❏ First run univariate statistics - mean median and mode

❏ Determine if a relationship exists

❏ If a relationship is significant, continue analyses to determine strength, direction, and
nature
❏ If there is no significant relationship then do not continue analyses
❏ Nominal is used to determine if a relationship exists (yes or no)
❏ If both variables are nominal then you run a LAMBDA to determine the strength of the
relationship
❏ If both variables are ordinal then you will run a GAMMA test to determine the strength
AND direction of the relationship
❏ ASSOCIATION
❏ If you have one variable that is nominal and one variable that is ordinal then you will run
the GAMMA test
❏ ASSOCIATION
❏ Pearson’s r - is for scale scale relationships
❏ Continuous variables
❏ CORRELATION
❏ A scatterplot would be used
❏ LAMBDA - association/histogram
❏ Two nominal level variables
❏ What is the lambda statistic and how do you know when to run it? What are the
boundaries?
❏ Lambda is run when you are running a chi square test with two nominal
level variables
❏ The boundaries range from 0 (weak)-1(strong)
❏ A lambda od 0.00 reflects no association between variables
❏ A lambda of 1.0 is a perfect association
❏ .812 is strong, .02 is weak, -3.21 is not within the range
❏ Lambda does not give you a direction of association!!! It only suggests an
association between two variables and strength
❏ t/f lambda gives you the strength and direction of a relationship - false
❏ When answering questions include whether the relationship is positive or
negative
❏ GAMMA - association/histogram
❏ Gamma is used on ordinal data and gives both STRENGTH AND
DIRECTION
❏ When do you use gamma? Ordinal and ordinal, or ordinal nominal
❏ Ranges from -1.0 to 1.0
❏ Gamma of 0.00 reflects no association, a gamma of 1.00 reflects a
positive perfect association, and a gamma of -1.00 reflects a negative
perfect relationship between those variables
❏ Moderate = .3-.6, weak = 0-.3, strong = .6-.9
❏ When answering questions say the strength of the relationship, positive,
and the direction (weak, positive, or strong)
 ❏ PEARSON’S R - correlation
❏ Measures the degree of the linear relationship between two variables
(scatterplots)
❏ Tells you direction and strength and statistically significant correlation
❏ Age and yearly income (two scale variables)
❏ -1 to 1 range
❏ R = above .05 you do not need to interpret it
❏ -1.0 (negative correlation), higher scores on the X mean lower scores on
the Y
❏ 1.0 (positive correlation), higher scores on the X mean higher scores on
the Y
❏ 0 (no predictable relationship between X and Y)
❏ For example, r = .55 is a moderate and positive relationship
❏ When answering questions state whether the relationship is positive or
negative and weak, moderate, or strong
What is bivariate analysis
When do you use gamma
(with chi square)
When do you use lambda
(with chi square)
When do you use chi square - nominal/nominal
When would you use tukey
With anova when all sample sizes of the groups are the same
I would use a scheffe test with an anova when the sample sizes of the groups are different
Difference between probability and non probability techniques
Which one is better and why
What is the difference between one sample and two sample t test
Two sample = two known populations and one sample = one known and one unknown
Know when to run tests and what they tell you within one or two sentences
Sampling techniques -
We will get research scenarios and will need to know how to sample them
Know the unit of analysis
Race and number of times arrested
black/white
Number of times arrested
Two sample independent t test
Number of incarcerated people in colorado v nationwide
One sample t test
Correlation between number of years in school and number of dollars earned
Pearson's r
Below .05 p value = reject null (difference in mean)
Above .05 p value = fail to reject the null (no difference in means)

❏ Bivariate analysis EXAM 2

❏ Chi square - is the relationship significant?
❏ If yes:
❏ 1. run lambda (if nominal/nominal) ASSOCIATION
❏ or gamma (if nominal/ordinal or ordinal/ordinal) ASSOCIATION
❏ 2. Pearson’s r - tells us the strength and the direction of the relationship
CORRELATION
❏ If significant, interpret the r value
❏ 3. One sample t test (not on exam)
❏ Nominal to scale level of measurement (dichotomous)
❏ Two known groups
❏ 4. Two sample t test/independent sample
❏ One known population and one unknown population
❏ UNC/CSU salary
❏ Looking at differences in group means
❏ 5. ANOVA
❏ Analysis of variance
❏ 3+ groups
❏ CRJ/SOC/ANT salary at UNC
❏ nominal/scale but the nominal level has three groups (race:
AA/hispanic/caucasion)