Fluid Mechanics MEC154

Dr. Mostafa Abdelkhalek

Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University
Lecture 5Bernoulli Equation
 Bernoulli Equation
A classic linear momentum analysis is a relation between pressure,
velocity, and elevation in a frictionless flow, now called the Bernoulli
equation.
Bernoulli Equation
 Restrictions on the Bernoulli Equation
The Bernoulli equation is a momentum-based force relation and was derived
using the following restrictive assumptions:
1. Steady flow: a common situation, application to most flows in this text.
2. Incompressible flow: appropriate if the flow Mach number is less than 0.3.
3. Frictionless flow: restrictive—solid walls and mixing introduce friction effects.
4. Flow along a single streamline: different streamlines may have different
“Bernoulli constants”
5- No Energy Exchange
Illustration of regions of validity and
invalidity of the Bernoulli equation
Illustration of regions of validity and
invalidity of the Bernoulli equation
Stagnation, Static, and Dynamic Pressures
In many incompressible-flow Bernoulli analyses, elevation changes
are negligible.
Thus Bernoulli equation reduces to a balance between pressure and
kinetic energy.
We can write this as
Stagnation, Static, and Dynamic Pressures
The quantity po is the pressure at any point in the frictionless flow
where the velocity is zero.
It is called the stagnation (total) pressure and is the highest pressure
possible in the flow, if elevation changes are neglected.
The place where zero-velocity occurs is called a stagnation point.
For example, on a moving aircraft, the front nose and the wing
leading edges are points of highest pressure.
Stagnation, Static, and Dynamic Pressures
The pressures p1 and p2 are called static pressures, in the moving
fluid.
The grouping (1/2) ρ has dimensions of pressure and is called the
dynamic pressure.
A popular device called a Pitot-static tube measures (po - p) and then
calculates V from the dynamic pressure.
Stagnation, Static, and Dynamic Pressures

Pitot-Static Tube.
 Hydraulic and Energy Grade Lines
A useful visual interpretation of Bernoulli’s equation is to sketch two
grade lines of a flow.
The energy grade line (EGL) shows the height of the total Bernoulli
constant
 Hydraulic and Energy Grade Lines
In frictionless flow with no work or heat transfer [Eq. (3.54)] the EGL
has constant height.
The hydraulic grade line (HGL) shows the height corresponding to
elevation and pressure head z + p/ϒ that is, the EGL minus the
velocity head /(2g).
The HGL is the height to which liquid would rise in a piezometer tube
attached to the flow.
In an open-channel flow the HGL is identical to the free surface of
the water
 Hydraulic and Energy Grade Lines
In more general flow conditions, the EGL will drop slowly due to
friction losses and will drop sharply due to a substantial loss (a valve
or obstruction) or due to work extraction (to a turbine).
The EGL can rise only if there is work addition (as from a pump or
propeller).
The HGL generally follows the behavior of the EGL with respect to
losses or work transfer, and it rises and/or falls if the velocity
decreases and/or increases.
As mentioned before, no conversion
Hydraulic and energy grade lines for
frictionless flow in a duct.
Surface Velocity Condition for aLarge Tank
A classical Bernoulli application is the familiar process of siphoning a
fluid from one container to another. No pump is involved; a
hydrostatic pressure difference provides the motive force.
 Example 1
Find a relation between nozzle
discharge velocity V2 and tank
free surface height h as in Fig.
Assume steady frictionless flow
 Example1
As mentioned, we always choose
point 1 upstream and point 2
downstream.
Try to choose points 1 and 2 where
maximum information is known or
desired.
Here we select point 1 as the tank
free surface, where elevation and
pressure are known, and point 2 as
the nozzle exit, where again
pressure and elevation are known.
The two unknowns are V1 and V2
 Example1
Mass conservation is usually a
vital part of Bernoulli analyses.
If A1 is the tank cross section
and A2 the nozzle area, this is
approximately a one-
dimensional flow with constant
density, Eq.1
 Example1
Bernoulli’s equation gives

But since sections 1 and 2 are both

exposed to atmospheric pressure p1 p2
pa, the pressure terms cancel, leaving eq.
2
 Example1
Eliminating V1 between Eqs. (1)
and (2), we obtain the desired
result:

Generally the nozzle area A2 is very much smaller

than the tank area A1, so that the ratio is doubly
negligible, and an accurate approximation for the
outlet velocity is
Diffuser is an engineering device which will decelerate the fluid and hence fluid velocity or kinetic energy of fluid will be decreased while pressure of fluid will be increased.
Diffuser is an engineering device which will decelerate the fluid and hence fluid velocity or kinetic energy of fluid will be decreased while pressure of fluid will be increased.

Nozzle and Diffuser

Nozzle is an engineering device
which will accelerate the fluid
and hence fluid velocity or
kinetic energy of fluid will be
increased while pressure of
fluid will be reduced.
Diffuser is an engineering
device which will decelerate the
fluid and hence fluid velocity or
kinetic energy of fluid will be
decreased while pressure of
fluid will be increased.
 Example2
A constriction in a pipe will cause
the velocity to rise and the pressure
to fall at section 2 in the throat.
The pressure difference is a
measure of the flow rate through
the pipe.
The smoothly necked-down system
shown in Fig. E3 is called a venturi
tube.
Find an expression for the mass flux
in the tube as a function of the
pressure change.
 Example2
Bernoulli’s equation is assumed
to hold along the center
streamline:

If the tube is horizontal, z1= z2 and we can solve

for V2 Eq. 1:
 Example2
We relate the velocities from
the incompressible continuity
relation: Eq. 2
 Example2
Combining (1) and (2), we
obtain a formula for the velocity
in the throat:

The mass flux is given by

 Example2
This is the ideal frictionless mass flux.
In practice, we measure and correlate the dimensionless discharge coefficient cd.