Tangcs P-102

STATPSY What is the effect of increasing variance, sample test?

How to determine whether it would be directional  Variance
(one-tailed) or non-directional (two-tailed)? - Measures how far each variable in the set is
from the mean
 Directional test - Kung gaano kalayo yung mga variables sa
- when the alternative hypothesis uses > or <
mean
symbol
 Pag inuulit-ulit yung sample, the higher the
 Non-directional possibility of getting an alpha error
- Uses ≠ symbol
 ↑ sample size = sample variance ↑ = standard
 Malalaman mo agad if directional siya or hindi error ↓ = mas precise yung sagot
sa mismong problem:
Ex. The mean monthly salary of a professor is
Php25,000. A random sample of 50 professors is
found to have a mean monthy salary of Critical Values (nilagay ko lang ditto yung values na
Php19,000. Do the 50 professors have LOWER mostly ginagamit)
salaries than the rest? Level of
0.10 0.05 0.01
significance
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 𝑃ℎ𝑝25,000 Non-
𝐻1 : 𝜇 < 𝑃ℎ𝑝25,000 directional ±1.65 ±1.96 ±2.58
(two-tailed)
So sa example na yan, naindicate na kung ano Directional
±1.28 ±1.65 ±2.33
ung possible direction. Dahil lower siya, left- (one-tailed)
tailed nun siya. Kung naman higher, edi right- When to reject?
tailed. Basta pag may words na associated sa
 Pag mas mababa yung computed value mo kesa
“greater/less than, lower/higher etc.” ibig sabihin
sa critical value, then reject the null.
non one-tailed test na siya.

Ex. The mean weight of a bag carried by a

When to use independent measure t-test and paired t-
student if 7kg. A random sample of 10 students
had a sample mean weight of 13.8kg. test?

 Independent measures
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 7𝑘𝑔 - Dalawang group na magkaiba yung
𝐻1 : 𝜇 ≠ 7𝑘𝑔 treatment condition
Ex. Strict teaching vs. chill teaching
Dito naman, since walang sinabi kung ung Dito, magkaibang room yung dalawang group.
weight ba ng students ay heavier or lighter, two- Magkaibang condition din binibigay—yung
tailed siya. Basta walang direction na binigay, isang group strict yung teacher, yung isang
two-tailed siya. group, chill lang. So hindi alam ng chill group
yung teaching sa strict group and vice versa.
 Paired t-test
Errors in hypothesis testing - Same yung group/participants, pero
dalawang beses sila ittest
 Type I (alpha error)
- kumbaga dito yung pre-test and posttest
- False positive
- kung man dalawa yung group, yung
- Rejects a null that is true
dalawang group maffeel nila yung same
- Tama pero di inaccept
condition
 Type II Ex. If same group: sa unang experiment,
- False negative sisigawan yung participants. Tapos sa
- Accepts a null that is false pangalawang experiment, same participants pa
- Mali pero inaccept rin pero this time kakausapin lang.
If dalawang group: yung first group dun sa
unang experiment na sisigawan tas second group
Tangcs P-102
sa kakausapin lang. Tas mageexchange sila ng
experiment condition so ung first group non sila
naman ung kakausapin lang tas ung second
group naman sisigawan.
- Effect size is relative to the standard
deviation: ↓ SD = ↓ effect size but large
enough to be significant

Advantage of ANOVA over T-test

Determining the degrees of freedom and SS
 ANOVA can test more than one treatment or
 Degrees of freedom more than 2 means
- Bilangin mo ilan lahat nung given na
variable tas iminus mo lang sa 1
- Formula: n-1 Critical value of ANOVA
 Sum of squares (SS)
- Σ(𝑥 − 𝜇)2  Check the F-distribution table:
- Numerator: 𝑑𝑓𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 = k-1
- Denominator: 𝑑𝑓𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 = N-k
Levene’s test

 Baligtad siya since accurate na raw kasi yung sa Post Hoc Tests
SPSS
 > .05 Accept null  Additional hypothesis test that are done after an
 < .05 Reject null ANOVA to determine exactly which mean
differences are significant and which are not
 Enable you to go back through the data and
compare the individual treatments two at a time
Reporting t-test
 Making pairwise comparisons (inaanalyze yung
 The difference was (not/significant), t (df) = t- means in pairs para malaman kung may
score, p = lvl. of sig., direction of tail difference ba sila sa isa’t isa)
 Example from ppt:  Involves performing a series of separate
The difference was significant, t (14) = 2.67, hypothesis tests, prone to Type I error
p=.018, two-tailed  More separate tests = risk of Type I error
(experimentwise alpha level)
1. Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference
Reporting ANOVA (HSD) Test
- Determines the minimum difference
 F (df1, df2) = f-score, p = lvl. of sig., direction between treatment means
of tail (if may kasamang effect size, ilagay to -> - Gagamitin lang if the sample size is the
𝜂 2 = effect size) same/equal for all treatments
 Example from SPSS exercise: - Masasabi neto kung significant ba yung
F (1, 74) = 8.258, p = .005, two-tailed results mo, kung may differences ba overall
PERO di niya malolocate kung saan mismo
yung differences
Effect size 2. The Scheff𝐞́ test
- one of the safest of all post hoc tests
𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆
 Cohen’s d = 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 (smallest risk of Type I error)
- usually ginagamit pag unequal yung sample
Evaluation of effect sizes (pero pede rin naman gamitin kahit
Magnitude of d
size equal yung sample size)
d = 0.2 Small effect - uses an F-ratio to evaluate the significance
d = 0.5 Medium effect of the difference between any two treatment
d = 0.8 Large effect
conditions
- How much difference does it make?
Tangcs P-102
Determining sample based on the degrees of freedom Purpose of Correlation

 Petiks lang ‘to jusko kung di mo pa gets ewan  Used to measure and describe the relationship
ko na lang sa’yo between two variables
 df = n-1, at yung sample ay yung n  To figure out which/if variables are
 Kung given ang df, edi mag-add ka lang ng 1 connected/related
para bumalik yung value nung sample.  Note: magkaiba ang causation sa correlation. Sa
correlation, sinasabi lang if related sila pero not
necessarily na may cause and effect relationship
What does (-) and (+) mean in correlation? sila. Pag causation, nagiging cause yung isang
variable sa effect dun sa other variable.
 Positive (+) correlation: directly proportional
- One variable increases, the other increases
too
𝒓𝟐
6
 Coefficient of determination
4
 Measures the proportion of variability in one
2
variable that can be determined from the
0 relationship with the other variable
1 2 3 4
 Example from ppt:
 Negative (-) correlation: inversely proportional 𝑟 2 = 0.64 (or 64%) ng variability sa y-scores
- One variable increases, the other decreases ay kayang ipredict sa relationship niya sa x.
and vice versa

6
Regression towards the mean
4
2
 When there is a less-than-perfect correlation
between two variables, extreme scores (high or
0
low) for one variable tend to be paired with the
1 2 3 4
less extreme scores (more toward the mean) on
the second variable
 Nangyayari ‘to pag malayo sa mean yung score
sa 1st measurement tas sa 2nd measurement mas
Interaction effects malapit na yung score sa mean
 Kumbaga sa pagkain, masarap yung ulam niyo
 Occur when the effect of the variable depends today pero bukas pwedeng hindi na.
on the value of another variable
 Parallel lines = no interaction effect
10 Stating the hypotheses
5  T-test:
0 𝐻0 : There is no significant difference between…
1 2 3 4 𝐻1 : There is a significant difference between…
 Different slopes = there is an interaction effect  ANOVA:
𝐻0 : There is no significant difference among the
6 populations.
4 𝐻1 : There is at least one mean difference among
2 the populations.
0  Correlation:
1 2 3 4 𝐻0 : There is no correlation between...
𝐻1 : There is a correlation between…
Tangcs P-102
What do the values mean in correlation?

 Perfect negative correlation = -1.00

 No linear trend = 0.00
 Strong positive relationship = +.90
 Relatively weak negative relationship = -0.40

Other terms under correlation and regression

 Slope
- Rate of change in y as x changes
- Describes the predicted values of y given by
x
- Rise over run
- Positive slope: y increases when x increases
(directly proportional)
- Negative slope: y decreases when x
increases (inversely proportional)
 Y-intercept / a
- Determines the value of y when x = 0
 Regression
- Statistical technique used to find the straight
line for a set of data
 Regression line
- Tawag dun sa straight line na nagawa /
resulting straight line
 𝒀 = 𝒃𝑿 + 𝒂  linear regression equation
- Y is the dependent variable (DV)
- b is the slope
- X is the independent variable (IV)
- 𝒂 is the y-intercept