Soft Switching

Chapter 9
Zero-Voltage or Zero-Current Switchings
• converters for soft switching

Dept of Electrical and Resonant Converters 9-1
Electronics Engg,
Classification of DC-DC Converter
9-2
What is Soft-Switching
Switching transitions occur under favorable conditions – device

voltage or current is zero
Reduced switching losses, switch stress, possibly low EMI,

easier thermal management
A must for very high frequency operation, (also medium frequency

at high power levels)
Usually involves compromises in conduction loss, switch rating,

passive components etc.

Electronics Engg,
Difference between Hard switching and soft Switching
Hard Switching Soft Switching
Switch is turned voltage or current is Voltage or Current

ON/OFF, non-zero naturally Zero
Operation Slow respond Fast Respond
Efficiency Poor Good
Loses More less
9-4
Soft Switching Converter
9-5
Resonant conversion:
advantages
• Resonant converters can operate at higher
switching frequencies than comparable PWM
converters.
• Zero-voltage switching also reduces converter-
generated EMI.
• Zero-current switching can be used to commutate
SCRs/
• In specialized applications, resonant networks
may be unavoidable
• High voltage converters: significant transformer
leakage inductance and winding capacitance
leads to resonant network
9-6
Resonant conversion: dis-
advantages
• Can optimize performance at one operating point, but not with wide range
of input voltage and load power variations
• Significant currents may circulate through the tank elements, even when
the load is disconnected, leading to poor efficiency at light load.
• Quasi-sinusoidal waveforms exhibit higher peak values than equivalent
rectangular waveforms
• These considerations lead to increased conduction losses, which can offset
the reduction in switching loss
• Resonant converters are usually controlled by variation of switching
frequency.
• In some schemes, the range of switching frequencies can be
• very large
• Complexity of analysis
9-7
Electronics Engg,
Tank current and output
voltage are essentially
sinusoids at the switching
frequency fs.
Output can be controlled

by variation of switching
frequency, closer to or
away from the tank
resonant frequency

Electronics Engg,
Electronics Engg,
Resonant conversion: advantages
The reducing or eliminating some of the switching loss mechanisms. Hence

resonant converters can operate at higher switching frequencies than comparable
PWM converters
Zero-voltage switching also reduces converter-generated EMI Zero-current
switching can be used to commutate SCRs
Resonant conversion: disadvantages
 Can optimize performance at one operating point, but not with wide range of input
voltage and load power variations
 Significant currents may circulate through the tank elements, even when the load
is disconnected, leading to poor efficiency at light load Quasi-sinusoidal waveforms
exhibit higher peak values than equivalent rectangular waveforms.
 These considerations lead to increased conduction losses, which can
offset the reduction in switching loss Resonant converters are usually controlled by
variation of switching frequency.
 In some schemes, the range of switching frequencies can be very large
Complexity of analysis

Electronics Engg,
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Relationship Between Efficiency and Power
Density

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Problems of Hard-Switching
 Switching losses
 Device stress, thermal management
 EMI due to high di/dt and dv/dt
 Energy loss in stray L and C
Possible Solutions (combination)

• Snubbers to reduce di/dt and dv/dt
usually no change in losses (unless loss recovery)
•Circuit layout to reduce stray inductances•
Gate drive
circuit layout
turn on / off speeds
•usually no change in losses (unless loss recovery)

Electronics Engg,
Snubbers
• Passive components (R, L, C) and a diode to shape switching
trajectories
Turn-on snubber (seldom used)
At turn-on
It = Vd/Ls x t
low di/dt
lower turn-on losses in the device
low reverse recovery current
Price to be paid at turn-off
1/2 LI2 energy dissipated during off interval

off interval > 2 to 3 times LS /RS time constant
switch voltage rating increases by RS IO

Electronics Engg,
Electronics Engg,
One Inverter Leg
• The output current can be positive or negative

Electronics Engg,
Electronics Engg,
Turn-on and Turn-off Snubbers

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Switching Trajectories
• Comparison of Hard versus soft switching

Electronics Engg,
Types of resonant converters:
 Load Resonant Converter
1. Voltage Source Series Resonant Converter
(a) Series Loaded Resonant (SLR) Converter
(b) Parllel-Loaded resonant Converter
© Hybrid –Resonat Converter
2. Current Source Parallel Resonant Converter
3. Class E and Sub Class E resonant Converter
 Resonant Switch Converter

Resonant switch dc-dc Converter
a) Zero Voltage Switching dc dc Converter
b) Zero Current Switching dc-dc Converter
 Resonant DC link Converter
 High frequency link integral half cycle converter

Electronics Engg,
Undamped Series-Resonant Circuit
• The waveforms shown include initial conditions

Electronics Engg,
Electronics Engg,
Series-Resonant Circuit with
Capacitor-Parallel Load
• The waveforms shown include initial conditions

Electronics Engg,
Impedance of a Series-Resonant Circuit
• The impedance is capacitive below the

resonance frequency
Electronics Engg,
Undamped Parallel-Resonant Circuit
• Excited by a current source

Electronics Engg,
Impedance of a Parallel-Resonant Circuit
• The impedance is inductive at below the

resonant frequency
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 If tank responds primarily to fundamental component of switch network
output voltage waveform, then harmonics can be neglected.
 Let us model all ac waveforms by their fundamental components.

Electronics Engg,
Series Load Resonant (SLR) Converter
• The transformer is ignored in this equivalent

circuit
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Electronics Engg,
Series loaded resonant (SLR) dc-dc converter :
Modes of SLR DC-DC converter

1. Discontinuous condition mode with ws<1/2wo
2. Continuous conduction Mode with
1/2wo<ws<wo
3. Continuous Condition mode with ws>wo
9-33
SLR Converter Waveforms
• The operating frequency is below one-half the resonance frequency

Electronics Engg,
• The operating frequency is in between one-half the resonance frequency
and the resonance frequency

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 Switch turn-on occurs at finite voltage and current,
 Switch turn off at naturally .
 Good reverse recovery charecterstics to avoid large
reverse current spicks

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•The operating frequency is greater than the resonance frequency

Electronics Engg,
ws> wo : continuous inductor current – lagging power factor
 Switch turn-on occurs at zero voltage and current,

 Switch turn off at finite time.
 T+ Is forced to turn off.
 Here T- is gated on as soon as D- begins to conduct so that it can
conduct when iL reverses.
 Several Advantages.
 The switches Turn ON at Zero voltage and Current.
 Do not need fast recovery diodes.
 Disadvantages.
 Switches need to force turn off near the peak of iL. (switching losses)
Lossless snubbers can use to minimize the switching losees

Electronics Engg,
Series Loaded Resonant Converter

Electronics Engg,
The amplitudes of the fundamental frequencies of the square waves va and vb
are
If iL is approximated as a sine wave of amplitude IL1, the average value of ib

is
The value of output resistance in this equivalent circuit is based on the ratio
of voltage to current at the output.

Electronics Engg,
The ratio of output to input voltage
T
The sensitivity of the output to the switching frequency depends on the

values of Lr and Cr. If Q is defined as

Electronics Engg,
Lossless Snubbers in SLR Converters
• The operating frequency is above the resonance

frequency
Electronics Engg,
SLR Converter Characteristics
• Output Current as a function of operating

frequency for various values of the output voltage
Electronics Engg,
Normalized Frequency Response

Electronics Engg,
SLR Converter Control
• The operating frequency is varied to regulate the

output voltage

Electronics Engg,
1) The series loaded resonant converter is having The source voltage is 100V and
The resonant inductance is 30micro H and capacitance is 0.08microF and load is
10 0hm the operating switching frequency is 120KHz Determine the output
voltage of the converter

Electronics Engg,
1) The series loaded resonant converter is having The source voltage is 100V and
The resonant inductance is 30micro H and capacitance is 0.08microF and load is
10 0hm the operating switching frequency is 120KHz Determine the output
voltage of the converter
The resonant frequency of the filter is
The output Voltage is

Electronics Engg,
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2). For the series resonant dc-dc converter has the dc source voltage is
75 V. The desired output voltage is 25 V, and the desired switching
frequency is 100 kHz. The load resistance RL is 10 ohm . Determine Lr and
Cr
Select the resonant frequency ω0 to be slightly less than the desired

switching frequency ωs Let ωs /ω0 =1.2,
ωs /ω0 =1.2
From the graph of Fig. with Vo/Vs =25/75 =0.33 and ws/w0 =1.2, the required
Qis approximately 2.5.

Electronics Engg,
2). For the series resonant dc-dc converter has the dc source voltage is
75 V. The desired output voltage is 25 V, and the desired switching
frequency is 100 kHz. The load resistance RL is 10 . Determine Lr and Cr
Select the resonant frequency ω0 to be slightly less than the desired

switching frequency ωs Let ωs /ω0 =1.2,
ωs /ω0 =1.2
From the graph of Fig. with Vo/Vs =25/75 =0.33 and ws/w0 =1.2, the required
Qis approximately 2.5.

Electronics Engg,
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3) The series resonant dc-dc converter of Fig. 9-5a has the following
operation parameters: Vs =10 V, Lr =6 microH, Cr =6 nF, fs =900 kHz, and RL
=10 . Determine the output voltage Vo.

Electronics Engg,
Electronics Engg,
Design and Analysis of Series Loaded Resonant Converter fed by
Standalone/PV Source
SLR Low Pass

Solar Rectifier
Converte
Network Filter Load
Pannel r

Electronics Engg,
Parallel Loaded resonant Converter
Differs from series resonant converter as follows:
 Different tank network

 Rectifier is driven by sinusoidal voltage, and is connected to
inductive-input low-pass filter
 Need a new model for rectifier and filter networks

Electronics Engg,
Model of uncontrolled rectifier with inductive filter network

Electronics Engg,
Effective resistance Re

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the average of the rectified sine wave at the bridge output (vx) is the same as
Vo,
where Vb1 is the amplitude of the fundamental frequency of vb. The equivalent
resistance is then
where Ib1 is the amplitude of the fundamental frequency of the square wave
current ib.
Solving for output voltage in the phasor circuit

Electronics Engg,
Since Vo is the average of the full-wave rectified value of vb,
Va1 is the amplitude of the fundamental frequency of the input square wave
Vo/Vs is plotted with Q as a parameter
9-62
Dept of Electrical and Resonant Converters
The circuit of PLR converter has the following parameters:Vs 100 V Lr 8 H Cr 0.32
F RL 10 fs 120 kHz Determine the output voltage of the converter. Assume the
output filter components Loand Co produce a ripple-free output current and
voltage.

Electronics Engg,
Electronics Engg,
PLR Converter Waveforms

Electronics Engg,
 Turn on losses in the switch.

 Requiered good RRC diodes
 No turn off Losses in the switches
•The operating frequency is below the resonance

frequency
Electronics Engg,
• The operating frequency is above the resonance

frequency
Electronics Engg,
PLR Converter Characteristics
• Output voltage as a function of operating

frequency for various values of the output
current
Properties
 In dcc MODE CONVERTER exhibits good voltage source charecterstics and
V0 independent I0.
 This property useful in designing a converter with multiple outputs.Output

reulation is simple.
 If ws>w0 the max change required in the operating frequency less than 50%
to compensate for the output loading for a normalized output 0f 1
 It is possible to stepup and step down output

Electronics Engg,
PLR Characteristics
PLR, CCM
• No trun-on losses
• Turn-off with current – Losses
– Losses can be reduced with
lossless snubber as in SLR
• DCM
– Output voltage doesn’t depend on current
• Many parallel outputs are possible – Output voltage depends
linearly from switching frequency
• Output voltage can be higher than input
• Maximum current and voltage much higher than Io and Ud

Electronics Engg,
PLR versus SLR • PLR
– Acts as voltage source
• Fits for multiple output SMPS
– No built in overload protection
– Both step up and step down operation

Electronics Engg,
Series load Parallel load resonance
resonance
Switch on Switch off Switch on Switch off Power

Diode off Diode on Diode off Diode on Factor
fs<1/2f zcs zcs zcs zcs N/A
o
zvs zvs
fs<fo hard+ zcs hard+ zcs Lead
zvs zvs ing
fs>fo zcs hard* zcs hard* Lagg
zvs zvs ing

Electronics Engg,
Hybrid-Resonant DC-DC Converter
• Combination of series and parallel resonance

Electronics Engg,
Parallel-Resonant Current-Source Converter
• Basic circuit to illustrate the operating principle

at the fundamental frequency

Electronics Engg,
Parallel-Resonant Current-Source Converter
• Using thyristors; for induction heating

Electronics Engg,
Class-E Converters
Optimum mode

Electronics Engg,
Electronics Engg,
Class-E Converters
Non-Optimum
mode

Electronics Engg,
–Optimum Mode – Non optimum Mode
1) Switch voltage returns to zero 1) Switch Voltage returs to zero with
With zero slope. negative slope
2) No Need of antiparallel diode 2) Antiparallel diode is required
3) Load resistance R=Ropt 3) Load R<R opt
4) Switch duety ration is= 0.5 4) Duety ratio small
Advantages
1) Elimination of switching losses and reduction of EMI
2) Produces a sinusoidal output current
Disadvatages
High peak voltageand current associated with the switch
Large Volatge and current through the resonant L and C elements
Application
High frequency Electronic Lamp ballast

Electronics Engg,
1. The parallel resonant dc-dc converter has the following operation
parameters: Vs 15 V, RL 10 , Lr 1.3 H, Cr 0.12F, and fs 500 kHz .Determine the
output voltage of the converter.

Electronics Engg,
2. The parallel resonant dc-dc converter has the following operation parameters: Vs
30 V, RL 15 , Lr 1.2 H, Cr 26 nF, and fs 1 MHz. Determine the output voltage of the
converter.

Electronics Engg,
3. The parallel resonant dc-dc converter has Vs 12 V, RL 15 ,
and fs 500 kHz. The desired output voltage is 20 V. Determine suitable values
for Lr and Cr.

Electronics Engg,
Resonant Switch Converters
• Similar ideas was used before gate turnoff devices
– Thyristors were used in dc-dc converters and dc-ac inverters =>

additional LC circuit used to turn-off conduction thyristor (e.g.
McMurray-circuit)
• Nowadays also in power supplies
• Transformer parasitic inductances and other parasitics can be

used in LC-circuits

Electronics Engg,
Classification
• ZCS, zero-current-switching
– Switch turns on and off without current
• ZVS, zero-voltage-switching,
– Switch turns on and off without voltage
• ZVS-CV, zero-voltage-switching, clamped

voltage
– As before but at least two switches
– Voltage over switch is limited to the supply voltage

Electronics Engg,
Advantages and Disadvantages of ZCS and ZVS
• Power switch is turned ON and OFF at Zero-Voltage and Zero-

Current
• In ZCS topologies, the rectifying diode has ZVS
• In ZVS topologies, the rectifying diode has ZCS
• In isolated topologies, both the ZVS and the ZCS utilize

transformer leakage inductances and diode junction capacitors
and the output parasitic capacitor of the power switch.
• Some ZVS and ZCS techniques requires variable-frequency

control to regulate the output, which is a disadvantage.
• In ZCS, the power switch turns-OFF at zero current but at turn-

ON, the converter still suffers from turn-ON loss caused by the
output capacitor of the power switch.
Electronics Engg,
Resonant Switch Converters
Classifications

Electronics Engg,
ZCS Resonant-Switch Converter
• One possible implementation

Electronics Engg,
• Waveforms; voltage is regulated by varying the

switching frequency

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• A practical circuit

Electronics Engg,
ZVS Resonant-Switch Converter
• Serious limitations

Electronics Engg,
ZVS Resonant-Switch Converter
• Waveforms

Electronics Engg,
MOSFET Internal Capacitances
• These capacitances affect the MOSFET switching

Electronics Engg,
ZVS-CV DC-DC Converter
• The inductor current must reverse direction

during each switching cycle
Electronics Engg,
ZVS-CV DC-DC Converter
• One transition is shown

Electronics Engg,
ZVS-CV Principle Applied to DC-AC Inverters
• Very large ripple in the output current

Electronics Engg,
Three-Phase ZVS-CV DC-AC Inverter
• Very large ripple in the output current

Electronics Engg,
Output Regulation by Voltage Control
• Each pole operates at nearly 50% duty-ratio

Electronics Engg,
ZVS-CV with Voltage Cancellation
• Commonly used

Electronics Engg,
Resonant DC-Link Inverter
• The dc-link voltage

is made to oscillate

Electronics Engg,
Three-Phase Resonant DC-Link Inverter
• Modifications have been proposed

Electronics Engg,
High-Frequency-Link Inverter
• Basic principle for selecting integral half-cycles of the

high-frequency ac input
Electronics Engg,
• Low-frequency ac output is synthesized by selecting

integral half-cycles of the high-frequency ac input
Electronics Engg,
• Shows how to implement such an inverter

Electronics Engg,
Series Resonant DC-DC Converter
For the dc-dc converter of
Vs 100 V
Lr 30 H
Cr 0.08 F
RL 10
fs 120 kHz
Determine the output voltage of the converter

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Vs=36V,I0=5A, Lr=10nH, Cr=10nF and switching frequency is 750kHz a)
Determine the output voltage of the converter b) determine maximum
inductor current and capacitor voltage c) Determine the switching
frequency for the out put of 12V.

Electronics Engg,
The series parallel resonant dc-dc converter has the following parameters
source voltage =100V, Cp =Cs= 0.1µF, L=100µH, Load resistance is 10Ω,
switching frequency is 60kHz. The output filter components L0 and c0 are
assumed to produce a ripple free output. Determine the output voltage of
the converter.

Electronics Engg,
1. The Zero Voltage switching resonant switch converter is having source
voltage Vs=20V,I0=10A, Lr=0.1µH, Cr=1nF and switching frequency is 2MHz a)
Determine the output voltage of the converter b) determine maximum inductor
current and capacitor voltage.

Electronics Engg,
2. The Zero Voltage switching resonant switch converter is having source
voltage Vs=15V, I0=4A a) Determine the resonant inductor and capacitor
the maximum capacitor voltage is 40V, ω0 =1.6x108 rad/sec. find the
switching frequency and the output voltage is 5v.

Electronics Engg,
3. The Zero current switching resonant switch converter is having
source voltage Vs=3 load resistance is 5 ohm 0V,I0=10A, resonant
impedance is 25Ω , the output voltage is 15V. switching frequency is
100kHz a) determine the resonant inductor and capacitor.

Electronics Engg,
4. The Zero Voltage switching resonant switch converter is having
source voltage Vs=20V, Load current is 5A, Lr= 1µH, Cr=0.047µF and
switching frequency is 2MHz a) Determine the switching frequency
such that the output voltage is 10V.

Electronics Engg,
5. The Zero current switching resonant switch converter is having
source voltage Vs=18V, V0 =12V and load current is 1 A, resonant
impedance is 10 ohm , resonant frequency is 1MHz a) Determine
resonant components Lr and Cr b) Peak switch current c) peak voltage
rating of the capacitor, d) The linear charging period of the inductor.

Electronics Engg,

Soft Switching

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Chapter 9

Zero-Voltage or Zero-Current Switchings

• converters for soft switching

Switching transitions occur under favorable conditions – device

Reduced switching losses, switch stress, possibly low EMI,

A must for very high frequency operation, (also medium frequency

Usually involves compromises in conduction loss, switch rating,

Dept of Electrical and Resonant Converters 9-3

Switch is turned voltage or current is Voltage or Current

Output can be controlled

Dept of Electrical and Resonant Converters 9-9

The reducing or eliminating some of the switching loss mechanisms. Hence

Resonant conversion: disadvantages

Dept of Electrical and Resonant Converters 9-11

Dept of Electrical and Resonant Converters 9-14

Possible Solutions (combination)

Dept of Electrical and Resonant Converters 9-15

Turn-on snubber (seldom used)

Price to be paid at turn-off

1/2 LI2 energy dissipated during off interval

Dept of Electrical and Resonant Converters 9-16

• The output current can be positive or negative

Dept of Electrical and Resonant Converters 9-18

Dept of Electrical and Resonant Converters 9-20

• Comparison of Hard versus soft switching

Dept of Electrical and Resonant Converters 9-21

 Resonant Switch Converter

 Resonant DC link Converter

 High frequency link integral half cycle converter

Dept of Electrical and Resonant Converters 9-22

• The waveforms shown include initial conditions

• The waveforms shown include initial conditions

Dept of Electrical and Resonant Converters 9-25

• The impedance is capacitive below the

• Excited by a current source

Dept of Electrical and Resonant Converters 9-27

• The impedance is inductive at below the

Dept of Electrical and Resonant Converters 9-30

• The transformer is ignored in this equivalent

Modes of SLR DC-DC converter

• The operating frequency is below one-half the resonance frequency

Dept of Electrical and Resonant Converters 9-34

Dept of Electrical and Resonant Converters 9-35

Dept of Electrical and Resonant Converters 9-36

•The operating frequency is greater than the resonance frequency

Dept of Electrical and Resonant Converters 9-37

 Switch turn-on occurs at zero voltage and current,

Lossless snubbers can use to minimize the switching losees

Dept of Electrical and Resonant Converters 9-38

Dept of Electrical and Resonant Converters 9-39

If iL is approximated as a sine wave of amplitude IL1, the average value of ib

Dept of Electrical and Resonant Converters 9-40

The sensitivity of the output to the switching frequency depends on the

Dept of Electrical and Resonant Converters 9-41

• The operating frequency is above the resonance

• Output Current as a function of operating

Dept of Electrical and Resonant Converters 9-44

• The operating frequency is varied to regulate the

Dept of Electrical and Resonant Converters 9-45

Dept of Electrical and Resonant Converters 9-46

The resonant frequency of the filter is

The output Voltage is

Dept of Electrical and Resonant Converters 9-47

Select the resonant frequency ω0 to be slightly less than the desired