Chemical Bond

-A link between atoms or attaching two atoms or ions strongly to each other.

Why do atoms bond?

-Atoms gain stability when they share, gain or lose electrons which lead to reach
noble gas electron configurations. A bond will form if the energy of the aggregate
is lower than that of the separated atoms.

Molecule
- A smallest unit of a compound, which consist of atoms bonded together in a
unique arrangement.

Atom Stability
- The atom is stable if the forces among the particles that make up the nucleus are
balanced.
- In order for atoms to be stable, they need to have their outer energy level
completely filled.

- In most cases, atoms need to have 8 valence electrons in their outer energy level
(8 is great)
- Atoms with 8 valence electrons are said to have octets.

Covalent
- consists of the mutual sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between 2 atoms.
Ionic
- Also called electrovalent bond type of linkage formed from the electrostatic
attraction between opposite charged ions in a chemical transfer.
Metallic
- Force that hold atoms together in a metallic substance
OCTET RULE
 group of 8
 a general rule to form chemical bonds
 an atom will gain or lose electrons to obtain 8 electrons in the outer
shell

IONS
 is an atom or an electrically charged atom
 it has two types: cations and anions

Cations - positively charged

Anions - negatively charged

“ When atoms gain electrons it will became negatively charged “

“ When atoms lose electrons it will become positively charged “

OCTET RULE AND IONS

 they are connected when stabilizing an atom
 Formation of Ionic Compounds

Ionic bond – a bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. It
is a bond between ions where oppositely charged atoms attract each other and
cancel their charges to produce neutral compounds. A bond formed between a
positive ion and a negative ion. Because the ions are formed when one atom loses
electrons and the other gains them, we often say that an ionic bond is formed by the
transfer of electrons from one atom to another. In general, it is a bond between metal
and non-metal. When forming an ionic bond, metals tend to lose electrons to non-
metals and continue to follow the non-metals.

An ionic compound is a compound that is formed by ionic bonding. Ionic bonding

occurs through a process called electron transfer, where one atom gives electrons to
another.

Example

 The most common ionic compound is table salt. When sodium atoms interact
with chlorine atoms, sodium chloride formed. NaCl.

In this example, Sodium (a metal) gave away its electron to Chlorine (a non-metal),
hence Sodium became positively charged (cation) and Chlorine negatively charged
(anion). The ionic compound is Sodium Chloride (NaCl).
 Naming Ionic Compounds

IONS – is a charged particle that forms from an atom when it gains/loses one or
more electrons

2 Types of Ions
• CATION
• ion with positive charge
• metals
• lose one or more electrons

Ex. Strontium (Sr)

P=38 Charge
= +2 Electron
=36
• ANION
• Ion with negative charge
• Nonmetals
• Gain one/more electrons

Ex. Tellurium (Te)

P = 52
Charge = -2
E = 54

IONIC COMPOUNDS
Consists of positive and negative ion
Form when metals react with nonmetals

Types of Ions

1. MONOATOMIC
- Single atom that has lost/gained electrons
 2. POLYATOMIC
- Unit of 2/more atoms that bears a net electrical charge
- Atoms remain the same

Ex. HCO3 - – hydrogen carbonate or bicarbonate ion

Recognizing Ionic Compound

- Composed of metal (cation) and a nonmetals (anion)
- Include polyatomic ion

Naming Ions and Ionic Compound

- Name of cation comes first followed by the name of the anion

Naming Positive Ions

1. Metals
- form only one kind of cation, the name is simply name of the metal plus
“ion”
2. Transition Metals
- Form one or more than 1 kind of cation, the name of each ion must
indicate its charge
- The charge is indicated by Roman numeral in parenthesis immediately
following the ions name
- “Stock System” “-ric” = higher charge
Ex. Cu2+ - Copper (II) ion – Cupric ion
Cu+ - Copper (I) ion – Cuprous ion “-rous” = lower charge
Naming Negative Ions
1. Monoatomic Anion
- Named by adding “-ide” to the stem of the name

Ex. Phosphorus (P) gives a Phosphide ions

Chlorine (Cl) gibes a Chloride ions

2. Oxoanions
- Polyatomic ions containing Oxygen
- Nonmetal in addition to oxygen
- Greater number of oxygen atoms is given the suffix “-ate”
Ex. NO3- Nitrate ion
- Smaller number of oxygen atoms is given the suffix “-ite”
Ex. SO32 Sulfate ion
 When 2 or more than 2 different oxoanions of a given nonmetal exist, a
more extended naming schemes is used

Ex. ClO - per chlor ate ion perchlorate ion

4
(Prefix) (root) (suffix)
ClO3- Chlorate ion
ClO2- Chlorite ion
ClO- Hypochlorite ion

- Largest number of oxygen atom is given the prefix “per” and the siffix “-
ate”
- Oxoanion containing the smallest number is given the prefix “hypo-“ and
the suffix “-ite”

Containing hydrogen
- “”Hydrogen” before the name of oxoanions
Ex. HSO4 Hydrogen Sulfate Ion
-

- Oxoanion of a given nonmetal can combine with different numbers of

hydrogen atoms, use prefixes to indicate which ion we are talking about
Ex. H2PO4- Dihydrogen Phosphate Ion
HPO42- Monohydrogen Phosphate ion
 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

TERM DEFINITION
Organic Chemistry  Organic chemistry is the study of the
structure, properties, composition,
reactions, and preparation of carbon-
containing compounds.
Organic Compounds  Organic compounds are molecules
that contain carbon atoms covalently
bonded to hydrogen atoms (C-H
bonds).
 Many organic compounds are formed
from chains of covalently-linked
carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms
attached to the chain (a hydrocarbon
backbone).
 This means that all organic
compounds have in common the
presence of carbon atoms and
hydrogen atoms. In addition, different
organic compounds may contain
oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, and
other elements.
Uses of Organic Compounds  They’re central to economic growth,
and are foundational to the fields of
biochemistry, biotechnology, and
medicine.
 Examples of where you can find
organic compounds include
agrichemicals, coatings, cosmetics,
detergent, dyestuff, food, fuel,
petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals,
plastics, and rubber.

Organic Compounds Making Up Our Cells  Carbohydrates

and Body (Macromolecules) -an essential part of our diet;
grains, fruits, and vegetables are all natural
sources of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates
provide energy to the body, particularly
through glucose, a simple sugar that is a
component of starch and an ingredient in
many staple foods. Carbohydrates also have
other important functions in humans, animals,
and plants.

 Proteins
- are one of the most abundant
organic molecules in living systems and have
the most diverse range of functions of all
 macromolecules. Proteins may be structural,
regulatory, contractile, or protective; they may
serve in transport, storage, or membranes; or
they may be toxins or enzymes. Each cell in
a living system may contain thousands of
proteins, each with a unique function. Their
structures, like their functions, vary greatly.

 Nucleic Acids
- are the most important
macromolecules for the continuity of life.
They carry the genetic blueprint of a cell and
carry instructions for the functioning of the
cell.

 Lipids
- include a diverse group of
compounds that are largely nonpolar in
nature. This is because they are
hydrocarbons that include mostly nonpolar
carbon–carbon or carbon–hydrogen bonds.
Non-polar molecules are hydrophobic (“water
fearing”), or insoluble in water. Lipids perform
many different functions in a cell. Cells store
energy for long-term use in the form of fats.
Lipids also provide insulation from the
environment for plants and animals.
Inorganic Compounds Chemical Formula  Inorganic Compounds
Vs. Organic Compounds Chemical  Fe (OH)3 (iron (III) oxide-hydroxide)
Formula  MgCO3 (magnesium carbonate)
 (NH4)3PO4 (ammonium phosphate)

 Organic Compounds
 (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁)- sucrose
 (C257H383N65O77S6)- insulin
 (C9H12N2O6)- pseudo uridine
TRIVIA  Carbon dioxide (CO2) does not have
hydrogen; then, it is not an organic
compound. Water (H2O) has no
carbon; then, it is not an organic
compound. Sodium chloride has
neither carbon nor hydrogen; then, it
is not an organic compound.
Generally, gases, and mineral salts
(inorganic substances found in soil, or
bodies of water or watercourses) are
not organic.
 COVALENT COMPOUND
 Covalent bonds form when two or more nonmetals combine. For example, both
hydrogen and oxygen are nonmetals, and when they combine to make water, they do so
by forming covalent bonds.
 Compounds that are composed of only non-metals or semi-metals with non-metals will
display covalent bonding and will be classified as molecular compounds.

Characteristics of Covalent (Molecular) Compounds

 Generally, have much lower melting and boiling points than ionic compounds.
 Covalent compounds are soft and squishy compared to ionic compounds.
 Covalent compounds do not conduct electricity in water.

MOLECULAR FORMULAS

 The chemical formulas for covalent compounds are referred to as

molecular formulas because these compounds exist as separate, discrete
molecules.
 Typically, a molecular formula begins with the nonmetal that is closest to
the lower left corner of the periodic table. Then the other nonmetal
symbols are listed. Numerical subscripts are used if there is more than
one of a particular atom. For example, below is the molecular formula of
ammonia, NH3.
NH3

The lack of a subscript on the N The subscript below the H symbol

symbol indicates that there is 1 atom indicates that there are 3 hydrogen
of Nitrogen in a molecule of atoms in a molecule of ammonia.
ammonia.

NAMING COVALENT COMPOUNDS

 Naming binary (two-element) covalent compounds is like naming simple ionic compounds. The
first element in the formula is simply listed using the name of the element. The second element
is named by taking the stem of the element name and adding the suffix -ide.
For example:
GROUP G CHEM 201/L (1870) September 29, 2022

POLYATOMIC ION

 Ion- an atom or group of atoms in which the number of electrons is not the same with
the number of protons. Ion is also defined as a charged atom as it carries charges.
 Poly- means many. (Ions made up of many atoms)
 Polyatomic ion- is a group of atoms that has a charge. It is covalently bonded and have
a positive (+) or negative (-) charge.
 Covalent bond- mutual sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two (2)
atoms.
 Examples of individual Ions: Na+ Mg2+ 02-
 Cation: (+) positively charged ions
 Anion: (-) negatively charged ions
 Examples of Polyatomic Ions: Ammonium NH4+
_
Nitrate NO3
_
Hydroxide OH

 Ammonium Carbonate
H O
H N H
C
H O O

Protons (+): 11 Protons (+): 30

Electrons (-): 10 Electrons (-): 32
+
NH4 CO32-

 Importance of Polyatomic Ions: Important in writing chemical formulas of compound