A

Micro-Project Report on
ELASTIC PRESSURE MEASUREMENT DEVICES
Submitted to
MSBTE
In Partial Fulfilment of Requirement of Diploma of
Electrical Engineering
Under I Scheme
Submitted By – Roll No.
Mr. Hrishikesh G. Barve - 22
Mr. Suyash S. Sangelkar - 23
Ms..Vaishnavi V. Padave - 24

Under the Guidance of –

Prof. S. Lanjekar

FOR ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-21

YASHWANTRAO BHOSALE POLYTECHNIC, SAWANTADI

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that,

Mr. Hrishikesh G. Barve Roll No. - 22

Mr. Suyash S. Sangelkar Roll No. - 23
Ms. Vaishnavi V. Padave Roll No. - 24
Of Fourth semester of diploma in Electrical Engineering Of institute
Yashwantrao Bhonsale Polytechnic (1742) has completed the Micro Project
satisfactorily in course Industrial Measurement (22420)For the academic year
2020-21 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Subject Faculty HOD Principal

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that,

Mr. Hrishikesh G. Barve Roll No. - 22

Mr. Suyash S. Sangelkar Roll No. - 23
Ms. Vaishnavi V. Padave Roll No. - 24
Of Fourth semester of diploma in Electrical Engineering Of institute
Yashwantrao Bhonsale Polytechnic (1742) has completed the Micro Project
satisfactorily in course Industrial Measurement (22420) For the academic year
2020-21 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Subject Faculty HOD Principal

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 INDEX

SR NO. CONTENT

1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

2 INTRODUCTION OF PRESSURE & PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

DEVICES

3 BRIEF DESCRIPTION ( ELASTIC PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

DEVICES – BOURDON TUBE PRESSURE GAUGE , DIAPHRAGM &
BELLOW GAUGE )

4 COURSE OUTCOME

5 ACTUAL PROCEDURE

6 ACTUAL RESOURCES USED

7 OUTPUT OF THE PRJECT

8 SKILL DEVLPOED

9 CONCLUSION

1) Acknowledgement

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 First I would like to take this opportunity to thank our lecturer Mr. A. A. Madgaonkar sir
for guidance and advise on this project. At the same time I also wont forget my group members
and also colleagues to because they quiet good with sharing some of their information to
complete this second year project successfully.
I am very much thankful to principal Mr. G A Bhosale for the support and
encouragement. This work I complete with blessings of all my family members I express my
sincere gratitude towards them for their kind cooperation and encouragement which help me in
completion of this project. I would like to express my sincere thanks to all teaching and non-
teaching staff of department of electrical engineering. It was indeed a fabulous experience and
learning for me to work on this project.

Last but not the least I would like to thank all my friends and well-wishers who were
involve directly and non-directly in successful competition of the present work.

2) Introduction
Pressure - The amount of force exerted (thrust) on a surface per unit area is defined
a ‘Pressure’. It can also be defined as the ratio of the force to the area (over which the force is
acting).

Formula and Unit of Pressure

Pressure (P) = Force / Area

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The SI unit is ‘Pascal’s (Pa)’. 1 Pa = 1N/m2 

Types of Pressure

 Atmospheric Pressure

 Absolute Pressure

 Vacuum Pressure

 Gauge Pressure

Pressure Measurment Devices

There are three distinct groups of pressure measurement devices. One is based upon the
measurement of the height of a liquid column, another is based on the measurement of the
distortion of an elastic pressure chamber and a third encompasses electrical sensing devices.In
liquid column pressure measuring devices the pressure is balanced against the pressure exerted
by a column of a liquid whose density is known.
The height of the liquid column directly correlates to the pressure to be measured. Most
forms of liquid-column measurement devices are called manometers. Elastic element pressure
measuring devices are those in which the measured pressure deforms an elastic material. The
magnitude of the deformation is approximately equivalent to the applied pressure. Different
types of elastic element measuring devices include Bourdon tubes, bellows, and diaphragms.
Electrical sensing devices are based on the fact that when electrical conductors are stretched
elastically, their length increases and the diameter decreases.
Both of these dimensional changes result in an increase in electrical resistance of the
conductor. Strain gauges and piezoelectric transducers are examples of electrical pressure
sensing devices.

3) Brief Description -

 Elastic Pressure Transducer – Bourdon Tube

Construction And Working Principle -
The Bourdon tube, dating from the mid nineteenth century, is still the commonest
pressure indicating device. The tube is manufactured by flattening a circular cross-section tube to

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the section shown on figure. and bending it into a C shape. One end is fixed and connected to the
pressure to be measured. The other end is closed and left free.

The Bourdon tube ( in figure ) is the sensing element used in most pressure indicating
gauges. It is a closed, spiral tube, connected at one end to the pressure being sensed, with
atmospheric pressure as a reference. As the sensed pressure increases, the tube tends to
straighten, and, through a linkage and gear, drives an indicating pointer. By adding a switch to
the linkage (not shown), the device can become a sensor with switching capability.

A spiral tube is similar in principal to the Bourdon tube, but it is formed into a spiral
spring shape that elongates or shortens as the sensed pressure changes.

If pressure is applied to the tube it will try to straighten causing the free end to move up
and to the right. This motion is converted to a circular motion for a pointer with a quadrant
and pinion linkage. A Bourdon tube inherently measures gauge pressure.

Another form of Bourdon instrument uses a helical-shaped tube figure. . When the
pressure inside the tube increases, the closed end of the tube rotates and thus the rotation
becomes a measure of the pressure. A helical-shaped Bourdon tube can be used to move the
slider of a potentiometer and so give an electrical output related to the pressure. Helical tubes are
more expensive but have greater sensitivity. Typically they are used for pressures up to about
50 MPa with an accuracy of about ±1% of full range.

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 The three
common
shapes of Bourdon tubes are shown in Figure . The
maximum possible deflection of the free end of the tube is proportional to the angle subtended by
the arc through which the tube is bent. For a C-type tube, the maximum value for this arc is
somewhat less than 360°. Where greater measurement sensitivity and resolution are required,
spiral and helical tubes are used. These both give a much greater deflection at the free end for a
given applied pressure. However, this increased measurement performance is only gained at the
expense of a substantial increase in manufacturing difficulty and cost compared with C-type
tubes and is also associated with a large decrease in the maximum pressure that can be measured.
Spiral and helical types are sometimes provided with a rotating pointer that moves against a scale
to give a visual indication of the measured pressure.

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Advantages of Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauge –
 Bourdon tube is simple in construction.
 It is available in wide range.
 It has long life.
 It cost is low.
 Time tested application.
 Accuracy is high.

Disadvantages of Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauge –

 Susceptibility to hysteresis.
 Low spring gradient (below 50 psig)
 Susceptibility to shock and vibrations

Specifications of Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauge –

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  Pressures in the range 10 kPa to 100 MPa
 Accuracy of about ±1% of full scale.
  Generally bent into a C-shape or arc length of about 27 degrees.

Applications of Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauge –

 Machine and plant engineering
 Water pressure measurement
 Gas distribution
 Aerospace
 Automotive
 Chemical
 Marine
 Medical
 Heating
 Ventilating
 General Industries

 Elastic Pressure Transducer – Diaphragm

Construction And Working Principle –

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The diaphragm pressure gauge consists of a circular membrane, made from sheet metal of
precise dimensions, which can either be flat or corrugated.

The diaphragm is mechanically connected to the transmission mechanism which will amplify the
small deflections of the diaphragm and transfer them to the pointer.

The
process pressure is applied to the lower
side of the diaphragm, while the upper side is
at atmospheric pressure. The differential
pressure arising across the diaphragm, lifts up the diaphragm and puts the pointer in motion.The
deflection of the diaphragm is very small (+/- 1 mm) making it necessary to use a high-ratio
multiplying movement to rotate the pointer along the full length of the scale. The actuation of
such a high-ratio transmission mechanism is possible because diaphragm deflection is able to
generate large forces.the diaphragm must be made in such a way that the deflection is linear, i.e.
that a similar increase in the pressure should always correspond to a similar deflection of the
diaphragm.A flat diaphragm made of metal will only be linear when the deflection is very small,
too small to have sufficient movement of the pointer.At larger deflections, a flat diaphragm loses
its linearity since more and more stress will occur in the diaphragm. The diaphragm becomes
increasingly stiffer due to the growing tension, resulting in less deflection of the diaphragm for a
similar increase in pressure.A flexible material, such as a thin sheet of nylon, can however serve
as a flat diaphragm. The diaphragm will then be opposed by a calibrated spring which ensures
the linearity and pushes the diaphragm back to its starting position.

Advantages of Diaphragm –
 Excellent load performance
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  Linearity
 Suitable for measuring absolute pressure, differential pressure
 Small size, affordable
 Can be used for viscous, slurry measurement.

Disadvantages of Diaphragm –
 Seismic, impact resistance is not good
 Difficulty in maintenance
 Lower measurement pressure

Specifications of Diaphragm –
 Case and wetted parts from stainless steel
 Wide choice of special materials
 High overload safety up to the 10-fold full scale value
 Process connection thread or open flange
 Scale ranges from 0 … 60bar

Applications of Diaphragm –
 For measuring points with increased overload
 With liquid-filled case suitability for high dynamic pressure loads and vibrations
 For gaseous, liquid and aggressive media, also in aggressive environments
 With the open connecting flange option also for contaminated and viscous media

 Elastic Pressure Transducer – Bellow Pressure Gauge

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Construction And Working Principle –
Bellows are thin-walled metallic cylinders, with deep convolutions, of which one end is sealed
and the other end remains open. The closed end can move freely while the open end is fixed.

Bellows are usually made from thin-walled seamless tubes pressed hydraulically, or
mechanically roll formed.

Wall thicknesses of 0.008 to 0.3 mm are used for instrumentation purposes.

They can be manufactured from beryllium copper, phosphor bronze, Monel, Inconel and
stainless steel.

When using phosphor bronze, the bellows will have good hysteresis properties, while beryllium
copper provides better dynamic properties. Stainless steel is used when the bellows comes into
contact with corrosive media, but it has the disadvantage of being less elastic.

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When pressure is applied to the closed end, such as in the animation below, the bellows will be
compressed. The closed end will move upwards and the link, which is the rod in between the
closed end of the bellows and the transmission mechanism, will go up and rotate the pointer.

The diameter of the bellows determines the force that can be transmitted to the transmission
mechanism. Therefore a larger diameter will be chosen for the measurement of very low
pressures in order to have sufficient surface area to which the measured pressure can act.

A larger diameter also means a higher sensitivity and an improvement of the accuracy.

Bellows may be fabricated from different materials. Each of these materials has its own specific
stiffness, which is proportional to the Young's modulus of the material, and is inversely
proportional to the outside diameter and the number of convolutions of the bellows

These measurement devices can be designed for the measurement of differential pressures up to
70 bar or more, with an overpressure limit to 750 barg static pressure on both sides of the device.

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Advantages of Bellow Gauge –
 Its cost is moderate.
 It is able to deliver high force.
 It is adaptable for absolute and differential pressures.
 It is good to low-to moderate range.

Disadvantages of Bellow Gauge –

 It needs ambient temperature compensation.
 It is unsuitable for high pressures.
The availability of construction metals is limited.

Specifications of Bellow Gauge –

 Pressure ranges can be between - ( 0 ... 25 mbar and 0 ... 25 bar) with accuracy classes
of ( 0.6 to 2.5.)
 Measuring Range - 20Hg To 15 psig (-0.677 bar to 1.034 bar)

Applications of Bellow Gauge –

 Compressed air systems
 HVAC equipment
 Pumping systems
 Process equipment et

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4) Course Outcome -

 Maintain the different types of Pressure transducer

 Select the relevant transducer for measuring of different transducer

5) Actual Procedure Followed –

 We prepared plan for the making report of the project
 Collected all the information about the project
 List out the resources required for the project
 Took guidance from our subject teacher about the project
 Prepared the project report

6) Actual Resources Used –

 Internet - https://automationforum.co/
http://sabadejlah.com/
http://users.telenet.be/instrumentatie/pressure/bellows-pressure-gauge.html

 Reference Books - . “Industrial Instrumentation” by D P Eckman

“ Industrial Instruments” by K Krishnaswamy and S Vijayachitra

 Texts Books - Industrial Measurement (22420)

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7) Output Of The Project –

 In this project we learnt about Elastic Pressure Measurement Devices , its Advantages ,
Disadvantages , Specifications and Its Applications.
 Information about its working principle , advantages etc.
 Got a experience to work in team
 We get a knowledge about how to prepare the Project.

8) Skill Devloped –

 Project making skill

 Skills like presentation, Discipline
 Devloping idea of the project
 Using the various material to make the project
 Also skills about co-ordination , teamwork ,time management developed by performing
this project.

9) Conclusion –
Hereby are the presented our microproject report on Elastic Pressure Measurement Devices,
which inspires us all and gives us a better inspiration . We all separated the work in various part
and distributed the work to all our group members and we tried to do best for our micro- project

This project is completed successfully as well even are all learned how important to move in life
with Teamwork it can change the life as miracle

At the time of completion we have learnt many lessons such as Teamwork, Tolerance,
Consistency, Co- operation , patience and also learnt the importance of micro – project.

We successfully completed this project because we not only gained theoretical knowledge but
also practical knowledge

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