ME421 - ch2 - Isentropic Flow - Printing - Final

Gas Dynamics (ME 421) Chapter 2: Isentropic Flow with Area Changes
CHAPTER
Isentropic Flow with Area

Changes
Learning Outcomes
13:29
By the end of this chapter, you should:

Ch2: Flow with Area Changes
 Explain features of flow with area changes.

 Define choked flow.
 Illustrate effect of back pressure on converging
& converging-diverging nozzles.
 Calculate flow properties through different area
duct.
Dr. Bagabir
Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 1

Applications
13:29
Nozzles and diffusers are found in many engineering

applications including:
 Steam turbines,
 Gas turbines,
 Aircrafts, and
 Space crafts.
Dr. Bagabir
2D & 1D Flow
13:29
𝝆 𝒙 𝒖 𝒙 𝑨 𝒙 = 𝒎 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
Dr. Bagabir
Two-dimensional flow One-dimensional flow
4
Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 2

Converging & Diverging Nozzles

13:29
𝒅𝑨 𝑨 𝒅𝑨 𝑨
= − 𝟏 − 𝑴𝟐 = 𝟏 − 𝑴𝟐
𝒅𝒖 𝒖 𝒅𝒑 𝝆𝒖𝟐
𝒅𝑨 < 𝟎 𝒅𝒖 > 𝟎, 𝒅𝒑 < 𝟎 𝒅𝒖 < 𝟎, 𝒅𝒑 > 𝟎
Dr. Bagabir 𝒅𝑨 > 𝟎 𝒅𝒖 < 𝟎, 𝒅𝒑 > 𝟎 𝒅𝒖 > 𝟎, 𝒅𝒑 < 𝟎
Converging & Diverging Nozzles

13:29
Dr. Bagabir
Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 3

Critical State (M=1)

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When M=1 the state is called critical state (*).

Dr. Bagabir
Converging Nozzle
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Highest velocity is
sonic velocity at
nozzle exit.
Even if the nozzle

is extended.
Dr. Bagabir
Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 4

Relations in term of M
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𝑻𝟎 𝒌−𝟏
=𝟏+ 𝑴𝟐
𝑻 𝟐
𝟏⁄𝟐
𝒄𝟎 𝒌−𝟏 𝒂𝟎
= 𝟏+ 𝑴𝟐 =
𝒄 𝟐 𝒂
𝒌⁄ 𝒌 𝟏
𝑷𝟎 𝒌−𝟏
= 𝟏+ 𝑴𝟐
𝑷 𝟐
𝟏⁄ 𝒌 𝟏
𝝆𝟎 𝒌−𝟏
= 𝟏+ 𝑴𝟐
Dr. Bagabir 𝝆 𝟐
Relations in term of M
13:29
Dr. Bagabir
10
Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 5

Exercise #1
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Carbon dioxide flows through a varying-area duct
as shown. The gas enters the duct and expands to
an exit pressure of 200 kPa. Find , u, A, and M at

1200 kPa (i.e. fill table in next slide).
Dr. Bagabir
11
Exercise #1
13:29
Assume the flow is steady, isentropic, adiabatic, 1D,
and an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
P (kPa) T (K) U (m/s)  (kg/m3) c (m/s) M A (cm2)

1400 473 0 15.67 339.4 0 
1200 457 164.5 13.9 333.6 0.49 13.1
Dr. Bagabir
12
Source: Cengel (Example 12–2)
Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 6

Critical Relations (M=1)

13:29
𝑻∗ 𝟐
=
𝑻𝟎 𝒌 + 𝟏
𝒌⁄ 𝒌 𝟏
𝑷∗ 𝟐
=
𝑷𝟎 𝒌+𝟏
𝟏⁄ 𝒌 𝟏
𝝆∗ 𝟐
=
𝝆𝟎 𝒌+𝟏
Dr. Bagabir
𝟏⁄𝟐
𝒄∗ 𝟐
=
13
𝒄𝟎 𝒌+𝟏
Critical Relations (Air @ M=1)

13:29
𝑻∗ 𝟐
= = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝑻𝟎 𝒌 + 𝟏
𝒌⁄ 𝒌 𝟏
𝑷∗ 𝟐
= = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟖𝟑
𝑷𝟎 𝒌+𝟏
𝟏⁄ 𝒌 𝟏
𝝆∗ 𝟐
= = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟑𝟗
𝝆𝟎 𝒌+𝟏
Dr. Bagabir
𝟏⁄𝟐
𝒄∗ 𝟐
= = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟐𝟗
14 𝒄𝟎 𝒌+𝟏
Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 7

Critical Relations (Air)

13:29
For k=1.4:
Dr. Bagabir
15
Exercise #2
13:29
Calculate the critical pressure and temperature for
the flow conditions described in Exercise #1.
Dr. Bagabir
16
Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 8

Back Pressure
13:29
Flow through a converging nozzle is governed by the

back pressure Pb.
Dr. Bagabir
17
Effect of Back Pressure

13:29
Dr. Bagabir
18
Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 9


13:29
1. If the back pressure Pb is equal to P0, there is no

flow and the pressure distribution is uniform

along the nozzle.
2. When the back pressure is reduced (> P*), this
causes the pressure along the nozzle to decrease
in the flow direction.
3. When the back pressure is reduced to P* (M=1),
mass flow reaches a maximum value and the flow
is said to be CHOKED.
4. Further reduction of the back pressure (<P*) does
not result in additional changes in the pressure
Dr. Bagabir
distribution along the nozzle length.
19
Mass Flowrate
13:29
Use equations T and P:

𝒌⁄ 𝒌 𝟏
𝑻𝟎 𝒌−𝟏 𝑷𝟎 𝒌−𝟏
=𝟏+ 𝑴𝟐 = 𝟏+ 𝑴𝟐
𝑻 𝟐 𝑷 𝟐
Dr. Bagabir
20
Converging nozzle can be used as a flowmeter.
Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 10

Maximum Flowrate
13:29
By differentiating mass equation with respect to M
and setting the result equal to zero. It yields mass
flow rate is a maximum when M=1 at the throat.
Dr. Bagabir
21
Nozzle Area
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Variation of flow area A through the nozzle relative to

throat area A* can be given by:
𝑨 𝝆 𝒖
=
𝑨∗ 𝝆 ∗ 𝒖 ∗
Dr. Bagabir
22

Critical M*
13:29
Critical Mach number, M*, is the ratio of the local

velocity to the speed of sound at the throat:
𝒖
𝑴∗ = ∗
= 𝑴 𝑻⁄ 𝑻 ∗
𝒄
𝒌+𝟏
𝑴∗ = 𝑴
𝟐 + 𝒌 − 𝟏 𝑴𝟐
Dr. Bagabir
23
Table of Property Ratios

13:29
Various property ratios for isentropic flow through

nozzles are listed in table.
Table 2-1
Dr. Bagabir
24

Exercise #3
13:29
Air at 1 MPa and 600°C enters a converging nozzle,

with a velocity of 150 m/s. Determine the mass flow

rate through the nozzle for a throat area of 50 cm2
when the back pressure is:
(a) 0.7 MPa and (b) 0.4 MPa.
Dr. Bagabir
25
Assignment
13:29
Solve problems of the tutorial.

Dr. Bagabir
26

Converging–Diverging Nozzle
13:29
It is used in supersonic aircraft and rocket engines to

provide high thrust .
Dr. Bagabir
27
Converging–Diverging Duct
13:29
It used to accelerate gases from subsonic to
supersonic speed.
Dr. Bagabir
Mach number is unity at the location of smallest flow

28 area (throat).

Converging–Diverging Duct
13:29
Dr. Bagabir
29
Diverging–Converging Duct
13:29
Dr. Bagabir
30

Diverging–Converging Duct
13:29
Dr. Bagabir
31
Back Pressure
13:29
Flow through a converging–diverging nozzle is

governed by the back pressure Pb.
Dr. Bagabir
32


13:29
Dr. Bagabir
33

13:29
Dr. Bagabir
34

Pback > PC
13:29
 Pressure decreases in the converging section,
reaches a minimum at the throat, and increases at
expense of velocity in the diverging section.

 Flow remains subsonic throughout the nozzle.
 Mass flow is less than that for choked flow.
Dr. Bagabir
35
Pback > PC
13:29
 M increases in the converging section and
reaches a maximum at the throat (but M<1).
 Velocity is lost in the second (diverging) section

of the nozzle, which acts as a diffuser.
Dr. Bagabir
36

Pback = PC
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 P* is the lowest pressure that can be obtained at the
throat.
 Mass flow rate that increases with decreases Pb

also reaches its maximum value.
Dr. Bagabir
37
Pback = PC
13:29
 Fluid achieves sonic velocity at the throat.
 Diverging section acts as a diffuser, slowing flow

to subsonic velocity.
 Sonic velocity is the highest velocity that can be
achieved with a converging nozzle.
Dr. Bagabir
38

PC > Pback > PE

13:29
 Sonic velocity at throat continues accelerating to
supersonic velocity in the diverging section as the
pressure deceases.
 Developed normal shock between throat and exit,
causes a sudden increase in pressure.
Dr. Bagabir
39
PC > Pback > PE

13:29
 Flow comes to a normal shock develops between
throat and exit, which causes a sudden drop in
velocity to subsonic levels.

 Flow then continues to decelerate further.
Dr. Bagabir
40

Pback < PE
13:29
Ch2: Flow with Area Changes  Flow in diverging section is supersonic.
 Fluid expands to PF at the exit.
Dr. Bagabir
41
Pback < PE
13:29
 No normal shock forming within the nozzle
Dr. Bagabir
42

Exercise #4
13:29
Air enters a converging–diverging nozzle as shown
If the flow is steady, 1D, and isentropic, determine:
(a) Throat conditions, (b) Exit conditions, including
the exit area, and (c) Mass flow rate through the
nozzle.
Answer: (a) 0.5283 MPa, 666.6 K, 2.761 kg/m3, 517.5 m/s
(b) 0.1278 MPa, 444.5 K, 1.002 kg/m3, 845.1 m/s, 33.75 cm2 (c) 2.86 kg/s
Dr. Bagabir
43
Assignment
13:29
Solve problems of the tutorial.

Dr. Bagabir
44

Are all the Outcomes achieved?

13:29
 Explain features of flow with area changes.

 Define choked flow.

 Illustrate effect of back pressure on
converging & converging-diverging nozzle.
 Calculate flow properties through different
area duct.
Dr. Bagabir
45
Honest Feedback
13:29
Have you enjoyed it?

Dr. Bagabir
46

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Gas Dynamics (ME 421) Chapter 2: Isentropic Flow with Area Changes

Isentropic Flow with Area

By the end of this chapter, you should:

 Explain features of flow with area changes.

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 1

Nozzles and diffusers are found in many engineering

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 2

Converging & Diverging Nozzles

𝒅𝑨 < 𝟎 𝒅𝒖 > 𝟎, 𝒅𝒑 < 𝟎 𝒅𝒖 < 𝟎, 𝒅𝒑 > 𝟎

Dr. Bagabir 𝒅𝑨 > 𝟎 𝒅𝒖 < 𝟎, 𝒅𝒑 > 𝟎 𝒅𝒖 > 𝟎, 𝒅𝒑 < 𝟎

Converging & Diverging Nozzles

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 3

Critical State (M=1)

When M=1 the state is called critical state (*).

Even if the nozzle

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 4

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 5

an exit pressure of 200 kPa. Find , u, A, and M at

P (kPa) T (K) U (m/s)  (kg/m3) c (m/s) M A (cm2)

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 6

Critical Relations (M=1)

Critical Relations (Air @ M=1)

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 7

Critical Relations (Air)

the flow conditions described in Exercise #1.

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 8

Flow through a converging nozzle is governed by the

back pressure Pb.

Effect of Back Pressure

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 9

Effect of Back Pressure

1. If the back pressure Pb is equal to P0, there is no

flow and the pressure distribution is uniform

Use equations T and P:

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 10

Variation of flow area A through the nozzle relative to

throat area A* can be given by:

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 11

Critical Mach number, M*, is the ratio of the local

velocity to the speed of sound at the throat:

Table of Property Ratios

Various property ratios for isentropic flow through

nozzles are listed in table.

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 12

Air at 1 MPa and 600°C enters a converging nozzle,

with a velocity of 150 m/s. Determine the mass flow

Solve problems of the tutorial.

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 13

It is used in supersonic aircraft and rocket engines to

provide high thrust .

Mach number is unity at the location of smallest flow

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 14

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 15

Flow through a converging–diverging nozzle is

governed by the back pressure Pb.

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 16

Effect of Back Pressure

Effect of Back Pressure

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 17

expense of velocity in the diverging section.

 Velocity is lost in the second (diverging) section

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 18