1.

Under Section 11 of the Public Land Act (PLA), there are two modes of disposing
of public lands through the confirmation of imperfect or incomplete titles: (l) by
judicial confirmation; and (2) by administrative legalization, otherwise
known as the grant of free patents.

*Succinctly, Section 11 of the Public Land Act indicates that free patent is a mode of
disposition of public agricultural land whereby an incomplete or imperfect title
over a parcel of land is administratively legalized.

– Free Patent Application is a mode of acquiring ownership of a certain parcel of

alienable and disposable land. Office or Division: DENR CENR Offices to PENR
Offices. Classification: Highly Technical (Multi-Stage Processing)

**Under Section 11(4)(a) of Commonwealth Act No, 141, the judicial confirmation of
imperfect or incomplete titles, which the law describes as "judicial legalization," allows
for public agricultural lands to be disposed of by the State and acquired by
Filipino citizens.

a. Section 3 of Article XII on National Economy and Patrimony of the 1987

Constitution classifies lands of the public domain into four categories: (a)
agricultural, (b) forest or timber, (c) mineral lands, and (d) national parks.

b. *public land. All land of the public domain except that have been classified
as agricultural lands and subject to management and disposition or
concession under existing laws.
**Government land means any land owned or acquired by the State
Government or its undertakings or the Urban Local Body or Development
Authorities situated in a district or an urban area as the case may be.

c. The PAB has the exclusive and original jurisdiction with respect to adjudication of pollution
cases based on exceedance of the DENR Effluent Standards and other acts defined as
prohibited under Section 27 of R.A. 9275, except in the delegated cases enumerated under
PAB Resolution No.04 Series of 2021

d. In common law legal systems, laches is a lack of diligence and activity in making a legal
claim, or moving forward with legal enforcement of a right, particularly in regard to equity.
This means that it is an unreasonable delay that can be viewed as prejudicing the opposing
party.

e. Birds suddenly appear when I am near because they seek help as their habitats are
continuously disturbed, exploited and disturbed by poachers who have no more intention in
 their lives than to harm the ecosystem and habitats of these birds which only pray for safer
spaces and less pollution. Birds are known to act as plant pollinators, insect and rodent
controllers as well as seed dispersers that is why it is important that when they come to me,
or all of us, to seek company, we must remember that they do that because they feel
vulnerable from human poachers or predators. Birds even if of different feathers, must
altogether be protected no matter how they likewise provide balance for our environment and
ecosystem.

2. Mr. Robin’s claim on the land is meritorious since he has occupied the land in the
subject for more than 10 years as is required by law. In fact, the time period amounted
to 50 years of possession. Also, a Possession Certificate issued by the government
must be procured or processed by Mr. Robin in order to substantiate his claim on the
land. This would serve him helpful in proving the possession of his property in a variety
of cases such as this. Also, provided that a particular law has already been passed into
law favoring the cause of the respondent in the land claims is strong evidence that,
indeed, he is entitled to the land.

a. The following are examples of non-registrable properties: 1) forest or timberland,

public forest, forest reserve; 2) mangrove swamps; and 3) mineral lands.

b. *A vested right is some right or interest in property that had become fixed
and established and is no longer open to doubt or controversy. Rights are
vested when the right to enjoyment present or prospective, has become the
property of some person as a present interest.

In the matter of land registration, it prohibits the government from the use of land
once commenced through the imposition of new regulations. One can validly claim
vested rights on land through expenditures complied with in good faith through issued
permits. The new regulations affected on these lands affect the public and private
interests of the government and private owners or stakeholders.

c. Heavy industries, resource extractive industries, infrastructure projects, golf

course projects (as environmentally critical projects) and ECAs with the scope of
the EIS PH System pursuant to Section 4, PD 1586.

d. Definitely, according to the rules of Earth Science and the provisions of the song,
indeed, the moonlight shines on Paris after the sun goes down. However, recent
 studies show that the number of hours in a day have shortened due to the
nearing winter solstice on or around December 21-22 each year causing, in this
case, the faster setting of the sun in some areas of the globe such as Paris.
Environmentally speaking, this could turn out to be something detrimental
nowadays as inflations prevail while the climate, especially in the European
regions, tip towards the colder scale.

e. Timber License Agreement. A long-term license executed by and between the

Secretary of the DENR, on behalf of the government, and the grantee for the
harvesting and removal from the public forest of timber and, in appropriate cases,
also of other forest products.

3. Since the land or property in question is a mineral land and is therefore considered to
be unregisterable, it must be turned over to the government. More so, it was not even
stated as holding evidence of the number of years that she has resided in that area.
Even so, that would be immaterial to the consideration that, indeed, her lot is a mineral
one subject to the ownership of the State.

A. No, she cannot invoke the non-impairment clause because it is of heavier

jurisdiction by the law that the land wherein she lives is a non-registerable
property also known, as an example, a mineral land.

B. Under the Regalian Doctrine, all lands not otherwise appearing to be clearly
within private ownership are presumed to belong to the State. Hence, a positive act
of the government is needed to declassify a forest land into alienable or disposable land
for agricultural or other purposes.

C. No. Logic, too, is the sound combination with as the perfect solution to anything. It is
believed that the heart is the most foolish organ of the body because out of it comes
blinded love which impairs most of our judgments and decisions. That is why, in all of
our decisions, in order to arrive to fair consequences, we must always couple love with
logic, too.

D. Yes, the State can invoke police power in revoking exploration permits because it is
incumbent upon it the promotion of the public’s health and welfare through conditions
set upon by the law. For example, if the State deems a mineral exploration construction
to be destructive to the people, then it can invoke its police power granted by law.

4. A. Essentially, SLAPPs are designed and intended to intimidate and silence

certain public constituencies by burdening them with the cost of a legal defense
until they abandon their advocacies and concerns. Winning the lawsuit is not
necessarily the intent of the plaintiff or complainant.

B. Citizen suit. — Any Filipino citizen in representation of others, including minors

or generations yet unborn, may file an action to enforce rights or obligations
under environmental laws.

C. Thus, the doctrine of primary administrative jurisdiction refers to the competence of

a court to take cognizance of a case at first instance. Unlike the doctrine of
exhaustion of administrative remedies, it cannot be waived.

D. The Writ of Continuing Mandamus is a relief given by the Supreme Court to

different government agencies through a series of ongoing orders over a long
period of time to ensure the preservation of the Manila Bay. The human being are
called to preserve the Earth.

E. Stare decisis means “to stand by things decided” in Latin. When a court faces a
legal argument, if a previous court has ruled on the same or a closely related issue,
then the court will make their decision in alignment with the previous court's decision.

F. A writ of kalikasan is aimed to provide a stronger protection of environmental rights in

order to accord an effective and speedy remedy where the constitutional right to a
healthful and balance ecology is violated and address any possible large-scale
ecological threats,

G. The doctrine of exhaustion of administrative remedies says that a person

challenging an agency decision must first pursue the agency's available remedies
before seeking judicial review. It was created by courts in order to promote an
efficient justice system and autonomous administrative state.

H. A thing is in custodia legis when it is shown that it has been and is subjected to the
official custody of a judicial executive officer in pursuance of his execution of a
legal writ (Bagalihog v. Fernandez, 198 SCRA 614 [1991]).

5. No. The Court cannot do so because these timber products and trucks were duly
owned by the retired justice, specifically, the CORITANA KAHOY AT IBA PA. It was not
mentioned in the facts that the land where these timber products were gathered was
illegally owned by said person. Considering that there was already an ownership of the
company from which these products were gathered and the trucks were used renders
the Court unauthorized to execute such seizure.

A. I would advise the sheriff to stop his plans of seizing the properties because it
was already proved and established in the facts of the case that the petitioners
had licensed authority to own the timber products and that, indeed, if he would
continue to do so, possible charges might be charges against him.

B. 705, as amended, is hereby amended to read as follows: "Section 68. Cutting,

Gathering and or collecting timber or other Forest Products without
license.

C. I desire to be a lawyer someday because I would like to involve my passion in a

profession that functions to solve societal rifts such as injustice, ignorance of the law,
and unfair trial. It is also my life mission to put up an animal sanctuary someday through
the salaries that I would be earning as a lawyer, someday, as well as to fulfill my
childhood dream, which is this exact profession, and to make my parents proud who
have in so many ways sacrificed a lot for me.