaning agent, so it is
present in greater amount. For instance,
ethanol could have 40% solution while
bleach can be present in as low as 5%
solution.
• B. Fragrance enhancers are added to products to removes the
unwanted odor like bathroom cleaners. Fragrances form
essential oils. Here are seven of the most popular scents that are
used in cleaning and household products, Forest Rain, Sea
Blossom, Fresh Breeze, Citrus Nectar, Green Bamboo, Lavender
Orchards, and Lush Lemongrass.
• C. Masking agents are used to remove fragrance. For sensitive
users or prone to allergic reactions, scents are being masked but
not removed so the molecule of fragrance is still in the product.
Toxins may still be there; they are just being masked.
• D. Builders are present in detergents. Builders are substances
that prevent other contaminants from reacting with the active
ingredient in the detergent. These ingredients are mineral salts
that increase the cleaning power by raising the alkalinity or pH of
a product. Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) is a builder.
Common builders include sodium carbonate, sodium
metasilicate, and sodium hydroxide.
• E. Preservatives is use to keep the
active ingredient functional and to
maintain the pH balance, cleaning
agents must have preservatives. These
may come in the form of salts and
organic reagents. The examples are
isothiazolones, bronopol, and
aldehydes which include formaldehyde
releasers and glutaraldehyde.
• F. Antimicrobial reagents
Microbes that cause infection or degradation also grow in cleaning
products. For that reason, cleaning agents must also have
antimicrobial ingredients. This also helps in preserving the
appearance of the product.
• G. Bubble enhancers
Enhancing the covered area of the surfactant is the effect of the
addition of bubble enhancers. The formation of foam/bubbles
facilitates the surfactant by adding in the accumulation of
unwanted particles. An example is CD-Amide (Bubble Enhancer).
This helps increase the amount of foam and the size of the
bubbles.
 Activity 3
Direction: Write T if the analogy is correct and F if it is wrong. Use
a separate sheet in answering the questions.
_____1. Detergents: sodium alkyl
_____2. Drain cleaner: alcohol
_____3. Disinfectant: lye
_____4. Bleach: Sodium hypochlorite
_____5. Facial toner: alcohol
 Take Home Assessment
• TIKTOK:
• Research about the brand its substance and create short video
(an infomercial) about your chosen brand (cleaning products)
and introduced the substance that assist the cleaning of different
parts of household. Make sure that the chemical formula,
equation, and/ or name of the substance to relate in this subject.
Use all necessary effects in order to highlights the cleaning
product not the brand.