ME421 - ch2 - Isentropic Flow - Printing

Gas Dynamics (ME 421) Chapter 2: Isentropic Flow with Area Changes
CHAPTER
Isentropic Flow with Area

Changes
Learning Outcomes
16:48
By the end of this chapter, you should:

Ch2: Flow with Area Changes
 Explain flow through nozzles and diffusers.

 Define choked flow.
 Illustrate effect of back flow on nozzles and
diffusers.
 Calculate flow properties through nozzles and
diffusers.
Dr. Bagabir
Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 1

Applications
16:48
nozzles and diffusers are found in many engineering

applications including:
 Steam turbines,
 Gas turbines,
 Aircrafts, and
 Space crafts.
Dr. Bagabir
2D & 1D Flow
16:48
Two-dimensional flow One-dimensional flow
Dr. Bagabir
𝝆 𝒙 𝒖 𝒙 𝑨 𝒙 = 𝒎 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
4
Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 2

Nozzle & Diffuser

16:48
𝒅𝑨 𝑨 𝒅𝑨 𝑨
= − 𝟏 − 𝑴𝟐 = 𝟏 − 𝑴𝟐
𝒅𝒖 𝒖 𝒅𝒑 𝝆𝒖𝟐
𝒅𝑨 < 𝟎 𝒅𝒖 > 𝟎, 𝒅𝒑 < 𝟎 𝒅𝒖 < 𝟎, 𝒅𝒑 > 𝟎
Dr. Bagabir 𝒅𝑨 > 𝟎 𝒅𝒖 < 𝟎, 𝒅𝒑 > 𝟎 𝒅𝒖 > 𝟎, 𝒅𝒑 < 𝟎
Nozzle & Diffuser

16:48
Dr. Bagabir
Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 3

Converging–Diverging Duct
16:48
It used to accelerate gases from subsonic to
supersonic speed.
M=1
Dr. Bagabir
Mach number is unity at the location of smallest flow

7 area (throat).
Flow through Throat

16:48
Dr. Bagabir
Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 4

Extending Converging Nozzle

16:48
Highest velocity is
sonic velocity at
nozzle exit.
Even if the nozzle

is extended.
Dr. Bagabir
Stagnation Relations
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𝑻𝟎 𝒌−𝟏
=𝟏+ 𝑴𝟐
𝑻 𝟐
𝒌⁄ 𝒌 𝟏
𝑷𝟎 𝒌−𝟏
= 𝟏+ 𝑴𝟐
𝑷 𝟐
𝟏⁄ 𝒌 𝟏
𝝆𝟎 𝒌−𝟏
= 𝟏+ 𝑴𝟐
𝝆 𝟐
Dr. Bagabir
10
Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 5

Exercise #1
16:48
Carbon dioxide flows through a varying-area duct
as shown. The gas enters the duct and expands to
an exit pressure of 200 kPa. Find , u, A, and M at

each 400 kPa and throat (i.e. fill the table).
Dr. Bagabir
11
Exercise #1
16:48
Assume the flow is isentropic, steady, adiabatic, 1D,
and an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
P (kPa) T (K) U (m/s)  (kg/m3) c (m/s) A (cm2) M

1400 473 0  0
1000
600
Dr. Bagabir 200
12
Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 6

Flow through Throat

16:48
Dr. Bagabir
13 At M=1 the state is called critical state (*)
Critical Relations (M=1)

16:48
𝑻∗ 𝟐
=
𝑻𝟎 𝒌 + 𝟏
𝒌⁄ 𝒌 𝟏
𝑷∗ 𝟐
=
𝑷𝟎 𝒌+𝟏
𝟏⁄ 𝒌 𝟏
𝝆∗ 𝟐
=
Dr. Bagabir
𝝆𝟎 𝒌+𝟏
14
Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 7

Relations
16:48
For k=1.4:
Dr. Bagabir
15
Exercise #2
16:48
Calculate the critical pressure and temperature for
the flow conditions described in Exercise #1.
Dr. Bagabir
16
Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 8

Back Pressure - Nozzle

16:48
Dr. Bagabir
17

16:48
1. If the back pressure Pb is equal to P0, there is no

flow and the pressure distribution is uniform

along the nozzle.
2. When the back pressure is reduced (> P*), this
causes the pressure along the nozzle to decrease
in the flow direction.
3. When the back pressure is reduced to P* (M=1),
mass flow reaches a maximum value and the flow
is said to be CHOKED.
4. Further reduction of the back pressure (<P*) does
not result in additional changes in the pressure
Dr. Bagabir
distribution along the nozzle length.
18
Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 9


16:48
Use equations T and P:

𝒌⁄ 𝒌 𝟏
𝑻𝟎 𝒌−𝟏 𝑷𝟎 𝒌−𝟏
=𝟏+ 𝑴𝟐 = 𝟏+ 𝑴𝟐
𝑻 𝟐 𝑷 𝟐
Dr. Bagabir
19
Converging nozzle can be used as a flowmeter.

16:48
By differentiating mass equation with respect to M
and setting the result equal to zero. It yields mass

flow rate is a maximum when M=1 at the throat.
Dr. Bagabir
20
Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 10


16:48
Variation of flow area A through the nozzle relative to

throat area A* can be given by:
𝑨 𝝆 𝒖
=
𝑨∗ 𝝆 ∗ 𝒖 ∗
Dr. Bagabir
21

16:48
M* is the ratio of the local velocity to the speed of

sound at the throat:
𝒖
𝑴∗ = ∗
= 𝑴 𝑻⁄ 𝑻 ∗
𝒄
∗
𝒌+𝟏

𝑴 =𝑴
𝟐 + 𝒌 − 𝟏 𝑴𝟐
Dr. Bagabir
22


16:48
Various property ratios for isentropic flow through

nozzles and diffusers are listed in table 2-1:
Dr. Bagabir
23
Exercise #3
16:48
Air at 1 MPa and 600°C enters a converging nozzle,

with a velocity of 150 m/s. Determine the mass flow

rate through the nozzle for a throat area of 50 cm2
when the back pressure is:
(a) 0.7 MPa and (b) 0.4 MPa.
Dr. Bagabir
24

Assignment
16:48
Solve problems of the tutorial.

Dr. Bagabir
25
Are all the Outcomes achieved?

16:48
 Explain flow through nozzles and diffusers.

 Illustrate effect of back flow on nozzles and

diffusers.
 Define choked flow.
 Calculate flow properties through nozzles and
diffusers.
Dr. Bagabir
26

Honest Feedback
16:48
Have you enjoyed it?

Dr. Bagabir
27

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Gas Dynamics (ME 421) Chapter 2: Isentropic Flow with Area Changes

Isentropic Flow with Area

By the end of this chapter, you should:

 Explain flow through nozzles and diffusers.

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 1

nozzles and diffusers are found in many engineering

Two-dimensional flow One-dimensional flow

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 2

Nozzle & Diffuser

𝒅𝑨 < 𝟎 𝒅𝒖 > 𝟎, 𝒅𝒑 < 𝟎 𝒅𝒖 < 𝟎, 𝒅𝒑 > 𝟎

Dr. Bagabir 𝒅𝑨 > 𝟎 𝒅𝒖 < 𝟎, 𝒅𝒑 > 𝟎 𝒅𝒖 > 𝟎, 𝒅𝒑 < 𝟎

Nozzle & Diffuser

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 3

Mach number is unity at the location of smallest flow

Flow through Throat

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 4

Extending Converging Nozzle

Even if the nozzle

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 5

an exit pressure of 200 kPa. Find , u, A, and M at

P (kPa) T (K) U (m/s)  (kg/m3) c (m/s) A (cm2) M

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 6

Flow through Throat

13 At M=1 the state is called critical state (*)

Critical Relations (M=1)

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 7

the flow conditions described in Exercise #1.

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 8

Back Pressure - Nozzle

Back Pressure - Nozzle

1. If the back pressure Pb is equal to P0, there is no

flow and the pressure distribution is uniform

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 9

Back Pressure - Nozzle

Use equations T and P:

Back Pressure - Nozzle

and setting the result equal to zero. It yields mass

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 10

Back Pressure - Nozzle

Variation of flow area A through the nozzle relative to

throat area A* can be given by:

Back Pressure - Nozzle

M* is the ratio of the local velocity to the speed of

sound at the throat:

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 11

Back Pressure - Nozzle

Various property ratios for isentropic flow through

nozzles and diffusers are listed in table 2-1:

Air at 1 MPa and 600°C enters a converging nozzle,

with a velocity of 150 m/s. Determine the mass flow

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 12

Solve problems of the tutorial.

Are all the Outcomes achieved?

 Explain flow through nozzles and diffusers.

 Illustrate effect of back flow on nozzles and

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 13

Have you enjoyed it?

Dr. Ahmed Bagabir 14

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