Answers to end-of-chapter exam-style questions

question answer marks Movement in and out of cells (page 35)

number
1 i. turgid means fully inflated/supported by water 1
Characteristics and classification (page 19) ii. water presses against inside of cellulose cell walls 1
iii. A 1
1 C 1 iv. B 1
2 B 1 v. the chip would become turgid as water enters the cells 2
down the water potential gradient
3 C 1
2 (a) 5
4 Group Description of characteristics 4
Mean length Mean length Percentage
Spider Cells with a definite cell wall but at start after change
no chlorophyll 50 54 0.08
Insect Produce spores and cells contain 50 53 0.06
chlorophyll
50 51 0.02
Fungus Two body parts and eight jointed
legs 50 49 -0.02
Fern Body is made of a single cell, 50 47 -0.06
with a clear nucleus and 51 46 -0.10
cytoplasm
Protoctist Three body parts and six jointed Suitable graph
(b) 0.25 mol. dm-3 as this is where there is no net entry or 2
legs loss of water by osmosis
(c) makes comparison easier, as original lengths might be 2
(a) a-3, b-5, c-1, d-2, e-4 different
(b) i. bacterial cells have no distinct (bound in a 1
membrane) nucleus 1 Enzymes and biological molecules (page 43)
ii. viruses cannot reproduce outside the cells of their
host 1 (a) amino acids 1
(b) keratin/collagen/haemoglobin/amylase and many others 2
5 A: Barbatula barbatula 4 (c) liver; muscle; pancreas 2
B: Phoxinus phoxinus (d) grind up seed in water to produce a suspension/solution; 4
C: Osmerus eperlanus add biuret solution; shake; check colour change from
D: Thymallus thymallus blue to purple/violet; compare intensity of colour; wear
E: Barbus barbus safety goggles
6 (a) 5 2 (a) a mean can be calculated, to minimise the effects of any 3
1 – has single bladders on its fronds one result
2 – has serrated edges to the fronds (b) orange juice 1.9/2.4 × 10 = 7.9 g dm-3; grapefruit juice 3
3 – has pairs of bladders on its fronds 1.9/3.1 × 10 = 6.1 g dm-3; apple juice 1.9/9.4 × 10 = 2.0
4 – has a single, unbranched frond g dm-3;
5 – has a finger-like branched frond
4 3 (a) i. A – substrate B – enzyme C – product 3
(b) Several possibilities – perhaps begin with frond or no ii. enzyme active site binds to substrates of 3
frond complementary shape; stress induced in substrates to
form product; product(s) leaves active site
Cells and organisation (page 28) iii. lock and key because the active site shape (lock) must 2
‘match’ the shape of the substrate (key)
1 Organelle – cell – tissue – organ – system – organism 3
(b) i. the shape of starch is complementary to the active site 1
2 Kilometre – metre – millimetre – micrometre; 2 of amylase but not of protease
ii. Human body temperature – 37oC – is optimum 2
1000/50 = 20 2 temperature for these enzymes. Enzymes are not
3 (a) Differences: epithelial cell has no cellulose cell wall/ 7 damaged/denatured at this temperature but are at 73 oC.
chloroplasts/central vacuole; 2
Similarities: both cells have cytoplasm/cell surface (c) i. this represents the optimum temperature – the
membrane/nucleus balance between high energy collisions between
Adapted to their functions – palisade cell substrates and enzymes, and damage/denaturation 4
photosynthesises, epithelial cell does not 5 of enzyme which destroys active site
(b) i. 50µm ii. 70µm iii. 35µm iv. 5µm v. 5µm (c) ii. check labels on axes (pH on x axis)/linear 4
axes/accuracy of plot/title
4 structure Liver Palisade 10 (c) iii. there is an increase in rate (from 4 to 30) between pH
cell cell 3 and pH 7, then a decrease to 9 from pH 7 to pH 9
rate of reaction falls as enzyme is denatured (loss
Cell surface membrane √ √ of shape of active site) so fewer collisions between
enzymes and substrate molecules
Chloroplasts x √
4 (a) i. Table and ii. pie chart drawn. -
Cytoplasm √ √ Pie chart is more visually clear
(b) i. oxygen ii. Protein iii. Water iv. Fats v. nucleic
Cellulose cell wall x √ acid/DNA vi. Bones/teeth
Nucleus √ √ 5 (a) i. valid ii. Valid iii. Valid iv. Invalid
(b) to act as a control (i.e. water alone does not digest
Starch granule x √ starch)
Glycogen granule √ x (c) repeat and calculate mean value
(d) maltose/reducing sugar. Heat with Benedict’s Reagent –
Large, permanent vacuole x √ positive test is a change from blue to brick-red.
Mitochondrion √ √ Photosynthesis and plant nutrition: part 2 (page 60)
Ribosome on rough √ √ 1 B 1
endoplasmic reticulum 2 C 1
5 a-6, b-3, c-1, d-8, e-5, f-4, g-7, h-2 7 3 (a) 1
i. keep the plant for 48h in the dark 1
6 (a) i. D ii. So that the plant has no starch stored at the beginning
ii. contains the genetic information/chromosomes/DNA 1 of the investigation
1 (b) by immersing the leaf in hot alcohol 1
(b) i. C and E (c) blue-black in green areas, but not in white areas or 2
ii. E 2 under the black paper
1
7 (a) A 1 4 (a) i. palisade layer 47/5 = 9.4 spongy layer 28/5 = 5.6 4
(b) cell wall; chloroplast; cilium 3 ii. upper layer of leaf more exposed to light so optimum 2
position for light absorption
8 a – E; b – A; c – D; d – C; e – B 4 (b) i. measured thickness = 80mm length of scale = 28mm 2
therefore actual thickness = 100 × 80/28 = 350µm
9 (a) CELLS – TISSUES – PHLOEM/XYLEM/BLOOD – 6 ii. leaf is thin/large surface area/stomata for absorption 2
ORGAN – SYSTEMS – EXCRETORY SYSTEM of carbon dioxide
(b) SPECIALIZED – RED BLOOD CELL – DIVISION OF 5
LABOUR – NERVOUS – ENDOCRINE
(c) PALISADE CELL – CHLOROPLASTS – LEAF – 5
EPIDERMIS - XYLEM

1
 5 (a) i. vary distance of light source from plant 2 8 (a) 2
ii. Measure the length of oxygen bubble formed in a 2
fixed length of time Bounty 818
iii. Water bath will stabilise temperature, 4 Maltesers 2016
hydrogencarbonate solution will maintain optimum
carbon dioxide concentration Mars 1816
(b) The limiting factor is the condition furthest from its
optimum value. This will control the rate of 4 Milky way 1960
photosynthesis. In this example, light intensity is the Minstrels 1775
limiting factor up to 5.0 arbitrary units, then another
limiting factor would prevent a further increase in rate. Snickers 2016
6 (a) purple 2 Treets 2476
(b) in E – in the dark – respiration exceeds photosynthesis 2
so carbon dioxide concentration rises and indicator Twix 2016
would be yellow
(c) in D there is no photosynthesis but the snail is respiring 2 (b) bar chart – bars should not be touching 4
so indicator would be yellow (c) i. Bounty 1
(d) as controls, to show that no other factor is causing a 1 ii. Treets 1
change in the indicator (d) 1180 1
(e) 196.7 minutes; used to maintain temperature/keep nervous system 1
7 (a) absence of nitrate causes poor protein synthesis so 2 working/digest food for example
limited growth (f) 39 minutes 1
Absence of magnesium causes poor production of (g) more – he could use some stored energy e.g. glycogen from 2
chlorophyll so leaves are yellow/pale green the liver
(b) as controls, to show that no other factor is affecting leaf 2
colour or growth Transport in plants (page 94)
Human nutrition and health (p.83) 1 D 1
1 (a) X – capillary/arteriole Y – lacteal Z – epithelium/ 3 2 C 1
epithelial layer 3 D 1
(b) to squeeze gut contents along the intestine/peristalsis 1
(c) ileum/duodenum/small intestine 1 4 (a) A: 5.0; B: 0.2; C: 5.0; D: 0.4; E:0.25 6
(d) amino acids; glucose; minerals such as iron; water 3 (b) if stomata are open for carbon dioxide absorption the 3
(e) diffusion moves solutes from a high concentration to 4 plant will also lose water vapour by diffusion hence the
a lower concentration, e.g glucose from gut contents plant loses more water in high light intensity
into capillaries; active transport can move solutes (c) B will have a low diffusion gradient, E has low humidity 2
against a concentration gradient, using energy. Carriers but stomata are closed in the dark
in the epithelium move amino acids in this way. (d) C has low humidity as wind moves humid air away 2
from leaf, so high rate of water loss, but D also has low
2 (a) i. bile humidity but the stomata are closed in the dark
ii. Secreted by the liver and passes along bile duct into
the duodenum/small intestine (ileum) 1 5 (a) OSMOSIS – SUPPORT – SOLVENT/TRANSPORT 4
iii. Enzymes in this region of the gut have an optimum MEDIUM – PHOTOSYNTHESIS
pH which is alkaline/bile contains hydrogencarbonate, 2
which is alkaline (b) ROOTS – ROOT HAIRS – SURFACE AREA – IONS/ 7
iv. Bile emulsifies fats i.e. increases their surface area by 2 MINERALS – MAGNESIUM – NITRATE – ACTIVE
converting large globules into smaller ones. Greater TRANSPORT
surface area aids digestion by lipase. 3 (c) XYLEM – PHLOEM - VASCULAR 3
(b) the ‘use’ of the absorbed products of digestion e.g. the 6 (a) check height of bars/bars not touching/correct labels 4
synthesis of proteins from amino acids in the live 2 on axes
3 (a) i. cucumber 1 (b) warm, bright, windy – all move humid air away and 4
ii. (900) + (50/100 × 1600) + 10/100 × 3000) = 2000 kJ 2 keep stomata open
(c) check that bars are lower, as rolled leaves have a 3
(b) i. check accuracy of grid from Paul’s notes 3 reduced access to stomata and keep a humid layer close
ii. Bread, biscuits 2 to leaf surface
iii. Plant protein 1 (d) evapotranspiration/evaporation 1
iv. Loss of villi reduces surface area for absorption 1
Circulation (page 108)
4 DIARRHOEA; ILEUM; COLON; CHOLERA; 5
ANTIBIOTICS 1 B 1

5 (a) 4 2 C 1
3 B 1
Food Enzyme End products
4 (a) A – left atrium; C – left ventricle; E – right atrium; 3
starch amylase maltose (b) valves prevent the backflow of blood from ventricles to 1
protein protease amino acids atria
(c) i. F 1
fat lipase fatty acids and ii. D 1
glycerol 5 (a) plasma= 55%, white cells = 1%, red cells = 44%; 3
(b) hormones/urea/carbon dioxide/minerals such as Na+ 2
(b) i. hepatic portal vein 1 (c) i. B 1
ii. excess amino acids are deaminated to urea and 3 ii. A 1
carbon dioxide or converted to glucose and other iii. C 1
products iv. A 1
6 (a) Caitlin – she has eight fillings but Hannah has only four 2 6 (a) it falls (from about 17 kPa to about 2 kPa) 1
(b) There may be genetic variation between them; 2 (b) blood must be forced along the arteries to the respiring 1
malnutrition leading to Caitlin having weaker teeth tissues
(c) This removes gender and age from the list of input (c) valves 1
2 (d) they are surrounded by sphincters (rings of muscle)
variables
which can constrict or relax to regulate blood flow to 2
(d) The cheek teeth crush food and so the sticky food spends 2 different tissues
longer there, and can fit into crevices between the teeth (e) one cell thick, so short diffusion distance/have pores 3
(e) They may not have had so many cavities, and there 1 which allow rapid transfer of solutes to tissues
would have been fewer teeth in the milk dentition 7 (a) i. 5 1
7 (a) 2 ii. fewer than 2 1
(b) this has eliminated two other variables (gender and 2
pH 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 9.0 smoking) which might influence the likelihood of
Time 20 15 8 4 1.25 1.25 3 8 developing CHD
taken 8 (a) first set of data as line graph, second set as bar chart 4
Reaction 0.05 0.07 0.13 0.25 0.8 0.8 0.33 0.13 (check on bar chart that bars are not touching)
(b) i. higher than normal blood cholesterol 1
rate ii. 9.9 times more likely (3.2 × 3.1) 2
(b) check axes (pH on x axis)/axes linear/labels on axes to 4 9 (a) smoking/lack of exercise 1
include units/accuracy of plot (b) high fat diet/too much salt 1
(c) 7.0 – 7.5 1 (c) males more likely to develop CHD 1
(d) mouth/ileum – presence of sodium bicarbonate 2
2 Blood and defence against disease (page 120)
(e) iodine test for starch/Benedicts test for reducing sugar
(f) temperature/concentration of enzyme/concentration of 3 1 B 1
starch solution 2 D 1
3 (a) pathogen 1
(b) from a surface, such as a table top; from a cooking 2
implement, such as a knife
(c) by direct contact (contagion); by animal vectors, such as 4
a mosquito; in droplets in the air; via body fluids, such
as blood or semen

2
 4 (a) skin/mucus secretion/lysozyme in tears 3 6 (a) graph plotted appropriately – temperature on x 4
(b) in colostrum 2 (horizontal) axis
(c) i. B lymphocytes produce plasma cells which release (b) to prevent entry of oxygen by diffusion 1
specific antibodies; produce memory cells which 2 (c) (anaerobic) respiration 1
can release antibodies more quickly on subsequent
contact with the same antigen (d) glucose alcohol + carbon dioxide (C6H12O6 2
ii. T HELPER cells coordinate action of lymphocytes 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 would be chemical equation)
2 (e) the enzymes in the yeast cells are denatured, and so no 2
against pathogen
(d) method B provides a protective level of antibodies more respiration is possible
quickly 2 (f) they would use up all of the sugar, and they would be 2
subjected to toxic concentrations of alcohol
5 (a) urea, from liver to kidneys; carbon dioxide, from 4
respiring tissues to lungs Excretion and homeostasis (page 150)
(b) 8000 – may rise due to infection 2 1 (a) This is a condition in which the body temperature falls 1
(c) 5 000 000: 8 000 = 625:1 1 significantly below its normal level
(d) car exhaust; inefficient burning of gas in heaters; 2 (b) Old people have less efficient circulation, and also their 1
cigarette smoke temperature control systems work less well
(e) it falls, as red blood cells/haemoglobin bind to carbon 2 (c) Children have a high surface area to volume ratio, so 1
monoxide they lose heat more quickly than they can produce it
(f) 120 days, the time taken to replace worn out red blood 2
cells 2 (a) any change in body temperature is detected by a sensor, 4
(g) liver contains a high concentration of haemoglobin, 1 and then corrective actions (shivering/sweating;
which contains iron constriction of skin blood vessels/dilation of skin blood
vessels) return the temperature to normal body
6 (a) this represents the time taken for antigen to trigger 2 temperature
formation of specific antibody-producing cells (b) shivering is rapid muscle contraction. This generates 1
(b) the second response is faster/greater; because memory 2 heat from respiration (and some friction)
cells are present to secrete the antibody (c) liver is the main metabolic centre of the body, so 2
(c) antibody levels may decrease below the effective level; 2 generates a great deal of heat (especially from
the person may be exposed to the same antigen in the respiration)
future (d) in negative feedback a change from the optimum/norm 2
7 (a) antigen X; it has a shape complementary to the arms of 2 causes actions which correct (cancel out) the original
the antibody change
(b) i. the antibody only recognises one antigen; only has 3 (a) Show artery connected to aorta, vein to vena cava and 2
the complementary shape to one antigen; the chicken 3 tube carrying urine to the entry to the bladder
pox pathogen may have differently shaped antigens (b) Rejection occurs because the body detects that the organ 2
on its surface does not belong to the recipient, and the immune system
ii. antigens may resurface from another source (e.g. produces more cells which attack the transplant
another country); the pathogen may mutate so that it 2 i. 1500 cm3 2
cannot be recognised by the specific antibody ii. The kidney tubule can select how much water is 2
8 C 1 reabsorbed depending on blood water potential due to
water losses from sweating more or less.
Breathing and exercise (page 133)
4 (a) It passes by diffusion i.e. down a concentration gradient 1
1 (a) graph plotted appropriately – time on x axis 5 into the dialysis fluid (the dialysis fluid has a very low
(b) Alan – he can get by with fewer breaths during periods 3 urea concentration)
of exercise (b) The transplanted kidney will carry out all of the 2
(c) 8:1 (4:0.5) 2 functions of a normal kidney, and will not run the risk
(d) 30 breaths per minute (each one takes 2 seconds) 1 of infection that there is with an external connection to
2 a dialysis machine.
(e) Increases both rate and depth of breathing
(f) Heart rate would increase to a maximum as exercise 2 5 (a) i. A – kidney cortex B – medulla C – renal artery
levels increased D - renal vein E – ureter 5
(g) More oxygen (and glucose) are delivered to the 2 ii. C delivers blood (containing high concentration of
respiring muscles urea) to the kidney and D takes blood (less urea) back 2
2 (a) 2 into the circulation
(b) Ammonia is very soluble, and so affects water balance.
Rate 55 70 80 90 120 140 150 170 Ammonia is also very toxic – it can denature blood 2
proteins
Output per beat 73 69 65 62 50 43 39 27 (c) i. protein molecules are too large to cross the
4 membrane in the Bowman’s Capsule 2
(b) accurate plot as directed ii. These solutes are valuable and so are reabsorbed in
(c) i. rising to peak then falling, 1
1 the kidney tubule 1
ii. Output per beat falls as rate increases iii. Water is reabsorbed from the filtrate so the
(d) i. there is no benefit in terms of total cardiac output, 2
1 concentration of urea and mineral ions rises 2
ii. Output per beat may be higher (heart muscle is more iv. Urea has been formed in the liver and so is present
elastic in trained athletes) in the blood arriving at the kidney 2
(e) it is less likely that heart muscle will become fatigued/ 2
low rate means that there is further to go before the 6 (a) i. so that thermometers recorded temperature of water
peak rate is reached and not glass 1
(f) to supply more oxygen to be transported by the blood to 2 ii. The aluminium foil around tube B reflects heat back
the respiring tissues into the tube 2
(b) i. baby’s body generates heat; foil 2
Gas exchange (page 138) blanket reflects heat back to baby’s body and so heat
1 PULMONARY; RESPIRING; ENERGY; CARBON DIOX- 10 loss is reduced 2
IDE; HYDROGENCARBONATE; CAPILLARIES; THIN; ii. Water evaporates from clothes; using heat from body;
SURFACE AREA; ALVEOLI; CARBON DIOXIDE; OXYGEN; body temperature falls; hypothermia possible 3
DIFFUSION; PULMONARY; LEFT ATRIUM (c) sweat is evaporated from skin surface; heat is lost 3
(d) i. ADH changes the permeability of the collecting ducts
2 (a) – inhaled air, as it represents atmospheric air without 2 so that more water can be reabsorbed 2
any oxygen removed ii. Negative feedback means that a change from the
(b) Nitrogen is inert so there is no removal of this gas by 1 norm (such as a drop in blood water) sets off
the cells of the body corrective measures to return the condition to normal
(c) respiration 1
(d) water evaporates from the moist surfaces of the alveoli 1 7 (a) the maintenance of a constant internal environment (by 1
a series of negative feedback mechanisms)
3 (a) check labels on axes/accuracy of plot/correct scales/full 5 (b) 2
use of available grid/key to identify three different flasks
(b) respiration 1 Name of organ Factor controlled
(c) this is because germination requires water 2
(d) boiling kills the seeds/denatures respiratory enzymes 2 Kidneys Blood urea concentration
in the seeds
(e) microbes on the surfaces of the seeds are killed by the 2
Liver Blood glucose concentration
disinfectant, so less respiration Lungs Carbon dioxide concentration in
(f) as a control, to show that only the living cells can respire 1 blood
4 (a) The diaphragm 1
(b) They will inflate 1 Skin Body temperature
(c) Exhalation/expiration 1 (c) Body temperature rises……..temperature change
(d) No intercostal muscles shown 1 4
measured in hypothalamus…….motor neurones
(e) 1 – rib; 2 – sternum; 3 – (external)intercostal muscle; 4 increase activity of sweat glands…..sweat secreted………
4 – backbone/vertebral column sweat evaporates……body temperature returns to
5 (a) 45 (100 – 55) 2 normal
(b) Either – the pie chart makes a visual comparison more 4
straightforward
(c) i. normal tissue has fewer large cavities/no ‘broken’
walls 2
ii. Reduced surface area of emphysematous lung less 2
able to absorb oxygen (also, walls are less elastic)

3
 8 (a) 5000 (1994) – 1300 (1978) = 3700. 3700/1300 × 100 = 3 4 (a) Time on x axis; key/label for plots; activity periods 4
284% shown; accuracy of plot
(b) increasing gap between number waiting for transplants 1 (b) exercise raises blood glucose level, to provide glucose 2
and number of transplant tissues available for muscle respiration; insulin levels fall to limit removal
(c) lymphocytes/phagocytes 1 of blood glucose for storage as glycogen
(d) recognise transplanted ‘foreign’ tissue and begin to at 2 (c) adrenaline – dilates blood vessels and increases rate/ 2
tack/digest tissue surface depth of breathing; testosterone – increases aggression
(d) i. reduces effects of ‘rogue’ results; 2
Coordination and response (page 164) ii. Eliminate starting blood glucose level as a variable 1
1 A 1 (e) half an hour 1
2 D 1 Plant reproduction and growth (page 186)
3 CORNEA LENS RETINA IRIS(DIAPHRAGM) PUPIL 6 1 B 1
RODS BLACK AND WHITE CONES COLOUR HIGH 2 C 1
RETINA INVERTED SMALLER OPTIC
INTEGRATION 3 D 1
4 (a) 2 4 (a) A – ovary; B – pollen (grains); C – filament; D – anther; 7
Number of cups drunk 0 1 2 3 4 5
E – stamen; F – style; G – stigma
(b) wind-pollinated, because the stamens and stigma are 3
Mean heart rate 73 75 79 79 83 89 exposed to the environment. Petals do not appear to be
brightly coloured.
(b) As line graph or bar chart. Number of cups drunk on 4 5 (a) i. A – NO; B – YES; C – NO; D – YES;
x-axis. Suitable scale. N.B. check that mean heart rate ii. Enzymes involved in hydrolysis of food stores and 4
data is to correct number of significant figures. in respiration will have an optimum temperature 2
(c) Yes – heart rate increases as number of cups drunk 1 closer to 30oC
increases. (b) i. labels/units on axes; time on x axis; accuracy of plot; 4
(d) People same age/gender/fitness. Same level of activity. 3 good use of space;
Coffee always made up of same concentration (of ii. 19 1
caffeine). Coffee at same temperature. iii. 30 1
iv. Hydrolysis of food stores to supply growth materials/ 2
5 (a) connector/relay neurone. Links sensory input with 2 energy sources before photosynthesis begins
motor output; allows modification of motor output by
‘higher’ centres of CNS. 6 (a) i. Y = (200+280+260+260+340+250+240+270+250+290)/ 2
(b) synapse 1 10 = 264; X = (400+350+420+610+640+600+340+460+
(c) i. electrochemical impulse 1 600+520)/10 = 494
ii. Chemical/neurotransmitter 1 ii. 494 – 264 = 230 mm 2
(d) spinal: knee jerk; hand withdrawal from heat, 5 iii. soil water content/light availability/mineral (named) 2
cranial : blinking; salivation (normal); pupil reflex, availability
conditioned : salivation (substitute stimulus) iv. new length would be less than 264, as new plant is 2
(e) i. no sensation 1 smaller and so can photosynthesise less to supply
ii. still have sensation 1 material for growth of next runner
(f) yes, until cut was complete a sensory input would 2 (b) runner must break/wither away 1
continue (c) asexual reproduction supplies very little variation i.e. 2
(g) C – dendron (accept axon); D – myelin sheath; 7 offspring are identical to parents
E – cell body; F – axon; G – terminal dendrites. (d) i. photosynthesis – light energy converts carbon dioxide 2
No receptor on motor neurone, ends at effector, cell and water to sugar and oxygen. The sugar condenses
body at CNS end not middle. to sucrose for transport.
ii. phloem 1
6 (a) Ciliary muscles/suspensory ligaments 2
(b) Independent is distance from eye, dependent is 2 7 (a) i. A ii. C iii. D 3
thickness of lens (b) show tube from stigma, growing down through style 2
(c) Amount of light in room (could affect pupil size which 3 and entering at micropyle
might have an effect on lens shape)/size and colour of 8 (a) transfer of pollen from the anther/stamen of one flower 2
pencil (must make sure that the distance is the only to the stigma of another flower of the same species
independent variable (b) increases the possibility of cross-fertilisation/genetic 2
(d) Repeat the measurements at each of the distances, and 1 variation
take a mean of the measurements
Human reproduction (page 204)
7 (a) A – retina; B – iris; C – tear duct; D – choroid; 6
E – conjunctiva; F – sclera (all appropriately labelled on 1 C 1
drawing) 2 A 1
(b) i. The retina will not be damaged/bleached by the high 1
light intensity; 3 (a) Fertilisation 1
ii. Light – retina – brain – iris muscle 2 (b) i. Semen (a body fluid) can contain HIV; semen can
enter vagina if no (condom) barrier 2
8 (a) 55 years 1 ii. HIV targets cells of the immune system; reduced
(b) Will be less able to accommodate to objects from 1 immunity increases risk of infection by other 2
different distances, so some images on retina will be organisms
blurred (c) i. Gonorrhoea 1
(c) Once over 60, there is little change in the ability to alter 1 ii. Pain when passing urine/creamy discharge from penis 2
the shape of the lens or vagina; course of antibiotics
(d) Cornea – accommodation will not be so efficient 2
(e) Use model lenses, or lenses removed from animals 3 4 (a)17 days; 1
slaughtered for food. Amount of smoke reaching lens is (b) menstruation 1
the independent variable, the measured hardness of the (c) i. oestrogen – stimulates development of secondary 1
lens is the dependent variable. A suitable control would sexual characteristics
be a lens not subjected to cigarette smoke (to show that ii. progesterone – prepares lining of uterus for 1
it doesn’t harden without the smoke). implantation and pregnancy
(d) increase in progesterone concentration after day 16 1
Hormones (page 169) (e). decline in concentration after day 20-22 1
1 4 (f). thickening of lining; improved blood supply to lining 2
Hormone Effect
5 (a) FSH stimulates the production of ova in the ovaries/ 2
stimulates the production of ova from the Graafian
Adrenaline Development of sperm Follicle
(b) i. ova cannot reach the most likely site of fertilisation in 2
Insulin Secreted if blood the uterus
ii. FSH stimulates ovulation; ova collected from head of 4
glucose level falls oviduct; ova transferred manually to uterus;
Testosterone Increase in heart rate fertilisation occurs in the uterus
6 (a) it is not losing heat to the environment/it has a high rate 1
of respiration, which generates heat
Oestrogen Produced by the (b) i. Fat is an excellent insulator against heat loss; 1
pancreas as blood ii. This prevents blood reaching the surface of the skin, 1
glucose level increases where heat can be lost to the surroundings
(c) i. change in temperature is detected by sensor – 4
Glucagon Deposition of fat in the thermostat controls action of heater – more/less heat is
breasts released to return temperature to normal;
ii. Prevents heat loss to the environment/prevents baby 2
a-3, b-4, c-1, d-5, e-2 drying out/allows nurse/mother to view the newborn
baby
2 Male secretes more testosterone at puberty. Testosterone 4 (d) i. carbohydrate – supplies energy/ protein – supplies raw 2
leads to aggressive/territorial behaviour. As testosterone materials for growth;
concentration in blood rises, it inhibits production of ii. Antibodies – baby may have less immunity to child 2
further testosterone. As a result, testosterone concentration hood diseases
slowly falls (as it is removed from the blood) and so the
male does not become too aggressive.
3 ADRENALINE – GLYCOGEN – GLUCOSE – OXYGEN – 6
DEEPER – FASTER – GUT – MUSCLES – PALES – DILATE
– STANDS UP – FIGHT - FLIGHT

4
 7 (a) i. maternal – V; fetus – Y; 5 (a) i. check that bars do not touch/blood group type on X 4
ii. T is the umbilical cord. It shrivels and the remains 2 axis 2
fall off after birth. 1 ii. this form of variation – discontinuous – is a result of
iii. Fetus receives oxygen, soluble foods and antibodies, GENES, so that there will always be a series of 2
fetus excretes carbon dioxide and urea 3 discrete bars 2
(b) oestrogen – maintains female secondary sexual char (b) i. change in the type or amount of DNA
acteristics, including development of mammary glands/ 4 ii. ionising radiation /some chemicals e.g tar
at birth makes uterus more sensitive to oxytocin (which in tobacco smoke
leads to contraction of uterine muscle); progesterone –
maintains the lining of the uterus and the blood supply 6 (a) i. to eliminate ‘species’ as a variable – different species 1
to the developing fetus/level falls in preparation for may naturally have different sized seeds
birth ii. To avoid any bias in collecting the seeds 1
2
Inheritance (page 226) (b) i.
1 a-2, b-5, c-4, d-1, e-3 4 Mass of nut/g Number of individual nuts
Term Definition 0.3 1
allele The sum of the alleles on 0.4 2
the chromosomes in the 0.5 4
nucleus
0.6 5
phenotype A form of a gene that
0.7 1
codes for one of a pair of
contrasting characters 0.8 0
heterozygote An allele which, if pres- 0.9 1
ent, always has an effect 1.0 4
genotype An organism with two 1.1 5
different alleles for a 1.2 9
particular characteristic 1.3 11
dominant The sum of the measur- 1.4 5
able characteristics of an 1.5 1
organism
1.6 1
2 GENE MEIOSIS DIPLOID ZYGOTE RECESSIVE 5
HETEROZYGOUS ii. check axes – mass on x-axis, number in group on 4
y-axis. Bars touching.
A O B O
3 (a) parental genotypes I I × I I 3 (c) continuous 1
Gametes IA IO IB IO
Offspring genotype IOIO 7 (a) artificial 1
(b) sow crop in water-deficient area; allow to grow; collect 3
(b) heterozygous genotype IAIO or IBIO 3 seeds from those which grow well; sow next crop from
Codominant alleles IA and IB these seeds and repeat selection process
(c) i. identify gene which codes for the desired 4
Phenotype blood group O (blood group A and blood group characteristic; insert gene into vector – using
B in parents would be acceptable answers) restriction enzyme to open vector DNA and DNA
ligase to stitch gene into vector DNA; use vector to
4 (a) A – ovum/egg cell C – zygote E – cell in embryo 3 transfer gene into new host; grow host and test for
(b) B – fertilisation D – mitosis F – differentiation/ 3 desired characteristic;
specialisation ii. May transfer gene into unsuitable species; modified 2
(c) G – muscle; H – pancreas (islets of Langerhans) 3 species may become a pest; licence holders may
I – neurone/nerve cell control availability of modified variety
5 (a) A carrier is heterozygous i.e. has the mutant allele but 1 8 Some rats have a mutant gene which gives them resistance 3
does not express it in the phenotype e.g. Nn would be to warfarin - this is natural variation in a population.
a carrier These rats are unaffected by the poison so can continue to
(b) Parental genotypes Nn Nn ; gametes N N n n; 5 survive and reproduce when other rats die - survival of the
offspring genotypes Nn Nn nn nn i.e. 50% chance fittest.
of a child being homozygous recessive. Because these rats breed more successfully the gene for
6 (a) i. XhY 1 resistance becomes more common.
 ii. XhXh 1 Ecosystems, decay and cycles (page 258)
 iii. XhX 1
(b) Queen Victoria – she must be heterozygous and Prince 3 1 (a) (from top of web) 4
Albert cannot be carrying the Xh allele or he would be hawk fungus
haemophiliac
(c) by mutation or by random fertilisation - Xh allele is still 2 small bird fox
within the family
(d) it must be recessive as Queen Victoria has the allele and 3 caterpillar aphids rabbit
is not haemophiliac
green plant
Variation and evolution (page 238)
1 D 1 (b) the arrows represent the flow of energy 1
2 D 1 (c) i. aphid/caterpillar/rabbit 2
3 (a) The process in which the best adapted members of a 2 ii. green plant 1
species survive, breed and pass on their genes to the
next generation (d) fewer rabbits might mean less of the green plants are 2
(b) i. overuse of antibiotics selects those cells which have 2 eaten (so more food available for aphids/caterpillars),
a natural resistance (NOT immunity!) to the and would mean that less food is available for foxes, so
antibiotic so that these resistant cells can reproduce the number of foxes would decline
and form a resistant population 2 (a) i. A – combustion B – respiration C – photosynthesis 4
ii. DDT killed most of the mosquitoes, but those with 2 D – nutrition/feeding
natural resistance survived, reproduced and passed ii. cellulose 1
on their gene for resistance to successive generations. (b) increased combustion of fossil fuels increases carbon 2
DDT resistant mosquitoes were then able to transmit dioxide concentration/removal of forests takes away the
the malarial parasite (Plasmodium) and cause trees which might otherwise reabsorb carbon dioxide
malaria
3 A – grass seed-mouse-weasel; B – oats-rabbit-flea; C – oak 4
4 (a) i. haemoglobin can bind to and release oxygen. It is 1 tree-aphid-ladybird; D – cabbage-caterpillar-wasp parasite
responsible for the transport of oxygen from lungs to
respiring tissues 4 (a) A – denitrifying B – nitrogen fixation C – nitrifying 5
ii. iron 1 D – nitrifying E - decay
(b) P INIS x INIS 4 (b) by the addition of inorganic fertilisers 1
5 (a) P – evaporation R – transpiration 2
gametes IN IS IN IS (b) temperature – increases rate of evaporation from 4
internal leaf surfaces; wind speed – blows humid air
F1 ININ INIS INIS ISIS away from leaf; humidity – low humidity maintains
diffusion gradient for water vapour
Probability that child will be heterozygous is ½ or 50% (c) support of cells; raw material for photosynthesis 2
(c) this advantage is noted in areas where the malarial 3
parasite is common. People who are heterozygous only
have mild anaemia, and are protected from malaria
since the malarial parasite cannot multiply in sickle-
shaped red blood cells.

5
 6 Term Definition 4 9 (a) distance on x-axis, percentage oxygen concentration
on y-axis, number of organisms on y axis
Ecology An area that can supply (b) bacteria present in human sewage
food, shelter and a (c) algae decline as bacteria rise because of competition for
nutrients and loss of light by shading
breeding site (d) adults lay eggs before they die, then eggs hatch
(e) oxygen concentration falls to minimum at 200m, then
Community The study of living things in rises again to 100% by 1000m
relation to their (f) oxygen concentration falls due to aerobic respiration by
environment bacteria then rises as bacterial population becomes more
dispersed/more oxygen available as algae begin to
Habitat The physical and biological photosynthesise again
conditions that are present Biotechnology (page 299)
in the place where an 1 (a) Penicillium (notatum) 1
organism lives (b) i. to provide optimum temperature/avoid denaturation ; 2
for the action of enzymes in the Penicillium;
Population The living organisms of ii. Respiration of the Penicillium generates heat; the cold 2
different species which live water jacket carries excess heat away
(c) to prevent contamination by other microbes; to avoid 2
in a particular habitat competition for nutrients
Environment The number of individuals (d) the common cold is a viral infection, and penicillin has
no effect on viruses; overuse of antibiotics may lead to
2
of a particular species selection of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.
present in a particular 2 (a) C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + CO2 3
habitat (b) alcohol is a toxin; alcohol poisons the yeast 3
1
a-2, b-4, c-1, d-5, e-3 (c) the fermentation lock prevents the entry of oxygen from
the atmosphere
Human impacts on ecosystems (page 288)
3 (a) beef has less carbohydrate/more fat/more cholesterol/ 2
1 (a) i. flooding/earthquakes/forest fires 2 less fibre/more protein/more total energy
ii. Drought/salination of soil 1 (b) mycoprotein has less fat/cholesterol so less likely to 2
(b) increase in population means more people to feed and, 2 cause CHD; mycoprotein has more fibre so less
perhaps, less land on which to grow food likelihood of constipation/bowel cancer
(c) e.g. wheat: identify plants with more/larger seeds; 2
self-pollinate these plants; collect seeds; grow plants; Genetic engineering (page 305)
repeat process of selection/growth 1 (a) i. (restriction) endonuclease; 1
(d) transfer of DNA from one organism to another 1 ii. (DNA) ligase 1
2 (a) industrial area – 27.8%; agricultural area – 5.2% 2 (b) to act as a vector/to carry the inserted gene from one 2
(b) dark form has higher survival potential when 4 organism to the host bacterium
camouflaged on soot-covered trees; can breed more (c) cheaper to produce/ human insulin so should not 2
effectively; pass on genes for ‘camouflage’; successive provoke immune response/can be generated when
generations have altered frequency of dark form; has required 2
lower survival potential when obvious on light coloured (d) engineered bacteria could escape from laboratory/
trees; cannot breed effectively; does not pass on genes factory with unpredictable consequences; companies
for ‘camouflage’; successive generations have lowered may ‘own’ the new gene and its product, so not
frequency of dark form available to people who need the product
(c) less selective advantage in being dark, so frequency will 2 2 (a) i. gene/DNA 1
fall as breeding success is limited ii. A surface antigen 1
(d) Biston (must have capital B) 1 (b) whole virus may remain active, and cause disease; whole 3
3 (a) 8000km per year 1 virus will have other antigens which may provoke severe
(b) i. variety would fall 1 immune response
ii. More arable land would be available 1 3 2 - 3 - (1) - 6 - 4 - (8) - 7 - 5 5
(c) food may be more easily imported 1
(d) advantages – harvesting is easier, as all crop available at 4
the same time; all crop will need the same management
(e.g. timing of fertilisers) disadvantages – loss of
biodiversity (fewer habitats available); all crop
susceptible to the same pests/diseases
(e) A, C, D, H, I 5
(f) nitrate – required for protein synthesis; magnesium – 4
required to produce chlorophyll, which is necessary for
light absorption for photosynthesis
4 (a) some form of filtration 2
(b) hypothesis – pesticide will affect the numbers/ 2
reproduction of insects; prediction – increased volume
of pesticide will reduce number of insects
(c) concentration of pesticide 1
(d) number of aphids alive after 24 hours 1
(e) they used the same species of plant and the same initial 2
number of aphids
(f) concentration on x axis; number alive on y axis; axes 4
labelled with units; clear plot using large proportion of
grid
(g) 22 g per 1000 dm3
(h) little effect until 15–20 g per 1000 dm3, and little 2
further effect after 30 g per 1000 dm3 so prediction only 2
partly supported
5 (a) washed from agricultural land, where they had been 2
sprayed to control pests on crop plants
(b) D – A – E – G – C – F - B 6
6 (a) bars not touching; bars drawn accurately; axes correct – 4
right way round and labelled
(b) 250 1
(c) December – less food available and low temperatures 2
increase food demands, and March – greater
competition for food in breeding season
(d) population = 100 × 80/25 = 320 2
(e) provide more breeding/feeding sites; control grey 2
squirrel population
7 (a) 53; 11; 13.8; 13.9; 8.3 2
(b) pollutant type on x axis; mass on y axis; units; bars not 4
touching
(c) e.g. nitrogen oxides ; human health – breathing issues; 2
environment – contributor to acid rain
8 (a) algae shrimps fish sea otters
(b) pesticides are absorbed by algae, then amplification
occurs so that otters receive highly concentrated
pesticide