1A-4 LIPIDS

➤ Know how a triglyceride glycerol and three fatty acids

➤ Describe the differences between unsaturated and saturated
fatty acids.
LIPIDS
➤ They are an integral part of all cell membranes and are also
used as an _______________.
➤ Lipids contain many ___________—_____________ bonds and
almost no __________________.
LIPIDS OXIDATION
➤ When lipids are oxidised in the respiration process, the bonds
are broken and ___________________ and ____________ are
the final products.
➤ Lipids, especially triglycerides, store about three times as
much energy as the same mass of carbohydrates.
➤ Many plants and animals convert spare food into oils or fats
as an ___________________________ to use when needed.
➤ For example, the seeds of plants contain lipids to provide
energy for the seedling when it starts to grow, which is why
seeds are such an important food source for many animals.
FATS AND OILS
➤ Fats and oils are
important groups of
lipids.
➤ Chemically they are very
similar, but fats such as
butter are ___________ at
room temperature
whereas oils such as olive
oil are ______________
➤ Fats come mainly from
animal sources while oils
are mainly from plant
sources.
FATS AND OILS
➤ Like carbohydrates, the chemical elements that all lipid
molecules contain are carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
➤ However, lipids contain a much lower proportion of oxygen
than carbohydrates.
➤ Fats and oils contain two types of organic chemical substance,
1.
2.
➤ These are combined using ______ bonds.
FATTY ACIDS
➤ All fatty acids have a long hydrocarbon chain — a folded
backbone of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms attached, and
a ____________________________ (—COOH) at one end.
➤ Living tissues contain more than 70 different types of fatty
acid.
➤ Fatty acids vary in two ways:
A. the length of the carbon chain can differ (but is often 15-17
carbon atoms long)
B. the fatty acid may be a ___________________ fatty acid or an
_______________________ fatty acid.
FATTY ACIDS
➤ In a saturated fatty acid, each carbon atom is joined to the one next to it by a
__________________________ bond.
➤ A common example is stearic acid
➤ In an unsaturated fatty acid, the carbon chains have one or more _______________________
bonds between carbon atoms in them.
➤ A monounsaturated fatty acid has one carbon—carbon double bond and a polyunsaturated
fatty acid has more than one carbon—carbon double bond
➤ Linoleic acid is an example of a polyunsaturated fatty acid.
➤ It is an essential fatty acid in our diet because we cannot make it from other substances.
FORMING ESTER BONDS
➤ A __________________ is made when glycerol combines with three fatty
acids.
➤ A bond is formed in a condensation reaction between the carboxyl group (–
COOH) of a fatty acid and one of the hydroxyl groups (–OH) of the glycerol.
➤ A molecule of water is removed and the bond created is called an ester
bond.
➤ This type of condensation reaction is called _________________________
➤ The nature of the lipid formed depends on which fatty acids are joined
together.
➤ For example, lipids containing saturated fatty acids are more likely to be
solid at room temperature than those containing unsaturated fatty acids.
➤ Longer chain fatty acids are also more likely to produce solid fats.
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