Experiment ( 5 )

Name : salman abdulaziz Alhaqbani

ID : 436051282
Contents
1- Introduction .............................................................................................................. 3
1-1 Theoretical background ....................................................................................... 3
1-2 Goals of experiment ............................................................................................. 4
2- Equipment ................................................................................................................ 4
3- Procedures ................................................................................................................ 5
4- Results and discussion ............................................................................................. 6
6- Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 6
7- Homework Answers ................................................................................................ 7

List of figures:
Figure (1): DC Power Supply ........................................................................................ 4
Figure (2): Wires ............................................................................................................ 4
Figure (3): Digital Multi-meters Device ........................................................................ 4
Figure (4): Functon generator ........................................................................................ 4

List of tables:
Table ( 1 ) : Results of Frequency response of the instruments ..................................... 6
Table ( 2 ) : Result of sinewave measurement of the instruments ................................. 6
Table ( 3 ) : Result of square and triangle wave measurment of the of the instruments.
.................................................................................................................................. 6
 1- Introduction:
1-1) Theoretical background:

Peak-to-peak (pk-pk) is the difference between the maximum positive and the maximum
negative amplitudes of a waveform, as shown below. If there is no direct current ( DC )
component in an alternating current ( AC ) wave, then the pk-pk amplitude is twice
the peak amplitude. For an AC sine wave with no DC component, the peak-to-peak amplitude is
equal to approximately 2.828 times the root-mean-square amplitude. Peak-to-peak values can be
expressed for voltage (the usual case), current , or power .

We now know that the time it takes for electrical waveforms to repeat themselves is known as
the periodic time or period which represents a fixed amount of time. If we take the reciprocal
of the period, ( 1/T ) we end up with a value that denotes the number of times a period or cycle
repeats itself in one second or cycles per second, and this is commonly known
as Frequency with units of Hertz, (Hz). Then Hertz can also be defined as “cycles per
second” (cps) and 1Hz is exactly equal to 1 cycle per second.
Both period and frequency are mathematical reciprocals of each other and as the periodic time
of the waveform decreases, its frequency increases and vice versa with the relationship
between Periodic time and Frequency given as.
• Period: – This is the length of time in seconds that the waveform takes to repeat itself from
start to finish. This value can also be called the Periodic Time, ( T ) of the waveform for sine
waves, or the Pulse Width for square waves.
• Frequency: – This is the number of times the waveform repeats itself within a one second time
period. Frequency is the reciprocal of the time period, ( ƒ = 1/T ) with the standard unit of
frequency being the Hertz, (Hz).
• Amplitude: – This is the magnitude or intensity of the signal waveform measured in volts or
amps.
1-2) Goals of experiment:
1- To learn how to measure AC voltages.
2- To become familiar with the use of AC voltmeters.

2- Equipment:

1- Oscilloscope

Figure (1): DC Power Supply

2- Wires

Figure (2): Wires

3- Digital multi-meters

Figure (3): Digital Multi-meters Device

4- Function generator

Figure (4): Function generator

3- Procedures:
1. Then turn on the oscilloscope.
2. Apply 1 kHz sinewave to the INP.-I input of the oscilloscope. Adjust the
TIME/DIV. to obtain approximately one full period, and set VOLTS/DIV.-I to
2V/cm and adjust the output of the signal generator to obtain 12V peak-to-peak
amplitude. Measure the period of the waveform and calculate the frequency.
3. Connect the digital voltmeter and the oscilloscope to the signal generator as
shown in next figure Set the waveform to Sinewave, output voltage to12V peak-
to-peak on the oscilloscope. Change the frequency and note the voltmeter
readings in result table (Check the voltage on the oscilloscope to remain constant,
12V, peak-to-peak for every frequency).
4. Set the frequency to 50 Hz. Adjust the output voltage to 10V peak-to-peak on
the oscilloscope. Then read the voltage with digital and analog voltmeter.
Compare the result with the theoretical values. Complete the result table .
5.Change the signal to square and triangular waveforms then repeat step-4
Complete result table
 4- Results and discussion :

Frequency (Hz)
50 100 200 500 1K 2K 5K 10K 20K 50K
Oscilloscope (V)
4.243 4.243 4.243 4.243 4.243 4.243 4.243 4.243 4.243 4.243

Digital VM (V)
4.25 4.26 4.24 4.26 4.28 4.33 5.09 7.18 11.59 19.64
Table ( 1 ) : Results of Frequency response of the instruments

Digital VM Oscilloscope
Sine wave (V) Theoretical 3.535 3.535
(RMS) Measured 3.57 3.60
Table ( 2 ):Result of sinewave measurement of the instruments

Digital VM Oscilloscope
Square Wave (V) Theoretical 5 5
(RMS) Measured 5.42 5.45
Triangle Wave Theoretical 2.88 2.88
(V)( RMS) Measured 2.82 2.83
Tabe ( 3 ) : Result of square and triangle wave measurment of the of the instruments

5-Conclusion :
1- We see that there are many types of waveforms in AC and we can
represent them by using function generator .
2- Digital multi meter measure the rms value not peak-peak .
3- We can use Oscilloscope to display the waves and get the voltage or time of
waves or do mathematical calculation like add two wave together.
4- We can use this equation to calculate rms value of voltage
and it should be equal measured voltage .
5- Oscilloscope is more accurate than Digital multi meter.
6- Homework questions :

1. Is it possible to measure the phase difference of two sine waves with

a single-input oscilloscope? Explain how.

Phase difference can be measured on an oscilloscope by finding the

time delay between two waveforms and their period then we will use the
equation Φ = td/tp × 360

2. Which instrument is more accurate at 500 Hz and 5000 Hz? Explain

the reason.

The 500HZ instrument is more accurate because when the frequency of

the instrument is increases , the resistance of the contact wires ,leads
and other parameters will change. Due to accurate balancing conditions
cannot be achieved and instrument measure wrong value.

3. Are Digital and analog Voltmeters used in the Experiment True RMS
Voltmeter?

Yes , but there are some errors