EARTHQUAKES

❑ What is an Earthquake?
An earthquake is a weak to violent shaking of the
ground produced by the sudden movement of rock materials
below the earth’s surface. – PHIVOLCS: Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology

Is any sudden shaking of the ground caused by the

passage of seismic waves through Earth’s rocks. - Britannica

It is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from

a sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that
creates seismic waves. - Wikipedia
EARTHQUAKES
❑ What CAUSES Earthquake?
Earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of stress
along faults in the earth's crust.
Earthquakes are the result of sudden movement along
faults within the Earth
Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of
energy within some limited region of the rocks of the
Earth.
The main cause of an earthquake is the sudden slipping
of Earth's tectonic plates underground.
EARTHQUAKES
❑ Earthquake: Focus and Epicenter
The earthquakes originate in
tectonic plate boundary.

o The focus is point inside the

earth where the earthquake
started, sometimes called
the hypocenter, and;

o The point on the surface of the

earth directly above the focus is
called the epicenter.
EARTHQUAKES
❑ Earthquake: Magnitude and Intensity

o Magnitude:

- is proportional to the energy released by an

earthquake at the focus.

- it is calculated from earthquakes recorded by an

instrument called seismograph.

- it is represented by Arabic Numbers (e.g. 4.8, 9.0).

EARTHQUAKES
❑ Earthquake: Magnitude and Intensity

o Intensity:

- is the strength of an earthquake as perceived and

felt by people in a certain locality.

- it is a numerical rating based on the relative effects

to people, objects, environment, and structures in the
surrounding. The intensity is generally higher near the
epicenter.
- it is represented by Roman Numerals (e.g. II, IV, IX).
EARTHQUAKES: Magnitude Scale
EARTHQUAKES: PHIVOLCS Earthquake
Intensity Scale (PEIS)
Intensity Shaking Description
Scale
Perceptible to people under favorable

I Scarcely
Perceptible
circumstances. Delicately balanced objects
are disturbed slightly.
containers oscillates slowly.
Still Water in

Felt by few individuals at rest indoors.

II Slightly
Felt
Hanging objects swing slightly. Still Water
in containers oscillates noticeably.
Felt by many people indoors especially in
upper floors of buildings. Vibration is felt

III Weak
like one passing of a light truck. Dizziness
and nausea are experienced by some people.
Hanging objects swing moderately. Still water
in containers oscillates moderately.
EARTHQUAKES: PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS)

Intensity Shaking Description

Scale
Felt generally by people indoors and by
some people outdoors. Light sleepers
are awakened. Vibration is felt like a
passing of heavy truck. Hanging objects
swing considerably. Dinner, plates,

IV Moderately glasses, windows and doors rattle.

Strong Floors and walls of wood framed
buildings creak. Standing motor cars
may rock slightly. Liquids in
containers are slightly disturbed.
Water in containers oscillate strongly.
Rumbling sound may sometimes be heard.
EARTHQUAKES: PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS)
Intensity Shaking Description
Scale
Generally felt by most people indoors
and outdoors. Many sleeping people are
awakened. Some are frightened, some run
outdoors. Strong shaking and rocking
felt throughout building. Hanging
objects swing violently. Dining
V Strong utensils clatter and clink; some are
broken. Small, light and unstable
objects may fall or overturn. Liquids
spill from filled open containers.
Standing vehicles rock noticeably.
Shaking of leaves and twigs of trees
are noticeable.
EARTHQUAKES: PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS)
Intensity Shaking Description
Scale
Many people are frightened; many run
outdoors. Some people lose their
balance. motorists feel like driving in
flat tires. Heavy objects or furniture
move or may be shifted. Small church
Very bells may ring. Wall plaster may crack.
VI Strong
Very old or poorly built houses and
man-made structures are slightly
damaged though well-built structures
are not affected. Limited rockfalls and
rolling boulders occur in hilly to
mountainous areas and escarpments.
Trees are noticeably shaken.
EARTHQUAKES: PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS)
Intensity Shaking Description
Scale
Most people are frightened and run
outdoors. People find it difficult to
stand in upper floors. Heavy objects and

Destructive
furniture overturn or topple. Big church
bells may ring. Old or poorly-built
structures suffer considerable damage.
Some well-built structures are slightly
VII damaged. Some cracks may appear on dikes,
fish ponds, road surface, or concrete
hollow block walls. Limited liquefaction,
lateral spreading and landslides are
observed. Trees are shaken strongly.
(Liquefaction is a process by which loose
saturated sand lose strength during an
earthquake and behave like liquid).
EARTHQUAKES: PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS)
Intensity Shaking Description
Scale
People are panicky. People find it difficult to

VERY Destructive
stand even outdoors. Many well-built buildings are
considerably damaged. Concrete dikes and
foundation of bridges are destroyed by ground
settling or toppling. Railway tracks are bent or
VIII

broken. Tombstones may be displaced, twisted or

overturned. Utility posts, towers and monuments
mat tilt or topple. Water and sewer pipes may be
bent, twisted or broken. Liquefaction and lateral
spreading cause man- made structure to sink, tilt
or topple. Numerous landslides and rockfalls occur
in mountainous and hilly areas. Boulders are
thrown out from their positions particularly near
the epicenter. Fissures and faults rapture may be
observed. Trees are violently shaken. Water splash
or stop over dikes or banks of rivers.
EARTHQUAKES: PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS)

Intensity Shaking Description

Scale
People are forcibly thrown to ground. Many
cry and shake with fear. Most buildings are

Devastating
totally damaged. bridges and elevated
concrete structures are toppled or destroyed.
Numerous utility posts, towers and monument
are tilted, toppled or broken. Water sewer
IX

pipes are bent, twisted or broken. Landslides

and liquefaction with lateral spreadings and
sandboils are widespread. the ground is
distorted into undulations. Trees are shaken
very violently with some toppled or broken.
Boulders are commonly thrown out. River water
splashes violently on slops over dikes and
banks.
EARTHQUAKES: PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS)

Intensity Shaking Description

Scale
Practically all man-made structures

Devastating
Completely
are destroyed. Massive landslides
and liquefaction, large scale
subsidence and uplifting of land
X

forms and many ground fissures are

observed. Changes in river courses
and destructive seiches in large
lakes occur. Many trees are
toppled, broken and uprooted.
Locating EARTHQUAKE’S
EPICENTER
 Locating EARTHQUAKE’S
EPICENTER
❑ Earthquake: Seismic Waves
An earthquake releases three types of waves: P-wave,
Primary wave; S-wave, secondary wave; surface wave.

The first two travel into the Earth’s interior while the last
one the surface.

These waves travel at different velocities; thus do not

arrive at a seismic recording station at the same time.
 Locating EARTHQUAKE’S
EPICENTER
❑ Earthquake: Seismic Waves
The farther the recording instrument is from the focus,
the greater the difference in arrival times of the P-wave
compared to the first S-wave.
The difference in the arrival time will tell us the distance
of the earthquake’s focus from the seismic recording station.
However, it does not tell in which direction it came from.
If we have at least three recording stations that can tell
how far away from them the earthquake occurred, the
epicenter can be determine.
 Locating EARTHQUAKE’S
EPICENTER
❑ Earthquake: Triangulation Method
The epicenter can be
determined using the triangulation
method.
Triangulation method uses
information from three seismic
stations to locate the earthquake
epicenter.
On the map, circles are
drawn around each seismic
station.
 Locating EARTHQUAKE’S
EPICENTER
❑ Earthquake: Triangulation Method
The radii of the circles are
scaled to the estimated distance
from the station to the earthquake.

The three circles will intersect

at one point that locates the
earthquake.
The next activity will give you a first-hand experience on
how to locate earthquake epicenter.