CHEMICAL BONDING

Presented by: Gabriel Milo C. Abanto

⚬ ELEMENT = a pure substance that
cannot be separated or broken down
into simpler substances by chemical
means

⚬ ATOM = the smallest unit of an

element that maintains the chemical
properties of that element

⚬ COMPOUND = a substance made up of

atoms of two or more different
elements joined by chemical bonds
⚬ atoms with unfilled valence shells
are considered unstable.

⚬ atoms will try to fill their outer

shells by bonding with other
atoms.

⚬ CHEMICAL BOND= the attractive

force that holds atoms or ions
together in a compound
⚬A T O M S F O R M
ATOMIC BONDS
TO BECOME
MORE STABLE.
￭
⚬T H E R E A R E T H R E E M A I N T Y P E S
OF CHEMICAL BONDS USED BY
ATOMS TO FILL THEIR VALENCE
SHELL:

￭C O V A L E N T
￭M E T A L L I C
￭I O N I C
CHEMICAL FORMULAS

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⚬E X A M P L E : s o d i u m

chloride

⚬CHEMICAL

FORMULA:
￭

⚬COUNT THE ATOMS

PRESENT:
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⚬S O M E T I M E S T H E R E A R E S U B S C R I P T S
PRESENT.
￭A SUBSCRIPT IS A SMALL NUMBER THAT IS
IN A CHEMICAL FORMULA. IF NO SUBSCRIPT
IS PRESENT ASSUME THAT IT IS 1.
￭EXAMPLE - WATER: H₂O
•
•
⚬S O M E T I M E S T H E R E A R E P A R E N T H E S E S
WITH A SUBSCRIPT. THE SUBSCRIPT
ONLY APPLIES TO THE ATOMS WITHIN
THE PARENTHESES.
⚬E X A M P L E - C A L C I U M H Y D R O X I D E
(KIDNEY STONES): CA(OH)2.
￭
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⚬ SOMETIMES THERE ARE
SUBSCRIPTS IN THE PARENTHESES.
MULTIPLY THE SUBSCRIPT OUTSIDE
THE PARENTHESES BY THE
SUBSCRIPT OF EACH ELEMENT
WITHIN THE PARENTHESES.
⚬ EXAMPLE - CALCIUM NITRATE:
CA(NO₃)₂
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⚬ Covalent bonds form between
two non-metals. groups 14-17 on
the periodic table

⚬C o v a l e n t b o n d s a r e f o r m e d w h e n
atoms share electrons.
￭

⚬A t o m s c a n s h a r e m o r e t h a n o n e
pair of electrons to create
double and triple bonds.
⚬ results in a neutral molecule
⚬ weak bonds
⚬ physical state usually liquids or
gases
⚬ low melting and boiling points
⚬ poor conductors of electricity
(no free electrons to move around)
EACH CHLORINE ATOM WANTS TO GAIN
ONE ELECTRON TO ACHIEVE AN OCTET.
 THE OCTET IS ACHIEVED BY EACH ATOM
SHARING THE ELECTRON PAIR IN THE MIDDLE.
CL CL CL₂
⚬ ATOMS CAN SHARE THEIR ELECTRONS EQUALLY
OR UNEQUALLY.

⚬W H E N A T O M S S H A R E E L E C T R O N S E Q U A L L Y , I T I S
CALLED A NON-POLAR COVALENT BOND.
￭

⚬W H E N A T O M S S H A R E E L E C T R O N S U N E Q U A L L Y I T
IS CALLED A POLAR COVALENT BOND.
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⚬N A M I N G B I N A R Y
COVALENT
COMPOUNDS:
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ⁿᵈ
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⚬C O
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⚬C O ₂
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⚬P C L ₃
￭
⚬C C L ₄
￭
⚬N ₂ O
￭
• An attraction between anions and cations
• Electrons are completely transferred.
• A bond between a metal and a nonmetal.
• Stronger than covalent bonds.
• Commonly called metallic salts.
• Metal atoms tend to lose all valence
electrons to form cations. Cations are
smaller than parent atom
• Nonmetal atoms tend to gain enough
electrons to fill the outer s and p subshells.
Anions are larger than parent atom
• Hard, not easily • The ions are in a
crushed very strong
• Conduct electricity CRYSTAL LATTICE
when melted or pattern.
dissolved because
ions are freed up to
move.
TO NAME BINARY IONIC COMPOUNDS:
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 EXAMPLES

⚬ ₂ ₃

⚬ ₂
⚬ METALLIC BONDS ARE
METAL TO METAL
BONDS FORMED BY THE
ATTRACTION BETWEEN
POSITIVELY CHARGED
METAL IONS AND THE
ELECTRONS AROUND
THEM.

￭
⚬T R A N S I T I O N M E T A L S A R E C A T I O N S
THAT HAVE VARIABLE CHARGES
THAT MAKES THEM HARD TO NAME.
⚬W E U S E R O M A N N U M E R A L S T O
INDICATE THE CHARGE OF A
TRANSITION METAL.
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