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    sama ahmed
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    Graph 1 shows the relationship between smoking level and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in males and females. It depicts: 1) As smoking level increases, CVD risk increases linearly for both males and females. 2) CVD risk is always higher for males than females at the same smoking level. 3) The rise in CVD risk is steeper for males, indicating their risk increases more sharply with smoking level than it does for females. Other factors beyond smoking level also influence CVD risk, as shown by the risk for non-smokers. Genetic factors may partially explain males' consistently higher risk.

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    Graph 1 shows the relationship between smoking level and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in males and females. It depicts: 1) As smoking level increases, CVD risk increases linearly for both males and females. 2) CVD risk is always higher for males than females at the same smoking level. 3) The rise in CVD risk is steeper for males, indicating their risk increases more sharply with smoking level than it does for females. Other factors beyond smoking level also influence CVD risk, as shown by the risk for non-smokers. Genetic factors may partially explain males' consistently higher risk.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    7 views3 pages

    As Graph Sheets

    Uploaded by

    sama ahmed
    Graph 1 shows the relationship between smoking level and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in males and females. It depicts: 1) As smoking level increases, CVD risk increases linearly for both males and females. 2) CVD risk is always higher for males than females at the same smoking level. 3) The rise in CVD risk is steeper for males, indicating their risk increases more sharply with smoking level than it does for females. Other factors beyond smoking level also influence CVD risk, as shown by the risk for non-smokers. Genetic factors may partially explain males' consistently higher risk.

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    of 3

    ❖ Graph 1

    ➢ Trend, Steepness, Manipulation

    Risk of CVD (au)


    1] Describe the relation between smoking level
    & CVD risk in males and females (3)
    1-In Both males and females, as smoking level
    ,
    ,the risk of CVD (+ve correlation).
    2- Linear increase in both.
    3-Risk in males is always higher than females at
    all smoking levels.
    4-The rise in males is steeper than in females. Smoking level (au)
    5-Manipulation: Subtract, ratio , % (choose the
    easiest). ex. At smoking level 2 au, the risk in
    males is higher than females by 4 au. ( never
    forget the unit!!!) not just copy figures !
    (ie fixed the 2 au on the X axis ,and subtracted 8 - 4 on the Y axis .
    -wrong: At smoking level 2 au, the risk in males is 8 au while that in females is 4 au
    -wrong.. the risk in males by - - - - XX (because you didn’t mention females) !!
    2] Give evidence from the graph that there are other factors/ genetic factors linked
    to increased risk of CVD
    -Even non smokers have some risk of CVD in both males & females (at smoking level
    zero!)
    -Risk in males is always higher than females at the same smoking level.
    3] What evidence shows that smoking is correlated with risk of CVD.
    - In both males & females , as the smoking level , the risk of CVD lineary.
    ❖ Graph 2
    In this graph, points of trend and manipulation are
    Risk
    the same as graph 1, however, since both lines are
    parallel, they have same steepness !! (point 4 )

    Smoking level
    Error Bars (variability)

    - Show the degree of spread of the results of the repetitions around the mean.

    (I) Narrow error bars Reliability! wide error bars

    - Low variability, so -High variability, so

    → - High reliability The mean can be the → - Low reliability


    same, but in (A), the
    mean 10 results of repetitions mean 10
    are more similar/
    close/clustered to the
    mean, less variable
    so more reliable!!

    (A) (B)

    Error bars can be obtained by:


    a) Range: simply difference between highest & lowest results of the repetitions.
    (However, one anomaly would give a wide error bar based on the “Range”.,,,so
    better use SD→
    b) Standard deviation: S.D. shows the average degree of spread of the data around
    the mean, considering the sample size ( The number of repetitions.)
    It is calculated by a certain equation. This is more objective, as only one or two
    anomalies within large number of repetitions still narrow error bar. (see graphs)

    S.D. of the same


    Range experiment &
    same results
    (II) Overlap of error bars
    - When assessing whether there is /is not a “ SIGNIFICANT difference/correlation”
    between groups ex. blood pressure with and without using a certain drug.

    No overlap
    overlap

       

    - No overlap of error bars - Overlap of error bars


    - No common values bet. gp  & gp  - Common values bet. gp  & gp 
    - The highest values of gp  are
    - similar to the lowest values of gp
    - There is a significant difference - There is a non significant difference
    between the results of the 2 groups. between the results of the 2 groups.
    - You can make a valid conclusion→ - May be due to chance.
    This drug may be effective. -

    Confirm by statistical tests in A2 !!

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