EED 5 Unit 6

EED5- TEACHING SCIENCE IN PRIMARY GRADES
UNIT VI
The Plant Kingdom
OVERVIEW
Have you played the famous game Plants vs Zombies? I bet you were
also amazed by the different abilities each plant in the game possess just to defeat
zombies. Although those superpowers do not exist in real life, plants are still
organisms that everyone should look up to. Plants are a large and varied group of
organisms. There are close to 300,000 species of cataloged plants. Of these, about
260,000 are plants that produce seeds. Mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants
are all members of the plant kingdom. The oxygen they produced and the carbon-
dioxide they absorbed maintain our atmosphere. Thanks to plants, humans and other
oxygen-depended organisms thrive. In this unit, you will study how diverse the plant
kingdom is. Zooming in, you will also explore the different plant organs that do the
‘dirty works for you to breathe in oxygen-rich air. What an incredible ‘superpower’,
right?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this unit, I am able to:

1. describe the major divisions of the plant kingdom;
2. give at least 5 examples of plant under each major division;
3. classify plants under each major division; and
4. identify the function of plants organs.
UNIT VI: THE PLANT KINGDOM 100

SETTING UP
Directions: Write down 10 plants you see daily in your area and give a brief
description.
1. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
9. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
10. _____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

LECTURE PROPER
THE PLANT DIVERSITY
The various divisions of the kingdom have traditionally been separated into two groups:
the thallophyta and the embryophyta. Though not usually recognized as taxonomic
categories in modern classifications, the groupings are useful because they include plants at
similar levels of structural complexity. We can summarize the chief distinctions between
them as follows:
1. Thallophyta
Thallophytes, the more primitive of the two, usually show little if any tissue
differentiation; their cells are relatively unspecialized. Because there is no xylem and phloem
tissue, there is no anatomical basis for distinguishing the roots, stems, or leaves, and the
entire plant is known as a thallus, literally, “young shoot.” There is far more differentiation
in embryophytes; the higher the embryophytes have vascular tissue and thus distinct roots,
stems, and leaves. The reproductive structures of thallophytes are often unicellular and,
whether unicellular or multicellular, lack a protective wall or jacket of sterile (i.e. non-
reproductive) cells.
The reproductive structures of embryophytes, by contrast, are multicellular and have

a jacket of sterile cells. The zygotes of thallophyte plants develop into embryos outside of the
female reproductive organ whereas the early developmental stages of the embryophytes
take place while the embryo is still inside the female reproductive organ (hence the name
“embryophyte”).
The following list relates the traditional groupings to the major formal classifications:
Thallophyta
 Division Chlorophyta
 Division Phaeophyta
 Division Rhodophyta
Embryophyta
 Division Bryophyta
 Division Tracheophyta

a. The Green Algae (Chlorophyta)
The green algae, generally regarded as the group from which the
land plants arose, are probably the only algal division that has not
been a phylogenetic dead end. Like land plants, the green algae
posse’s chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids; unlike many other
algae, they have no unusual chlorophylls. The majority of the green
algae live in fresh-water, but some live in moist places on land, and there are many marine
species. Many divergent evolutionary tendencies, all probably beginning with walled and
flagellated unicellular organisms, can be traced in the Chlorophyta: (1) the evolution of motile
colonies; (2) a change to nonmotile unicells and colonies; (3) the evolution of extensive
tubelike bodies with numerous nuclei but without cellular partitions; (4) the evolution of
multicellular filaments and even three-dimensional leaf-like thalluses.
Since the Chlorophyta include many unicellular as well as multicellular types, the green
algae are difficult to place in a classification system that separates Protista from Plantae. But
it makes no evolutionary sense to assign the unicellular green algae to one kingdom and their
multicellular relatives to another. Hence we shall treat the whole group as true plants whose
unicellular representatives have remained at the protistan level.
b. The Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
The brown algae are almost exclusively marine, the

few freshwater species being quite rare. Many of the plants
called seaweeds are members of this division. They are most
common along rocky coasts of the cooler parts of the oceans;
they may be seen in great abundance covering the rocks
exposed at low tide along the New England coast. A few
species occur in warmer seas; some species of sargassum
form dense floating mats that cover much of the surface of
the so-called Sargasso Sea, which occupies some 6.5 million
Square kilometers of ocean between the West Indies and North Africa.
All brown algae are multicellular, and most are large, some growing as long as 45 m
or more. The thallus may be a filament, or it may be a large and rather complex three-
dimensional structure. The individual cells have cell walls composed of cellulose and a
gummy material called alginic acid. Brown algae are commercially harvested for alginic acid,
which is used in cosmetics, in various drugs, and as a stabilizer in most ice creams.
Like all photosynthetic plants, the Phaeophyta possess chlorophyll a. however, they
have chlorophyll c instead of the chlorophyll b found in green algae and land plants. Large
amounts of a pigment called fucoxanthin are also present, giving the characteristic brownish
color to these algae. The principal storage product is not starch but another complex
polysaccharide.

Reproduction may be either asexual or sexual. The latter often involves specialized
multicellular sex organs, called gametangia. The gametangia that produce male gametes are
referred to as antheridia; those that produce female gametes, are oogonia. The life cycle is
usually characterized by an alternation of the gametophyte (haploid) and sporophyte
(diploid) multicellular generations. In many forms, the gametophyte and sporophyte are
similar in structure, but in others, the haploid gametophyte is reduced and the diploid
sporophyte is much larger and more prominent.
c. The Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
The Red algae are mostly marine seaweeds, but a few

live in freshwater or on land. They often occur at greater
depths than the brown algae. Most are multicellular and are
attached to the bottom, but a few species are unicellular. The
red algae are generally much smaller than the brown algae.
The cell walls contain cellulose and also large

quantities of mucilaginous material. The storage product is
not starch, but a polysaccharide similar to it. Red algae are an
important source of commercial colloids-among others, agar used in culturing bacteria;
suspending agents used in chocolate milk and puddings; and moisture retainers used in
icings, creams, and marshmallows. The “red algae” are not always red; many are black, violet,
brownish, yellow, or even green.
The accessory pigments of the Rhodophyta play an important role in absorbing light
for photosynthesis.
2. Embryophyta
The Embryophyta constitute the terrestrial or land plants, the first representatives of
which appeared during the Silurian or possibly even the Middle or Late Ordovician period.
The most primitive of these are nonvascular land plants, a group that classically includes
liverworts (Hepatophyta / Hepaticopsida), hornworts (Anthocerotophyta /
Antheroceropsida), and mosses (Bryophyta). The majority of land plants however are
included within the huge and diverse clade traditionally called Tracheophyta, or vascular
plants.
a. The Non-Vascular (Bryophyta)

The bryophytes are relatively small plants that grow in moist places on land-on damp
rocks and logs, on the forest floor, in swamps or marshes, or beside streams and pools. Some
species can survive periods of drought, but only in becoming dormant and ceasing to grow.
In short, the bryophytes live on land, but they have never become fully emancipated from
their ancestral aquatic environment, and they have therefore never become a dominant
group of plants. Their great dependence on a moist environment is linked to two
characteristics: they retain flagellated sperms cells, which must swim to the egg cells in the
archegonia; and most lack vascular tissues-and, therefore, lack efficient long-distance
internal transport of fluids. The absence of true xylem cells with thickened walls, which

function as major supportive elements in vascular plants, has probably also limited the size
the bryophytes can attain.
Example and their respective classes:

 Liverworts (Class Hepaticae) - The name "liverwort"
derives from the Anglo-Saxon word "lifer”, meaning liver and
"wyrt", the Anglo-Saxon word for plant. The gametophyte
consists of flattened or leaf-like structures.
 Hornworts (Class
Anthocerotophyta) - The name "hornwort" refers to the long thin
sporophytes that are cylindrical , which are embedded in the top of the
plant and remain attached to and continue to grow throughout its life.
Like all bryophytes, hornworts are gametophyte (thallus-like)
dominant.
 Mosses (Class Musci) - Unlike the liverworts, mosses are

present in most terrestrial habitats (even deserts) and may
sometimes be the dominant plant life. It consists of small,
erect plants that have tiny leaf-like structures arranged
spirally around a stalk.
It shows the beginnings of differentiation of stem and leaves - but

no roots. Mosses may have rhizoids and these may be multicellular but they do little more
than hold the plant down.
b. The Vascular Plants (Tracheophyta)

Though most bryophytes live on land, in a sense they are not fully terrestrial. The
tracheophytes, by contrast, have evolved a host of adaptations to the terrestrial environment
that has enabled them to invade all but the most inhospitable land habitats. In the process,
they have diverged sufficiently from 0one another for a botanist to classify them in five
subdivisions:
Subdivisions of Division Tracheophyta
 Subdivision Psilopsida (psilopids)

 Subdivision Lycopsida (club mosses)
 Subdivision Sphenopsia (horsetails)
 Subdivision Pterosida (ferns)
 Subdivision Spermopsida (seed plants)
All members of this division (with a few minor exceptions) possess four important
attributes lacking in even the most advanced and complex algae: (1) a protective layer of
sterile jacket cells around the reproductive organs; (2) multicellular embryos retained within
the archegonia; (3) cuticles in the aerial parts; (4) xylem. All four are a fundamental

adaptation for a terrestrial existence. Many other such adaptations, absent in the earliest
tracheophytes, appear in more advanced members of the division; a history of the evolution
of these adaptations is a history of the increasingly extensive exploitation of the terrestrial
environment by vascular plants.
Psilopsida (Whisk ferns)
The psilopsida is the oldest vascular plants; fossil representatives of this group
appeared about 416 million years ago. Nothing the resemblance between the psilopsida and
certain branching filamentous algae, botanists have assumed that these primitive
tracheophytes evolved directly from the filamentous green algae. They are regarded as a
transitional group, linking the green algae with the higher vascular plants.
The psilopod sporophytes are rather simple in structure. The stem divides and
subdivides, each time into two equal branches. The plants lack true leaves and roots; though
they do have underground stems that bear hairlike rhizoids similar to root hairs. The aerial
stems are green and carry out photosynthesis. Stomata and sporangia are found on these
stems. The gametophyte stage is smaller than the sporophyte and completely underground.
The psilopsida is believed to have given rise to other tracheophyte groups: the
Lycopsida, Sphenopsida, and Pteropsida.
Lycopsida (Club Mosses)
The first representatives of the subdivision Lycopsida

appeared about 380 million years ago. Some of the later lycosids
ere very large trees that formed the earth’s first forests. The group
was eventually displaced by more advanced types of vascular
plants and only five genera are alive today. One of these,
Lycopodium (often called running pine or group pine), is common
in many parts of the United States.
Unlike the psilopids, lycopsids have true roots and true leaves.
Certains of the leaves that have become specialized for reproduction bear sporangia on their
surfaces. Such reproductive (fertile) leaves are called sporophylls. In many lycopsids the
sporophylls are clustered on a short length of a stem to form a rather club-shaped structure,
hence the name “club mosses” for the lycopsids (note, however, that lycopsids are not related
to the true mosses, which are bryophytes).
Sphenopsia (Horsetails)
The senopsids first appear in the fossils record about 360 million
years ago. Members of the one living genus of spenopids, equisetum, are
commonly called horsetails or scouring rushes. They are generally found
in wet places, but many also grow in the dry gravel along roadsides or
railway tracts. Though most of these are small (less than a meter), some

of the ancient sphenopsids were large trees. Much of the coal we use today was formed from
the bodies of these plants.
Pterosida (Ferns)
The ferns are believed to have evolved from the psilopsida,

appearing in the fossils record somewhat later than lycopsids and
sphenopsids. They are fairly advanced plants with a very well-developed
vascular system and with true roots, stems, and leaves. Their leaves are
larger than those of psilopsids and provide a much greater surface area
for photosynthesis.
The leaves of ferns are sometimes simple, but often they are compound, being divided
into numerous leaflets that may give the plant a lacy appearance. In a few ferns (eg. The large
tree ferns of the tropics), the stem is upright, forming a trunk. But in most modern ferns the
stem lies flat on or in the soil, and the large leaves are the only parts normally seen.
Spermopsida (Seed Plants)

The seed plants have been by far the most successful in fully exploiting the terrestrial
environment. They first appeared in the Late Devonian, some 350 million years ago, and in
the following period, the Carboniferous, they soon replaced the lycopsids and sphenopsids as
the dominant land plants, a position they still hold today. These plants show several
evolutionary advances over the more primitive tracheophytes.
The subdivision Spermopsida includes five classes of gymnosperms and one of the
angiosperms. Gymnosperm means literally “naked seed,” and Angiosperm refers to “seed
within the vessel.” These terms are descriptive-the seeds of the gymnosperms are exposed
on the surface of the reproductive structure, while those of the angiosperms are enclosed
within the reproductive structure (the flower). The various classes of Spermopsida are as
follows:
A. The Gymnosperms
By far the largest and best-known group of gymnosperms is the conifers (class
Coniferae, “cone-bearers”), which includes such common species as pines, spruces, firs,
cedars, hemlocks, yews, and larches. The leaves of most of these plants are small evergreen
needles or scales, with an internal arrangement of tissues that differs somewhat from those
in angiosperms, which we examined in earlier chapters. Unlike the other’s flora.
 Subdivision Coniferophyta (conifers or evergreens) – are cone-bearing trees with

needlelike saclike leaves. Examples: Pines, Spruce
 Subdivision Cycadophyta (Cycads) – tropical, palmlike gymnosperm
Example: Cycas, Zamia
 Subdivision Ginkogophyta (Ginkos) – are deciduous trees that grow ell in cities,
because they can tolerate air pollution. The only surviving species is Ginkgo biloba.
 Subdivision Gnetophyta – cone-bearing gymnosperm that has a vascular system.
Example: Gnetum

B. The Angiosperms
The angiosperms, or flowering plants, are the most abundant of plants and therefore
the dominant group in the plant kingdom. They are widely distributed, living in all types of
habitats.
 Subdivision Anthophyta – are flowering seed plants characterized by the presence

of fruits
 Class Monocotyledonae (monocots)

 Class Dicotyledonae (dicots)
Note: Please refer to Plant Parts (Seeds) for the description of monocot and dicot

THE PLANT ORGANS
A. Roots
Functions:
 To grip the plant in soil
 To absorb water and mineral in the soil
 Storage of food
 In a few cases, to propagate to produce a new plant
The root is one of the first parts of a plant that starts to grow. Roots can be classified based
on their origin. A primary root develops from a plant's seed and quickly produces branches
called secondary roots. Tertiary roots arise from secondary roots. Branches of tertiary
roots may be referred to as rootlets. At the tip of each root is a root cap that protects the
delicate tip as it pushes through the soil. Threadlike root hairs grow farther back on the root.
These hairs greatly increase the plant's ability to absorb water and minerals from the soil.
Kinds of Roots System
There are two main kinds of root systems -- fibrous and taproot. The grass is an
example of a plant with a fibrous root system. It has many slender roots of about the same
size that spread out in all directions. A plant with a taproot system has one root that is larger
than the rest. Carrots and radishes have taproots. Taproots grow straight down, some as deep
as 15 feet.
Some plants have modified roots that perform special functions. Roots that grow from
the stem above the ground are called adventitious roots. They include the prop roots of corn
and certain other plants. Prop roots grow down into the soil from the lower part of the stem
and help brace the plant against the wind. Some species of orchids and other plants that live
on tree branches send out aerial roots, which cling to the branches. Aerial roots absorb water
and minerals from the surface of the tree and the air. Mistletoe is one of the few plants with
roots that penetrate the limbs of a tree. These roots, called sinkers, absorb food, water, and
minerals directly from the tree.
B. Flower – it is the organ of reproduction in flowering plants
Parts of flower:
a. Stamen - This is the male part of the flower. It is made up of the filament and anther, it is
the pollen-producing part of the plant. The number of stamens is usually the same as the
number of petals.
 Anther - This is the part of the stamen that produces and contains pollen. It is usually
on top of a long stalk that looks like a fine hair.
 Filament - This is the fine hair-like stalk that the anther sits on top of.
b. Pistil - This is the female part of the flower. It is made up of the stigma, style, and ovary.
Each pistil is constructed of one to many rolled leaf-like structures.

 Stigma - One of the female parts of the flower. It is the sticky bulb that you see in the
center of the flowers, it is the part of the pistil of a flower which receives the pollen
grains and on which they germinate.
 Style - Another female part of the flower. This is the long stalk that the stigma sits on
top of the ovary.
 Ovary - The part of the plant, usually at the bottom of the flower, that has the seeds
inside and turns into the fruit that we eat. The ovary contains ovules.
Ovule - The part of the ovary that becomes the seeds.
Other Important Parts of a Flower:
 Petal - The colorful, often bright part of the flower. They attract pollinators and are
usually the reason why we buy and enjoy flowers.
 Sepal - The parts that look like little green leaves that cover the outside of a flower
bud to protect the flower before it opens.
 Peduncle - The stalk of a flower that it links into the stem
 Receptacle - The part of a flower stalk where the parts of the flower are attached.
 Corolla and calyx are the non-reproductive sections of the plant that is known as
Perianth
Flower Types:
 Imperfect Flower
A flower that has either all male parts or all female parts, but not both in the same
flower. Examples: cucumbers, pumpkin, and melons.
 Perfect Flower
A flower that has both the male parts and female parts in the same flower.
Examples: roses, lilies, and dandelion.

Important processes:
 Pollination occurs when pollen is transferred by wind, insects, birds, mammals (bats,
rodents, primates), and water from the anther to the stigma. Chemicals called
enzymes 'drill' a channel down through the style to the ovary where the egg is.
 Fertilization occurs when the pollen joins with the egg. After this, a seed forms inside
a fruit.
 Germination is the process when a seed grows into a seedling.
C. Fruit
A fruit is the ripened ovary or ovaries of a flowering plant, together with accessory
parts consolidated with it, containing the seeds and occurring in a wide variety of forms and
to some extent assists in the dissemination of the seeds.
In botany, a drupe is a fruit in which an outer fleshy part (exocarp, or skin; and
mesocarp, or flesh) surrounds a shell (the pit or stone or pyrene) of hardened endocarp with
a seed inside. These fruits develop from a single carpel, and mostly from flowers with
superior ovaries. The definitive characteristic of a drupe is that the hard, lignified stone (or
pit) is derived from the ovary wall of the flower.
Typically a fruit starts to develop after that an ovule is fertilized as a result of the
process of pollination, the ovary begins to enlarge. The petals of the flower drop and the
ovule develop into a seed.
The ovary, together with accessory parts of the flower or other organs ( e.g. scales,
bracts, modified branches, perianth, or inflorescence parts.) comes to form a structure
surrounding the seed or seeds that is the fruit. Fruit development continues until the seeds
have matured.
Fruits may be pulpy or dry and are classified into three basic
types:
1. Simple fruit - Derived from the ripening of a simple or

compound ovary with but one pistil.
2. Aggregate fruit - Derived from a flower with numerous
simple pistils.
3. Multiple fruits - Derived from a cluster of flowers (called an
inflorescence).
Fruit and Seed dispersal:
Dispersal is the natural process of dispersing plant fruit and seeds over a wide
area. There are six common means of dispersal:
 Anemochory - Dispersal by wind.
 Autochory - Dispersal by physical expulsion, often explosively.

 Endozoochory - Dispersal through animal ingestion and excretion.

 Epizoochory - Dispersal by attachment to fur or feathers.
 Hydrochory - Dispersal by water.
 Myrmecochory - Dispersal by ants.
Other term relating to fruit:
 Parthenocarpic - seedless fruit that develops in the absence of

pollination/fertilization of ovules.
 Acarpous is a plant that does not produce fruit.
 Cryptocarp is a fruit which is retained concealed buried inside of the stem of the plant.
D. Seed
The basic difference between monocots and dicots, as their names suggest, is the
presence of single and double cotyledons respectively. To put it simply, monocots have a
single embryonic leaf, while the dicots have two of these; the embryonic leaf is also referred
to as seed leaf. There are many more distinguishing characteristics that separate the
monocots from dicots.
Differences between monocot and dicot
Monocot Dicot
The monocotyledonous plants bear Flowers of dicotyledonous plants produce
trimerous flowers. Those flowers which are tetramerous or pentamerous flowers.
divided into 3 parts/components are
known as trimerous.
The arrangement of vascular bundles in The vascular bundles are arranged in
monocots is of a 'scattered' type and no concentric circles or rings. Also, the
particular arrangement. Cortex and stele vascular system in dicots is divided into a
are absent. cortex and stele
The roots of monocotyledonous plants are The development of the root system in
adventitious dicotyledonous plants, unlike the
monocots, takes place from radicles.
The difference between monocots and In dicotyledonous plants, there are 3 pores
dicots can also be marked based on the present in a single pollen grain.
number of pores/furrows present in single
pollen. Monocots are those plants that
possess a single pore in every pollen grain.
The arrangement of major veins in The dicot plants have reticulate major
monocots is parallel in form. veins.
The monocot seed pods are divided into The dicotyledons have seed pods that vary
three parts. Seeds present in pods of in shape and size. The number of

monocots are fleshy and large. parts/chambers containing seeds also vary
in number.
About 50,000 to 60,000 species are There are about 250,000 to 400,000
belonging to monocots. Some examples species of dicots, some examples include
include lilies, daffodils, grains, sugarcane, daisies, mint, pea, grass, and others.
banana, palm, ginger, onions, and others.
E. Leaf
Leaf Functions:
 Photosynthesis The leaf in typical plants is the site of photosynthesis for the plant.
The overall equation for this complex process appears deceptively simple:
light
CO2 + H2O -----------------------> O2 + CH2O
chlorophyll
 Evaporative Cooling
 Export nutrients
 Storage of water, etc
 Defense
 Anchorage
The Origin of the Leaf
The leaf originates as a leaf primordium at the shoot apical meristem. This origin is
exogenous rather than endogenous as in lateral roots. The photomicrograph below shows
that these primordia are attached to zones of little elongation growth known as nodes. The
leaf primordia tend to arch over the zone of cell division in the stem to protect this tender
meristematic tissue from herbivory and desiccation.
Parts of Leaf
1. axil - the angle between the upper side of the stem and a leaf or petiole.
2.lamina - the blade of a leaf.
3.leaf apex - the outer end of a leaf; the end that is opposite the petiole.
4.midrib - the central rib of a leaf - it is usually continuous with the petiole.
5.petiole - a leaf stalk; it attaches the leaf to the plant.
6.stem - (also called the axis) the main support of the plant.
7. stipule - the small, paired appendages (sometimes leaf-life) that are found at the base of
the petiole of leaves of many flowering plants.
8. vein - one of the many vascular structures on a leaf. Veins provide supports for the leaf
and transport both water and food through the leaf.

Characteristics of a Leaf
Arrangements:
 Simple leaves have a single blade.
 Compound leaves have more than one blade on a single petiole. The multiple blades
of a compound leaf are called leaflets.
 Palmately compound leaves have leaflets arranged like the fingers of a hand.
 Pinnately compound leaves have leaflets arranged on either side of an axis,
resembling a feather.
 Trifoliolate leaves have leaflets arranged in threes, like clover. Compound leaves
are sometimes twice divided. These leaves are called twice-compound.
Leaf attachment:
 Petiolate - The blade is attached to the stem by a petiole.
 Sessile - The blade is attached directly to the stem without a petiole.
Leaf arrangement on the stem:

 Opposite - Two leaves grow opposite each other at each node.
 Alternate - One leaf grows at each node. The leaves alternate sides along the stem.
 Whorled - Several leaves grow around a single node.
Leaf shapes:
 Linear - Narrow from base to tip.
 Elliptic - Oval-shaped.
 Ovate - Wide at the base and narrow at the tip.
 Cordate - Heart-shaped.
Leaf margins:
 Entire - The edge of the leaf is smooth.
 Serrate - The edge of the leaf is finely toothed.
 Lobed - The edge of the leaf is deeply indented.
 Leaf venation: The system of principal veins in the leaf blade.
 Parallel - Major veins arise at the base, remain more or less parallel, and converge at
the tip of the leaf.

Net-veined or Reticulate:
 Pinnate - Major veins diverge from one large mid-vein, with smaller network
connections between.
 Palmate - Several large veins arise from the base of the leaf-like the fingers of a hand.
Leaf surfaces: The presence or absence of hairs, the kinds of hairs, and the presence of other
surface features, such as glands, combine to give many leaf characteristics.


F. Stems
To support flowers and leaves and provide transportation within the plant.
Three main stem types:
a. Herbaceous stems have very little woody tissue. The epidermis is very similar to that of
leaves, being a single cell layer that secretes a waxy cuticle onto its outer wall.
Herbaceous stems live for different lengths of time:

 Annual plants - live for only one year.
 Biennial plants - short-lived plants that produce only vegetative growth the first
year, then bloom the second year.
 Perennial plants - live for an indefinite period of years and bloom every year after
the first.
b. Woody stems have a high percentage of woody tissue. A continuous vascular cylinder
develops in a young woody stem. Leaf traces, strands of vascular tissue, extend from gaps in
the vascular cylinder at the stem nodes and travel outward toward leaves and twigs.
c. The shrub has several woody stems growing from a single base.

REFERENCES
Books
Peria, JN. & Mangansat, NJ. (2015). Discovering Life: An Introduction. College of
Education, NEUST. Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija.
Webpage
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_Conc
epts_in_Biology_(OpenStax)/14%3A_Diversity_of_Plants/14.1%3A_The_Plant_Kingdom
http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-compulsory-subjects/general-science-ability/general-
science-notes/11540-fruit-s-structure-all-terminologies-fruit.html
http://web.mnstate.edu/marryand/General Botany/2018 sp botany/2020 Labs/2020 Fruit

Terminology.pdf
http://web.mnstate.edu/marryand/General Botany/2018 sp botany/Lab 6 Fruit
Terminology Sp2018.pdf
http://web.mnstate.edu/marryand/General Botany/Fruit Terminology.pdf
https://readnovelfull.com/supreme-emperor-of-swords/chapter-505-strange-corpses.html
http://www.biologyreference.com/Ep-Fl/Evolution-of-Plants.html
https://www.reddit.com/r/The_Donald/comments/8c6s68/dear_diary_its_been_12_hours_
since_drumpf_started/
https://www.coursehero.com/file/p5apbeqr/PE-2-Rythmic-Activities-PROF-ED3-
Facilitating-Learner-Centered-Teaching-EED-1/
https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4419-7919-3
https://catholicscienceteacher5.blogspot.com/2013/09/leaf-collections.html

ASSESSING LEARNING
Activity 18
Name
PLANT DIVERSITY
Course, Year & Section
Rating
I. Objective
The purpose of this exercise is to summarize the discussion and activities from the
previous section.
II. Procedure
Compare the major plant and plantlike groups by filling up table A.
Comparison of Major Plant and Plant-like groups
Bases of Comparison Acacia Pine Fern Moss Mushroom Spirogyra
1. type of plant body
(whether or not it is
differentiated into stem,
roots and leaves)
2. Presence or absence
of chlorophyll
3. Presence or absence
of water-conducting
tissue
4. Reproductive
structure ( seed, spores
etc.)
B. Draw 5 different plants on the table below. Classify each plant and give its description
1)______________________ Description:
Classification:

2)______________________ Description:
Classification:
3)______________________ Description:
Classification:
4)______________________ Description:
Classification:

5)______________________ Description:
Classification:
C. Write 60 common plants with their scientific names
Common name Scientific name


Name
Activity 19
The Plant Kingdom Course, Year & Section
Rating
GENERAL DIRECTION: Read each item carefully. Erasures and/or Alterations will make your answer
null and void.
I. Identification. Write what is being asked.
____________1. This type of root system is best for anchorage.

____________2. The male part of flower
____________3. The site of gas exchange in the leaves
____________4. The colorful, often bright part of the flower.
____________5. Cucumber, pumpkin and melons have this type of flower
II. Multiple choice.
For numbers 6-11, choose which means of fruit and seed dispersal appropriate for the given
statements.
A. Autochory C. Epizoochory E. Hydrochory
B. Myrmecochory D. Endozoochory F. Anemochory
_____6. Dispersal through animal ingestion and excretion

_____7. Dispersal by ants
_____8. Dispersal by attachment to fur or feathers
_____9. Dispersal by wind
____10. Dispersal by water
____11. Dispersal by physical expulsion, often explosively
For numbers 12-15, choose which Leaf shapes appropriate for the given statements.
A. Linear C. Ovate
B. Elliptic D. Cordate
____12. Wide at the base and narrow at the tip

____13. Heart-shaped
____14. Narrow from base to tip
____15. Oval-shaped

Name
Activity 20
The Plant Kingdom Course, Year & Section
Rating
GENERAL DIRECTION: Read each item carefully. Erasures and/or Alterations will make your answer
null and void.
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Select the best answer among the given choices.
____1. An organ of plant that absorbs water and mineral salts for photosynthesis and other
processes is known as:
A. Stem C. Leaves
B. Roots D. Flower
____2. A plant’s food-making process is known as what?
A. Photosynthesis C. Seeds
B. Germination D. Vascular Tissue
____3. The male part of the flower is known as the _______.
A. Stamen C. Ovary
B. Pistil D. Petal
____4. What plant structure advertises to pollinators?
A. Leaves C. Stems
B. Roots D. Flowers
_____5. Pertains to the ripened ovary or ovaries of a flowering plant, together with accessory parts
consolidated with it, containing the seeds
A. Leaves C. Stems
B. Roots D. Fruit
_____6. Which of the following is not a main type of stem?
A. Perennial C. Woody
B. Herbaceous D. Shrub
_____7. This process refers when a seed grows into a seedling
A. Pollination C. Fertilization
B. Germination D. Photosynthesis
_____8. This type of root is best for anchorage.
A. Fibrous root C. Adventitious Root
B. Aerial Roots D. Tap root
_____9. The female part of the flower is known as the _______.
A. Stamen C. Ovary
B. Pistil D. Petal
_____10. ______ is a ripened ovule.
A. Fruit C. Petals
B. Seed D. Stem

EED 5 Unit 6

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

EED 5 Unit 6

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

EED5- TEACHING SCIENCE IN PRIMARY GRADES

At the end of this unit, I am able to:

UNIT VI: THE PLANT KINGDOM 100

UNIT VI: THE PLANT KINGDOM 101

THE PLANT DIVERSITY

The reproductive structures of embryophytes, by contrast, are multicellular and have

UNIT VI: THE PLANT KINGDOM 102

a. The Green Algae (Chlorophyta)

b. The Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)

The brown algae are almost exclusively marine, the

UNIT VI: THE PLANT KINGDOM 103

The Red algae are mostly marine seaweeds, but a few

The cell walls contain cellulose and also large

a. The Non-Vascular (Bryophyta)

UNIT VI: THE PLANT KINGDOM 104

Example and their respective classes:

 Mosses (Class Musci) - Unlike the liverworts, mosses are

It shows the beginnings of differentiation of stem and leaves - but

b. The Vascular Plants (Tracheophyta)

 Subdivision Psilopsida (psilopids)

UNIT VI: THE PLANT KINGDOM 105

Psilopsida (Whisk ferns)

Lycopsida (Club Mosses)

The first representatives of the subdivision Lycopsida

UNIT VI: THE PLANT KINGDOM 106

The ferns are believed to have evolved from the psilopsida,

Spermopsida (Seed Plants)

 Subdivision Coniferophyta (conifers or evergreens) – are cone-bearing trees with

UNIT VI: THE PLANT KINGDOM 107

 Subdivision Anthophyta – are flowering seed plants characterized by the presence

 Class Monocotyledonae (monocots)

UNIT VI: THE PLANT KINGDOM 108

THE PLANT ORGANS

Kinds of Roots System

B. Flower – it is the organ of reproduction in flowering plants

UNIT VI: THE PLANT KINGDOM 109

Other Important Parts of a Flower:

UNIT VI: THE PLANT KINGDOM 110

1. Simple fruit - Derived from the ripening of a simple or

Fruit and Seed dispersal:

UNIT VI: THE PLANT KINGDOM 111

 Endozoochory - Dispersal through animal ingestion and excretion.

Other term relating to fruit:

 Parthenocarpic - seedless fruit that develops in the absence of

Differences between monocot and dicot

UNIT VI: THE PLANT KINGDOM 112

The Origin of the Leaf

UNIT VI: THE PLANT KINGDOM 113

Leaf arrangement on the stem:

UNIT VI: THE PLANT KINGDOM 114

UNIT VI: THE PLANT KINGDOM 115

UNIT VI: THE PLANT KINGDOM 116

Three main stem types:

Herbaceous stems live for different lengths of time:

UNIT VI: THE PLANT KINGDOM 117

http://web.mnstate.edu/marryand/General Botany/2018 sp botany/2020 Labs/2020 Fruit

UNIT VI: THE PLANT KINGDOM 118

UNIT VI: THE PLANT KINGDOM 119

UNIT VI: THE PLANT KINGDOM 120

C. Write 60 common plants with their scientific names

Common name Scientific name

UNIT VI: THE PLANT KINGDOM 121

UNIT VI: THE PLANT KINGDOM 122