STOICHIOMETRY

Objectives:
1. Define Stoichiometry.
2. Review on the mole concept, and the quantitative relationships implied by chemical
formulas and chemical equations.

I. Mole Interpretation.

Mole interpretation – A mole contains Avogadro’s number (6.02 x 10 23) of particles

and is also represented by the gram atomic/molecular mass of the mass substance,
and it occupies 22.2 L of ideal gas volume at STP. All of these are equivalent to
each other and are true for all substances (for ideal gases, all substances that are
actually gases at STP).
II Use of the Mole Concept
It may be used in calculations involving the number of particles (atoms,
molecules, ions, electrons), involved in chemical reactions, the mass of elements or
compounds, or the volume relationships in gases.
A. Gram atomic mass – represents the mass in grams of Avogadro’s number of atoms
of the element.
For example:
Cu = 64 g Al = 27 g O= 16 g

B. Gram molecular mass – the mass of the gram atomic masses of the atoms that
make up a particular molecule its formula and is thus called the gram formula mass.
For example:
H2O = 18 g H2SO4 = 98 g CaCO3 = 100 g

C. Molar volume of an ideal gas – a mole of atoms/molecules of any gas occupies a

volume of 22.4 L at STP, if that gas behaves ideally.
For example:
1 mole of CO2 = 22.4 L at STP 1 mole of He = 22.4 L at STP

III. Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry is the calculation of reactants and products in chemical
reactions in chemistry. It is founded on the law of conservation of mass where the
total mass of the reactants equals the total mass of the products, leading to the
insight that the relations among quantities of reactants and products typically form a
ratio of positive integers. This means that if the amounts of the separate reactants
are known, then the amount of the product can be calculated. Conversely, if one
reactant has a known quantity and the quantity of the products can be empirically
determined, then the amount of the other reactants can also be calculated.
 This is illustrated in the image here, where the balanced equation is:

A. Four Types of Chemical Reactions

1. Direct Combination or Synthesis Reaction - in a synthesis reaction, two or
more chemical species combine to form a more complex product.
A + B → AB
Examples: Fe + S  → FeS
C + O2 → CO2 
H2O + SO3 → H2SO4 

2. Chemical Decomposition or Analysis Reaction - in a decomposition

reaction, a compound is broken into smaller chemical species.
AB → A + B
Examples: H2O → H2 + O2
H2CO3 → H2O + CO2
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2

3. Single Displacement or Substitution Reaction - a substitution or single

displacement reaction is characterized by one element being displaced
from a compound by another element.
A + BC → AC + B
Examples: Zn + HCl → ZnCl2  + H2
Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu

4. Metathesis or Double Displacement Reaction - in a double displacement or

metathesis reaction two compounds exchange bonds or ions in order to
form different compounds.
AB + CD → AD + CB
Examples: NaCl + AgNO3 → NaNO3 + AgCl
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
NaCl + AgNO3 →  NaNO3 + AgCl

B. Problems involving equations – The coefficients used in balancing a chemical

equation represent moles. It is assumed the reaction is a single reactions, that it
goes to completion, and that the reactants are completely consumed. If it is more
than this, then each reaction is considered singly and, in the end. The sum of the
reactions is represented as the total reactions.

1. Mass problems – a balanced equation shows the mole proportions of products

and reactants. For example: 2H 2 + O2  2H2O. The ratio of hydrogen
to oxygen to water in this reaction is 2:1:2.
 2. Mass-Volume Problems – in a balanced equation, the mole unit serves to relate
the quantities of products and reactants and make it possible to determine the
quantitative results in desired units that may not necessarily be the same as the
original units.

3. Volume problems – The volume of gases involved in a reaction are proportional

to the number of moles indicated by the numerical coefficients in a balanced
equation. For example, the equation above for the synthesis of water requires 2
volumes of hydrogen. The word volume can be any correct designation for
volume, such as L, dL, cL, mL, as long as the same label is used throughout the
calculation.

Major Types of Calculations

1. Mole – Mole Calculations = used to find the unknown mole of a substance when a
known number of mole of a substance is given.
Mole A -----> Mole B
(known) (unknown)

Step 1 : Write the balanced equation.

Step 2. Write the known (given).
Step 3. Find the number of moles of a given substance and required substance.
Example: C + O2  CO2

How many moles of Oxygen would be found in 10 moles of carbon dioxide?

2. Mole to Mass Calculations – the balanced chemical equation is used to find the
unknown mass of a substance from the known mass of another substance.
Mole A  Mole B  Mass B
Known unknown unknown

Al + H2SO4  Al2 (SO4)3 + H2

How many grams of hydrogen will be found for each mole of H 2SO4?

3. Mole to Volume
Mole A  Mole B  Volume B
(Unknown) (unknown)

N2 + H2  NH3
What volume of hydrogen at STP will be formed for each mole of ammonia?

4. Mass to Volume
Mass A  mole A  mole B  Volume B
Known known unknown
How many liters of H2 at standard conditions would react with 1000g of nitrogen?

5. Volume to Volume
Volume A  Mole A  Mole B  Volume B
Unknown Unknown

N2 + H2  NH3

What volume of NH3 is produced when 22.4 L of N2 are made to combine with
Hydrogen?

6. Mass to Mass = unknown mass of a substance can be calculated from the known
mass of another substance.
Mass A  Mole A  Mole B  Mass B

KOH + H2SO4  + K2SO4 + H20

What mass of potassium hydroxide is needed to neutralize 20 grams of sulfuric

acid?

7. Mass to Mole Calculation

Cl2 + NaOH  NaCl + NaClO3 + H2O

How many moles of Chlorine are needed to react with 10.9 g of NaOH?

8. Mass to Number of Particles

Cl2 + NaOH  NaCl + NaClO3 + H2O

How many molecules of water can be produced starting with 23 kilograms of NaOH?