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Lecture 16
Application of Bernoulli’s
principle

Dr. Sharu B K
Asst. Professor
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
NIT Calicut
Office: GF, old library
Email: sharubk@nitc.ac.in 208

Energy Form
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒈𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒈𝒛𝟐
𝝆 𝟐 𝝆 𝟐
Pressure energy + Kinetic Energy + potential energy = Constant

Head Form
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝟐
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈

Pressure head + Kinetic head + potential head = Constant

Pressure Form
𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟐
𝑷𝟏 + 𝝆 + 𝝆𝒈𝒛𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝝆 + 𝝆𝒈𝒛𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
Static Pressure + dynamic pressure + hydrostatic pressure = Constant
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Bernoulli's Equation with Head Loss

 In many practical situations, problems related to real fluids can be

analyzed with the help of a modified form of Bernoulli’s equation as

𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝟐 𝒑𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒉𝒇
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈

 hf represents the frictional work done (the work done against the
fluid friction) per unit weight of a fluid element while moving from a
station 1 to 2 along a streamline in the direction of flow.
 The term hf is usually referred to as head loss between 1 and 2, since
it amounts to the loss in total mechanical energy per unit weight
between points 1 and 2 on a streamline due to the effect of fluid
friction or viscosity.
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 It physically signifies that the difference in the total

mechanical energy between stations 1 and 2, which is
dissipated into intermolecular or thermal energy and is
expressed as loss of head hf
 For an inviscid flow ℎ𝐿 = 0, and the total mechanical energy
is constant along a streamline.

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A few applications of Bernoulli’s theorem

Flow meters
 Flow rate through a pipe is usually measured by providing a coaxial area
contraction within the pipe and by recording the pressure drop across
the contraction.
 Thus, the determination of the flow rate from the measurement of
pressure drop depends on the straightforward application of Bernoulli’s
equation.

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 Three different flow meters operate on this principle.

 Venturimeter

 Orifice meter

 Flow nozzle

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Venturimeter

Construction

 Venturimeter is essentially a short pipe consisting of two conical parts

with a short portion of uniform cross-section in between
 This short portion has the minimum area and is known as the throat.

 The two conical portions have the same base diameter, but one is
having a shorter length with a larger cone angle while the other is
having a larger length with a smaller cone angle.

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Venturimeter

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Venturimeter
 Venturimeter is always used in a way that the upstream part of the
flow takes place through the short conical portion while the
downstream part of the flow through the long one.
 This ensures a rapid converging passage and a gradual diverging
passage in the direction of flow to avoid the loss of energy due to
separation.
 In course of a flow through the converging part, the velocity increases
in the direction of flow according to the principle of continuity, while
the pressure decreases according to Bernoulli’s theorem.
 The velocity reaches its maximum value and pressure reaches its
minimum value at the throat. Subsequently, a decrease in the velocity
and an increase in the pressure takes place in course of flow through
the divergent part.
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Expression for the rate of flow through Venturimeter

 Applying Bernoulli’s equation at sections 1 and 2

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Expression for the rate of flow through Venturimeter

 Applying Bernoulli’s equation at sections 1 and 2

 As the pipe is horizontal, so z1 = z2. Therefore,

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𝒑𝟏 − 𝒑𝟐 𝒗𝟐𝟐 − 𝒗𝟐𝟏
= ---------------------- (1)
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈
𝒑𝟏 𝒑𝟐
 𝝆𝒈
is the difference of pressure heads at section 1 and 2 and
it is equal to h 𝒑 𝟏 − 𝒑𝟐
𝒉=
𝝆𝒈

 Substituting this value of h in equation (1), we get ---------------------- (2)

𝒗𝟐𝟐 − 𝒗𝟐𝟏
𝒉=
𝟐𝒈
 Now applying continuity equation at section 1 and 2
𝒂𝟏 𝒗𝟏 = 𝒂𝟐 𝒗𝟐
𝒂𝟐 𝒗𝟐
𝒗𝟏 =
𝒂𝟏
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 Substituting this value of 𝒗𝟏 in equation (2) and solving, we get

𝒂𝟏
𝒗𝟐 = 𝟐𝒈𝒉
𝒂𝟐𝟏 − 𝒂𝟐𝟐

 Discharge, 𝑸 = 𝒂𝟐 𝒗𝟐
𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐
𝑸= 𝟐𝒈𝒉
𝒂𝟐𝟏 − 𝒂𝟐𝟐

 𝑸 is the theoretical discharge under ideal conditions. Actual discharge will

be less than the theoretical discharge.
 The actual discharge is given by the formula
𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐
𝑸 = 𝑪𝒅 𝟐𝒈 𝒉
𝒂𝟐𝟏 − 𝒂𝟐𝟐 How do we calculate the
difference in piezometric
 Where 𝑪𝒅 is the coefficient of discharge head, h? 221
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 The coefficient of discharge, Cd is always less than unity and is

defined as

 Value of 𝑪𝒅 for a venturimeter usually lies between 0.95 to 0.98

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 If the pressure difference between Sections 1 and 2 is measured by

a manometer as shown in Fig

 By equating the pressure on both limbs at 𝑨 and 𝑩

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 If the pressure difference between Sections 1 and 2 is measured by

a manometer as shown in Fig

Note this difference

when manometer is
 By equating the pressure on both limbs at 𝑨 and 𝑩 connected to
measure the drop in
𝑷𝟏 + 𝝆𝒈 𝒙 + ∆𝒉 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝝆𝒈𝒙 + 𝝆𝒎 𝒈∆𝒉
pressure
𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐 𝝆𝒎
= − 𝟏 ∆𝒉
𝝆𝒈 𝝆
𝝆𝒎
𝐡 = ∆𝒉 −𝟏
𝝆 224
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Orificemeter
Construction:
 An orificemeter provides a simpler and cheaper arrangement for the
measurement of flow through a pipe.
 An orificemeter is essentially a thin circular plate with a sharp edged
concentric circular hole in it.
Working
 The orifice plate, being fixed at a section of the pipe, creates an
obstruction to the flow by providing an opening in the form of an
orifice to the flow passage.

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𝑸=

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Vena contracta

Note: At the vena contracta, the

flow area is a minimum, the flow
streamlines are essentially
straight, and the pressure is
uniform across the channel
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𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒

𝐂𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞, 𝑪𝒅 =
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎

𝐂𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝑪𝒄 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒

𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎

𝐂𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲, 𝑪𝒗 =
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑪𝒅 = 𝑪𝒄 𝑪𝒗

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 Comparing Orifice & venturi meter

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Pitot Tube
Construction:
 A right-angled glass tube, large enough for capillary effects to be
negligible, is used for the purpose.
 One end of the tube faces the flow while the other end is open to
the atmosphere as shown in Fig.

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Flow velocity for an open stream of liquid with a free surface

Pitot Tube for measuring

the Stagnation Pressure

 The liquid flows up the tube and when equilibrium is attained,

the liquid reaches a height above the free surface of the water
stream
 The static pressure, under this situation, is equal to the
hydrostatic pressure due to its depth below the free surface

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 Thus, the difference in level between the liquid in the glass tube and
the free surface becomes the measure of the dynamic pressure

 where 𝒑𝟎 , 𝒑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑽are the stagnation pressure, static pressure and

velocity respectively at point A.

 Thus, the flow velocity, 𝑽= 𝟐𝒈𝒉

 Pitot tube provides one of the most accurate means of measuring fluid
velocity

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Flow velocity for a liquid flowing through a closed duct

 For a liquid flowing through a closed duct, the pitot tube measures only
the stagnation pressure and so the static pressure must be measured
separately
 Measurement of static pressure in this case is made at the boundary of
the wall
 The axis of the tube measuring the static pressure must be perpendicular
to the boundary and free from burrs.

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∆𝒑
𝑽=𝑪 𝟐
𝝆

o where ∆𝑝 is the difference between stagnation and static pressures

o Factor C takes care of the non-idealities, due to friction, in converting the

dynamic head into pressure head and depends, to a large extent, on the
geometry of the pitot tube.
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Static Vent
Pitot tube
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Pitot Static Tube

 The tubes recording static pressure and the stagnation pressure are
usually combined into one instrument known as Pitot static tube
o The tube for sensing the static pressure is known
as static tube which surrounds the pitot tube that
measures the stagnation pressure.
o Two or more holes are drilled radially through the
outer wall of the static tube into annular space.

The position of these static

holes is important.

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